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60-686: The Phrygian cap , a soft hat typically in red, was traditionally worn by freed slaves in Phrygia , an ancient kingdom located in present-day Turkey. Since the 1789 storming of the Bastille state prison, which began the French Revolution , the Phrygian cap was worn as a symbol of liberty, including during the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. Marianne , the national personification of France,

120-650: A Statue of Freedom , on the grounds that "American liberty is original and not the liberty of the freed slave". The cap was not included in the final bronze version that is now in the building. Many of the anti-colonial revolutions in Latin America were heavily inspired by the imagery and slogans of the American and French Revolutions . As a result, the cap has appeared on the coats of arms of many Latin American nations. The coat of arms of Haiti includes

180-643: A bonnet rouge in order to prevent it from being torn down in 1794. In 1814, the Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur decision formally deposed the Bonapartes and restored the Bourbon regime, who in turn proscribed the bonnet rouge , La Marseillaise and Bastille Day celebrations. The symbols reappeared briefly in March–July 1815 during " Napoleon's Hundred Days ", but were immediately suppressed again following

240-422: A fashion accessory . Hats which incorporate mechanical features, such as visors, spikes, flaps, braces or beer holders shade into the broader category of headgear . In the past, hats were an indicator of social status . In the military , hats may denote nationality, branch of service, rank or regiment . Police typically wear distinctive hats such as peaked caps or brimmed hats , such as those worn by

300-628: A pileus . The most extensive use of headgear as a symbol of freedom in the first two centuries after the revival of the Roman iconography was made in the Netherlands, where the cap of liberty was adopted in the form of a contemporary hat. In the 18th century, the traditional liberty cap was widely used in English prints, and from 1789 also in French prints; by the early 1790s, it was regularly used in

360-608: A Phrygian cap to commemorate that country's foundation by rebellious slaves . The cap had also been displayed on certain Mexican coins (most notably the old 8- reales coin) through the late 19th century into the mid-20th century. Today, it is featured on the coats of arms or national flags of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Republica Dominicana, Cuba, El Salvador, Haiti, Nicaragua and Paraguay. The Phrygian cap in Latin American and Haitian coats of arms and flags In

420-681: A Phrygian cap. Parthians appear with Phrygian caps in the 2nd-century Arch of Septimius Severus , which commemorates Roman victories over the Parthian Empire . Likewise with Phrygians caps, but for Gauls , appear in 2nd-century friezes built into the 4th-century Arch of Constantine . The Phrygian cap reappears in figures related to the first to fourth century religion of Mithraism . This astrology -centric Roman mystery cult ( cultus ) projected itself with pseudo-Oriental trappings (known as perserie in scholarship) in order to distinguish itself from both traditional Roman religion and from

480-499: A furled U.S. flag topped by the liberty cap. Starting in 1793, U.S. coinage frequently showed Columbia/Liberty wearing the cap. The anti-federalist movement likewise instrumentalized the figure, as in a cartoon from 1796 in which Columbia is overwhelmed by a huge American eagle holding a Liberty Pole under its wings. The cap's last appearance on circulating coinage was the Walking Liberty Half Dollar , which

540-479: A long neck flap. Also confusingly similar are the depictions of the helmets used by cavalry and light infantry ( cf. Peltasts of Thrace and Paeonia ), whose headgear – aside from the traditional alopekis caps of fox skin – also included stiff leather helmets in imitation of the bronze ones. The Greek concept passed to the Romans in its extended sense, and thus encompassed not only to Phrygians or Trojans (which

600-669: A marker of social status and used to single out certain groups. The 1215 Fourth Council of the Lateran required that all Jews identify themselves by wearing the Judenhat ("Jewish hat"), marking them as targets for anti-Semitism . The hats were usually yellow and were either pointed or square. In the Middle Ages, hats for women ranged from simple scarves to elaborate hennin , and denoted social status. Structured hats for women similar to those of male courtiers began to be worn in

