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120-656: The festival's early mission statement was described in May 1959, as follows, by The Zajednicar , the official newspaper of the Croatian Federal Union of America: "Being under the auspices of the Duquesne University , the Festival is a non-profit venture dedicated to a closer relationship of the present day citizenry and a better appreciation of their contribution to Pittsburgh growth, especially on

240-416: A 1925 student committee, and was an "octagonal deep blue stone held in place by four corner prongs." Two years later, another student committee replaced the blue stone with a synthetic ruby . The ring's design continued to evolve until 1936, as the prongs were replaced with a continuous metal bezel . The words "Duquesne", "University", and "Pittsburgh", accompanied the graduation year around the four sides of

360-454: A Spiritan father and alumnus, Father John F. Malloy. They were then examined and partly revised by Pierre de Chaignon la Rose , a prominent ecclesiastical heraldic artist at the time. The design was adopted early in 1923 and used for the first time carved in high relief above Canevin Hall, then under construction. The first time the arms were incorporated into the seal of the university was for

480-734: A conference center and ballroom. The 125,000-square-foot (11,600 m ) building was completed in early January 2008, and is the first stage of a development that aims to serve both the campus community and the surrounding neighborhood. In October 2010 the university announced the purchase of the eight-story, 100,000-square-foot (9,300 m ) building at 600 Fifth Avenue from Robert Morris University, which had been RMU's Pittsburgh Center. This adds an additional 87 classrooms, 1,100 seats and new music facilities. Duquesne plans to utilize this building to allow further expansion of its graduate programs as applications have doubled since 2005. Duquesne also owns four other buildings along Fifth Avenue bordering on

600-527: A day early on April 25, 1866, gathered together at Friendship Cemetery to decorate the graves of the Confederate soldiers. They also felt moved to honor the Union soldiers buried there, and to note the grief of their families, by decorating their graves as well. The story of their gesture of humanity and reconciliation is held by some writers as the inspiration of the original Memorial Day. According to

720-437: A financial crisis in 1970 nearly forced the closure of the university. Students rallied to the cause, however, and set a goal of raising one million dollars to "Save Duquesne University". Students engaged in door-to-door fundraising and gathered nearly $ 600,000, enough to keep Duquesne afloat until the end of the crisis in 1973. It was also during Fr. McAnulty's time as president that Duquesne University played an important role in

840-484: A footnote to a story about her brother, Mrs. Sophie (Keller) Hall described how she and Emma Hunter decorated the grave of Emma's father, Reuben Hunter, and then the graves of all soldiers in the cemetery. The original story did not account for Reuben Hunter's death occurring two months later on September 19, 1864. It also did not mention Mrs. Elizabeth Myers as one of the original participants. A bronze statue of all three women gazing upon Reuben Hunter's grave now stands near

960-453: A key role in using Memorial Day rituals to preserve Confederate culture. Various dates ranging from April 25 to mid-June were adopted in different Southern states. Across the South, associations were founded, many by women, to establish and care for permanent cemeteries for the Confederate dead, organize commemorative ceremonies, and sponsor appropriate monuments as a permanent way of remembering

1080-532: A national holiday. . . . [W]e can keep alive the memory of debt we owe them by dedicating at least one day in the year, by embellishing their humble graves with flowers, therefore we beg the assistance of the press and the ladies throughout the South to help us in the effort to set apart a certain day to be observed, from the Potomac to the Rio Grande and be handed down through time as a religious custom of

1200-430: A new family ticket plan that allowed parents to purchase admission for two adults and two children for nine dollars, for a savings of six dollars off the standard general price of admission. That year, attendance figures declined sixteen percent, from the 38,000 visitors it had attracted in 1984 to 32,000. Planners faulted a decision by Pittsburgh city officials to allow the scheduling of a free carnival event for children on

1320-616: A news release as being as the result of "retention rates well above national averages and a desire voiced by students to remain on campus during their junior and senior years". The new hall was constructed on the former site of Des Places Hall, an academic building named after Claude Poullart des Places , the founder of the Spiritan congregation. The hall retained its name and was opened for the fall 2012 semester. Duquesne University hosts more than 150 student organizations, including 19 fraternities and sororities . Media organizations include

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1440-478: A religious institution. Former university president Charles Dougherty suggested that unionization "could lead to the compromise or loss of our Catholic and Spiritan identity". Duquesne has over 93,000 living alumni, and the School of Law reports that almost 30 percent of the practicing lawyers in western Pennsylvania are graduates of Duquesne. Duquesne has many alumni in the media and sports fields. These include

1560-646: A rented space above a bakery on Wylie Avenue in downtown Pittsburgh. Duquesne established itself at its current location on the Bluff and built the original five-story red brick "Old Main" in 1885. At the time, it was the highest point on the Pittsburgh skyline. On May 27, 1911, under the leadership of Fr. Martin Hehir , the college became the first Catholic institution of higher learning in Pennsylvania to become

1680-619: A sacred charge upon a Nation's gratitude—the soldiers' and sailors' widow and orphan. — John A. Logan , May 5, 1868 On May 5, 1868, General John A. Logan issued a proclamation calling for "Decoration Day" to be observed annually and nationwide; he was commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), an organization of and for Union Civil War veterans founded in Decatur, Illinois . With his proclamation, Logan adopted

1800-460: A sacred event. With the Civil War, a new theme of death, sacrifice, and rebirth enters the civil religion. Memorial Day gave ritual expression to these themes, integrating the local community into a sense of nationalism. The American civil religion, in contrast to that of France, was never anticlerical or militantly secular; in contrast to Britain, it was not tied to a specific denomination, such as