660-750: A reach of 1.3 million units by the end of the sales cycle. The Olympic and Paralympic Phryge mascots were present on more than 150 merchandise items in the Olympic online shop alone. Condoms featuring images of the Phryges were produced as well. The revenues generated through the IOC ’s use of IP rights are redistributed across the Olympic Movement to individual athletes, Organising Committees, NOCs, International Sports Federations and other sports organizations. In France, criticisms have been made about most of

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720-625: A revolutionary departure from the traditional phallic architecture of the Eiffel Tower . Foreigners have been noted to compare the Phryges to the poop emoji or a tongue. Phrygian cap The Phrygian cap ( / ˈ f r ɪ dʒ ( iː ) ən / FRIJ -(ee)-ən ), also known as Thracian cap and liberty cap , is a soft conical cap with the apex bent over, associated in antiquity with several peoples in Eastern Europe, Anatolia and Asia. The Phrygian cap

780-419: A symbol of Jacobinism (in which context it has been also called a Jacobin cap ). The original cap of liberty was the Roman pileus , the felt cap of emancipated slaves of ancient Rome, which was an attribute of Libertas , the Roman goddess of liberty. In the 16th century, the Roman iconography of liberty was revived in emblem books and numismatic handbooks where the figure of Libertas is usually depicted with

840-417: A woman wearing a woven hat. One of the earliest known confirmed hats was worn by a Bronze Age man (nicknamed Ötzi ) whose body (including his hat) was found frozen in a mountain between Austria and Italy, where he had been since around 3250 BC. He was found wearing a bearskin cap with a chin strap, made of several hides stitched together, essentially resembling a Russian fur hat without the flaps. One of

900-468: Is a collection of religious headgear assembled by a German entrepreneur, Dieter Philippi, located in Kirkel . The collection features over 500 hats, and is currently the world's largest collection of clerical, ecclesiastical and religious head coverings. This is a short list of some common and iconic examples of hats. There is a longer version at List of hat styles Hat sizes are determined by measuring

960-587: Is an Irish milliner whose hats have been commissioned by top designers and worn at royal weddings. In North America, the well-known cowboy-hat manufacturer Stetson made the headgear for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Texas Rangers . John Cavanagh was one of the notable American hatters. Italian hat maker Borsalino has covered the heads of Hollywood stars and the world's rich and famous. The Philippi Collection

1020-428: Is often depicted wearing a Phrygian cap. The Phryges were designed by Gilles Deleris and Jules Dubost. On 14 November 2022, with the reveal of the Paris 2024 mascot, they were advertised as "sporty, party-loving and so French." Tony Estanguet , president of the organizing committee , said that an "ideal" was chosen over an animal, elaborating on the cap's symbol of freedom and meaning to French people . He added that

1080-510: Is shown wearing a red Phrygian cap. By wearing the bonnet rouge and sans-culottes ("without silk breeches"), the Parisian working class made their revolutionary ardor and plebeian solidarity immediately recognizable. By mid-1791, these mocking fashion statements included the bonnet rouge as Parisian hairstyle, proclaimed by the Marquis de Villette (12 July 1791) as "the civic crown of

1140-708: The Commagene , in eastern Anatolia. Greek representations of Thracians also regularly appear with Phrygian caps, most notably Bendis , the Thracian goddess of the Moon and the hunt, and Orpheus , a legendary Thracian poet and musician. While the Phrygian cap was of wool or soft leather, in pre-Hellenistic times the Greeks had already developed a military helmet that had a similarly characteristic flipped-over tip. These so-called " Phrygian helmets " (named in modern times after

1200-573: The Middle Ages ) build on the same Greco-Roman perceptions of (Pseudo-) Zoroaster and his " Magi " as experts in the arts of astrology and magic , and routinely depict the " three wise men " (that follow a star ) with Phrygian caps. In late Republican Rome , a soft felt cap called the pileus served as a symbol of freemen (i.e. non-slaves) and was symbolically given to slaves upon manumission , thereby granting them not only their personal liberty, but also libertas – freedom as citizens, with

1260-651: The Nairobi Treaty on the Protection of the Olympic Symbol . The mascots are not to be used freely and generate revenues from granting exclusive rights, such as worldwide marking to commercial partners. IP protected assets of the Olympic Games properties come in different forms, such as: Doudou & Compagnie announced a sale of over one million Phryge plush toys, with projections indicating

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1320-864: The Pileus , a simple skull-like cap; the Phrygian cap , worn by freed slaves in Greece and Rome (which became iconic in America during the Revolutionary War and the French Revolution , as a symbol of the struggle for liberty against the Monarchy); and the Greek petasos , the first known hat with a brim. Women wore veils, kerchiefs, hoods, caps and wimples . Like Ötzi, the Tollund Man was preserved to

1380-468: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Some hats have a protective function. As examples, the hard hat protects construction workers' heads from injury by falling objects, a British police Custodian helmet protects the officer's head, a sun hat shades the face and shoulders from the sun, a cowboy hat protects against sun and rain and an ushanka fur hat with fold-down earflaps keeps the head and ears warm. Some hats are worn for ceremonial purposes, such as

1440-597: The United States Senate , the state of Iowa , the state of North Carolina (as well as the arms of its Senate , ) and on the reverse side of both the Seal of Pennsylvania and the Seal of Virginia . In 1854, when sculptor Thomas Crawford was preparing models for sculpture for the United States Capitol , then-Secretary of War Jefferson Davis insisted that a Phrygian cap not be included on

1500-592: The bonnet rouge were adopted as the name and emblem of a French satirical republican and anarchist periodical published between 1913 and 1922 by Miguel Almereyda that targeted the Action française , a royalist, counter-revolutionary movement on the extreme right. The anti-tax associations with the bonnet rouge were revived in October 2013, when a French tax-protest movement called the Bonnets Rouges used

1560-559: The circumference of a person's head about 1 centimetre ( 2 ⁄ 5  in) above the ears. Inches or centimeters may be used depending on the manufacturer. Felt hats can be stretched for a custom fit. Some hats, like hard hats and baseball caps , are adjustable. Cheaper hats come in "standard sizes", such as small, medium, large, extra large: the mapping of measured size to the various "standard sizes" varies from maker to maker and style to style, as can be seen by studying various catalogues, such as Hammacher Schlemmer . US hat size

1620-646: The mortarboard , which is worn (or carried) during university graduation ceremonies. Some hats are worn by members of a certain profession, such as the Toque worn by chefs, or the mitre worn by Christian bishops . Adherents of certain religions regularly wear hats, such as the turban worn by Sikhs , or the church hat that is worn as a headcovering by Christian women during prayer and worship. While there are not many official records of hats before 3,000 BC, they probably were commonplace before that. The 27,000-to-30,000-year-old Venus of Willendorf figurine may depict

1680-628: The Apotheosis of Venice, a major painting by Paolo Veronese in the Ducal palace, iconography that would later be reused in French and American art and coinage. In 1675, the anti-tax and anti-nobility Stamp-Paper revolt erupted in Brittany and north-western France, where it became known as the bonnets rouges uprising after the blue or red caps worn by the insurgents. Although the insurgents are not known to have preferred any particular style of cap,

1740-658: The Belgian comic franchise The Smurfs , the eponymous Smurfs are typically depicted wearing Phrygian-like caps. Announced in November 2022, the official mascots of Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games , named The Phryges , were based on the cap. [REDACTED] Media related to Phrygian caps at Wikimedia Commons Hat A hat is a head covering which is worn for various reasons, including protection against weather conditions, ceremonial reasons such as university graduation, religious reasons, safety, or as

1800-641: The Iranian variant also was a soft headdress and called a tiara . The Greeks identified one variant with their eastern neighbors and labeled it the "Phrygian cap", although it was actually worn by nearly all Iranian tribes, from the Cappadocians ( Old Persian Katpatuka ) in the west to the Sakas (OPers. Sakā ) in the northeast. This and other variants can be observed in the reliefs at Persepolis. All seem to have been made of soft material with long flaps over

1860-469: The Paralympic Phryge wears a prosthesis and a red sneaker on the other leg. Each Phryge was given a personality. The Olympic Phryge is "the smart one" with a "methodical mind and alluring charm," whereas the Paralympic Phryge is "a party animal, spontaneous and a bit hotheaded." The IOC maintains exclusive ownership and control of the use of Olympic Symbols through an international treaty,

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1920-572: The Paralympics mascot's disability "also sends a strong message: to promote inclusion." The Phryges are portrayed as two red triangular-shaped anthropomorphic caps. They have arms in a slope and present their top parts flopping forward. The Paris 2024 emblem is visible on their chests, and their eyes are adorned by tricolor ribbons portraying the French flag , paying homage to the cockade of France . The Olympic Phryge has two blue sneakers, while

1980-404: The Phrygian form. It is used in the coat of arms of certain republics or of republican state institutions in the place where otherwise a crown would be used (in the heraldry of monarchies). It thus came to be identified as a symbol of republican government. A number of national personifications, in particular France's Marianne , are commonly depicted wearing the Phrygian cap. Scientists pointed to

2040-611: The Phrygians, and whose heroes Paris , Aeneas , and Ganymede were all regularly depicted with a Phrygian cap. Other Greek earthenware of antiquity also depict Amazons and so-called "Scythian" archers with Phrygian caps. Although these are military depictions, the headgear is distinguished from " Phrygian helmets " by long ear flaps, and the figures are also identified as "barbarians" by their trousers. The headgear also appears in 2nd-century BC Boeotian Tanagra figurines of an effeminate Eros , and in various 1st-century BC statuary of

2100-461: The Romans also generally associated with the term "Phrygian"), but also the other near-neighbours of the Greeks. On Trajan's Column , which commemorated Trajan's epic wars with the Dacians (101–102 and 105–106 AD), the Phrygian cap adorns the heads of Dacian warriors. The prisoner, accompanying Trajan in the monumental, three meter tall statue of Trajan in the ancient city of Laodicea , is wearing

2160-775: The Royal Enclosure must wear hats. This tradition was adopted at other horse racing events, such as the Kentucky Derby in the United States. Extravagant hats were popular in the 1980s, and in the early 21st century, flamboyant hats made a comeback, with a new wave of competitive young milliners designing creations that include turban caps, trompe-l'œil -effect felt hats and tall headpieces made of human hair. Some new hat collections have been described as "wearable sculpture". Many pop stars, among them Lady Gaga , have commissioned hats as publicity stunts. One of

2220-408: The United States as the headgear of Columbia , who in turn was visualized as a goddess-like female national personification of the United States and of Liberty herself. The cap reappears in association with Columbia in the early years of the republic, for example, on the obverse of the 1785 Immune Columbia pattern coin, which shows the goddess with a helmet seated on a globe holding in a right hand

2280-572: The badge of citizenship and freedom. In 1792, when Louis XVI was induced to sign a constitution, popular prints of the king were doctored to show him wearing the bonnet rouge . The bust of Voltaire was crowned with the red bonnet of liberty after a performance of his Brutus at the Comédie-Française in March 1792. During the period of the Reign of Terror (September 1793 – July 1794),

2340-594: The bishops. On 6 November 1793, the Paris city council declared it the official hairstyle of all its members. The bonnet rouge on a spear was proposed as a component of the national seal on 22 September 1792 during the third session of the National Convention . Following a suggestion by Gaan Coulon, the Convention decreed that convicts would not be permitted to wear the red cap, as it was consecrated as

2400-410: The cap was adopted defensively even by those who might be denounced as moderates or aristocrats and were especially keen to advertise their adherence to the new regime. The caps were often knitted by women known as tricoteuses , who sat beside the guillotine during public executions in Paris and supposedly continued knitting in between executions. The spire of Strasbourg Cathedral was crowned with

2460-519: The cap) were usually of bronze and in prominent use in Thrace, Dacia, Magna Graecia, and the rest of the Hellenistic world from the 5th century BC up to Roman times. Due to their superficial similarity, the cap and helmet are often difficult to distinguish in Greek art (especially in black-figure or red-figure earthenware) unless the headgear is identified as a soft flexible cap by long earflaps or

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2520-425: The chair John Knight with a "most beautiful Cap of Liberty, made of scarlet silk or satin, lined with green, with a serpentined gold lace, terminating with a rich gold tassel. In the years just prior to the Revolutionary War , Americans copied or emulated some of those prints in an attempt to visually defend their " rights as Englishmen ". Later, the symbol of republicanism and anti-monarchical sentiment appeared in

2580-646: The cultural and historical relationship of the Phrygian cap with the kurkhars —the national female headdress of the Ingush people . The protagonists of the Belgian comic series The Smurfs wear white phrygian caps. What came to be labelled as the Phrygian cap was originally used by several Iranian peoples, including the Scythians , the Medes , and the Persians . From the reports of the ancient Greeks, it appears that

2640-501: The ears and the neck, but the form of the top varies. The famous "upright ( orthē ) tiara" was worn by the king. Members of the Median upper class wore high, crested tiaras. By the 4th century BC (early Hellenistic period ), the Phrygian cap was associated with Phrygian Attis , the consort of Cybele , the cult of which had by then become hellenized. The cap appears in depictions of the mythological kings Midas and Rhesus of Thrace ,

2700-521: The end of the century, many other styles were introduced, among them hats with wide brims and flat crowns, the flower pot and the toque. By the middle of the 1920s, when women began to cut their hair short, they chose hats that hugged the head like a helmet. The tradition of wearing hats to horse racing events began at the Royal Ascot in Britain, which maintains a strict dress code. All guests in

2760-437: The first pictorial depictions of a hat appears in a tomb painting from Thebes, Egypt , which shows a man wearing a conical straw hat, dated to around 3200 BC. Hats were commonly worn in ancient Egypt. Many upper-class Egyptians shaved their heads , then covered it in a headdress intended to help them keep cool. Ancient Mesopotamians often wore conical hats or ones shaped somewhat like an inverted vase. Other early hats include

2820-456: The free man and French regeneration." On 15 July 1792, seeking to suppress the frivolity, François Christophe Kellermann , 1st Duc de Valmy, published an essay in which the Duke sought to establish the bonnet rouge as a sacred symbol that could only be worn by those with merit. The symbolic hairstyle became a rallying point and a way to mock the elaborate wigs of the aristocrats and the red caps of

2880-529: The late 16th century. The term 'milliner' comes from the Italian city of Milan , where the best quality hats were made in the 18th century. Millinery was traditionally a woman's occupation, with the milliner not only creating hats and bonnets but also choosing lace, trimmings and accessories to complete an outfit. In the first half of the 19th century, women wore bonnets that gradually became larger, decorated with ribbons, flowers, feathers, and gauze trims . By

2940-534: The legendary bard Orpheus and other Thraco-Phrygians portrayed in Greek vase-paintings and sculpture. Such images predate the earliest surviving literary references to the cap. By extension, the Phrygian cap also came to be applied to several other non-Greek-speaking peoples (" barbarians " in the classical sense). Most notable of these extended senses of "Phrygian" were the Trojans and other western Anatolian peoples, who in Greek perception were synonymous with

3000-488: The most famous London hatters is James Lock & Co. of St James's Street . The shop claims to be the oldest operating hat shop in the world. Another was Sharp & Davis of 6 Fish Street Hill . In the late 20th century, museums credited London-based David Shilling with reinventing hats worldwide. Notable Belgian hat designers are Elvis Pompilio and Fabienne Delvigne ( Royal warrant of appointment holder ), whose hats are worn by European royals. Philip Treacy OBE

3060-544: The name and color stuck as a symbol of revolt against the nobility and establishment. Robespierre would later object to the color, but was ignored. The use of a Phrygian-style cap as a symbol of revolutionary France is first documented in May 1790, at a festival in Troyes adorning a statue representing the nation, and at Lyon , on a lance carried by the goddess Libertas . To this day the national allegory of France, Marianne ,

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3120-416: The other mystery cults. In the artwork of the cult (e.g. in the so-called " tauroctony " cult images ), the figures of the god Mithras as well as those of his helpers Cautes and Cautopates are routinely depicted with a Phrygian cap. The function of the Phrygian cap in the cult are unknown, but it is conventionally identified as an accessory of its perserie . Early Christian art (and continuing well into

3180-401: The present day with a hat on, probably having died around 400 BC in a Danish bog, which mummified him. He wore a pointed cap made of sheepskin and wool, fastened under the chin by a hide thong. St. Clement , the patron saint of felt hatmakers , is said to have discovered felt when he filled his sandals with flax fibers to protect his feet, around 800 AD. In the Middle Ages, hats were

3240-478: The red revolution-era Phrygian cap as a protest symbol. By means of large demonstrations and direct action, which included the destruction of many highway tax portals, the movement successfully forced the French government to rescind the tax. In the 18th century, the cap was often used in English political prints as an attribute of Liberty . In Blackburn, England, on 5 July 1819, female reformers such as Alice Kitchen attended their first reform meeting and presented

3300-401: The right to vote (if male). Following the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE, Brutus and his co-conspirators instrumentalized this symbolism of the pileus to signify the end of Caesar's dictatorship and a return to the (Roman) republican system. These Roman associations of the pileus with liberty and republicanism were carried forward to the 18th century, until when the pileus

3360-480: The second restoration of Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815. The symbols resurfaced again during the July Revolution of 1830, after which they were reinstated by the liberal July Monarchy of Louis Philippe I , and the revolutionary symbols—anthem, holiday, and bonnet rouge —became "constituent parts of a national heritage consecrated by the state and embraced by the public." The republican associations with

3420-533: The toy replicas of the mascot being made in China . Julie Matikhine, director of the Paris 2024 brand, responded that "18 percent of the stuffed toys produced by the company Doudou & Compagnie will be in Brittany ," in the hope of "relocating part of the sector." The Phryges have been likened to a giant " clitoris in trainers", and have been nicknamed le clito national (the national clitoris) by French netizens. The French newspaper Libération hailed it as

3480-507: Was confused with the Phrygian cap, then becoming a symbol of those values in the wake of Medieval Italian uses of the Phrygian cap, most notably in Venice . In Venice, the Phrygian cap was used by the Doge instead of a crown as a symbol of Republican liberty, from the Middle Ages until 1797. The symbol of Libertas as a female figure holding the Phrygian cap upon a spear appeared in the 1500’s in

3540-417: Was minted through 1947 (and reused on the current bullion American Silver Eagle ). The U.S. Army has, since 1778, used a " War Office Seal " in which the motto "This We'll Defend" is displayed directly over a Phrygian cap on an upturned sword . It also appears on the state flags of West Virginia and Idaho (as part of their official seals), New Jersey , and New York , as well as the official seal of

3600-544: Was worn by Thracians , Dacians , Persians , Medes , Scythians , Trojans , Amazons and Phrygians after whom it's named. The oldest known depiction of the Phrygian cap is from Persepolis in Iran . Although Phrygian caps did not originally function as liberty caps, they came to signify freedom and the pursuit of liberty first in the American Revolution and then in the French Revolution , particularly as

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