1920-456: A score specifically for a motion picture, also composed the music for Duquesne University's alma mater. Father John F. Malloy, who also designed the university coat of arms, wrote the lyrics. The first performance of the song was in October 1920. The Duquesne University class ring was first adopted in the 1920s, the same decade as the seal and alma mater. The first incarnation was approved by

2040-473: A small library, dining hall, recreational areas, and modernized living quarters complete with bathrooms in each double room." The curriculum at the Italian campus includes history, art history, Italian language , philosophy, theology, sociology and economics, appropriate to the historical and cultural setting of Rome. The faculty of the program, largely constituted by visiting professors and resident scholars,

2160-521: A student radio station, WDSR (Duquesne Student Radio). Founded in 1984, it broadcasts solely through the Internet streaming audio . Other student media organizations include The Duquesne Duke campus newspaper and L'Esprit Du Duc , the university's yearbook. Duquesne also hosts a Student Government Association, a student-run Program Council, a Commuter Council, a representative Residence Hall Association, an Interfraternity Council, Panhellenic Council,

2280-527: A time of expansion for the developing university. The campus grew to include its first single-purpose academic building, Canevin Hall, as well as a gymnasium and a central heating plant. Institutionally, the school grew to include the School of Pharmacy in 1925, a School of Music in 1926, and a School of Education in 1929. Hard times, however, came with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 ; plans for expansion had to be shelved. The beloved Fr. Hehir

2400-579: A university. It was subsequently renamed Duquesne University of the Holy Ghost , after Ange Duquesne de Menneville, Marquis du Quesne , the French governor of New France who first brought Catholic observances to the Pittsburgh area. The year 1913 saw the university record its first woman graduate, Sister M. Fides of the Sisters of Mercy . In 1914, the graduate school was established. The 1920s were

2520-657: Is a private Catholic research university in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania, United States. Founded by members of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit , Duquesne first opened as the Pittsburgh Catholic College of the Holy Ghost in October 1878 with an enrollment of 40 students and a faculty of six. In 1911, the college became the first Catholic university-level institution in Pennsylvania. It

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2640-597: Is earlier in May, an unofficial U.S. holiday for honoring those currently serving in the armed forces, and Veterans Day on November 11, which honors all those who have served in the United States Armed Forces. A variety of cities and people have claimed origination of Memorial Day. In some such cases, the claims relate to documented events, occurring before or after the Civil War. Others may stem from general traditions of decorating soldiers' graves with flowers, rather than specific events leading to

2760-541: Is named for an 18th-century governor of New France , Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville . Duquesne has since expanded to over 9,300 graduate and undergraduate students within a self-contained 49-acre (19.8 ha) hilltop campus in Pittsburgh's Bluff neighborhood. The school maintains an associate campus in Rome and encompasses ten schools of study. The university hosts international students from more than 80 countries although most students—about 80%—are from Pennsylvania or

2880-560: Is still used to house the administrative offices of the university. Canevin Hall, named after bishop of Pittsburgh Regis Canevin , was constructed in 1922 and is the oldest classroom building on campus; it was renovated in 1968 and again in 2009. These two buildings, as well Bayer Hall, the Richard King Mellon Hall of Science (designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ), and the Victorian Laval House, are at

3000-408: Is supplemented by a few distinguished professors from the home campus. Duquesne has a total student enrollment of 9,344 undergraduate and graduate students. The university has grown to comprise ten schools and other institutions, offering degree programs at the baccalaureate, professional, masters and doctoral levels in 189 academic programs. It is the only Spiritan institution of higher education in

3120-483: Is the Power Center, named in honor of Father William Patrick Power , the university's first president. The multipurpose recreation facility on Forbes Avenue between Chatham Square and Magee Street, across from the university's Forbes Avenue entrance, adds to the student fitness facilities on campus. Other spaces include a Barnes & Noble bookstore containing a Starbucks café, Freshens, Red Ring Restaurant, and

3240-722: The Richmond Times-Dispatch in 1906. This decoration was for the funeral of the first soldier killed during the Civil War, John Quincy Marr , who died on June 1, 1861, during a skirmish at the Battle of Fairfax Courthouse in Virginia. On April 26, 1865, in Jackson, Mississippi , Sue Landon Vaughan decorated the graves of Confederate and Union soldiers according to her account. The first reference to this event however did not appear until many years later. Mention of

3360-511: The ACHA as members of College Hockey Mid-America (Division 1) and College Hockey East (Division 3). The fight song for Duquesne is "Victory Song (Red and Blue)." The Duquesne University coat of arms was modified from that of the family of its namesake, the Marquis du Quesne. A red book was added to adapt the arms of a French governor to that of a university. The coat of arms was designed by

3480-709: The Aspen Institute "Ideas Worth Teaching" award, which recognizes professors and classes that redefine business education and practice. In 2020, the program was recognized as the top sustainability-focused MBA in the United States and the fourth best program in the world by Corporate Knights magazine. Like many US universities, Duquesne University has faced criticism for what has been described as hire-and-fire treatment of academics not on tenure track . Adjunct faculty have complained that they are paid approximately $ 12,000 annually for full-time work without

3600-593: The Atlantic 10 Conference or the Northeast Conference (football and bowling). In recent years, Duquesne football was a member of the NCAA Division I Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference . Duquesne started varsity women's triathlon in the 2023-24 academic year and will start varsity women's golf and acrobatics and tumbling in 2024-25. Duquesne has two notable club ice hockey teams that play in

3720-496: The Church of England . The Americans borrowed from different religious traditions so that the average American saw no conflict between the two, and deep levels of personal motivation were aligned with attaining national goals. Since 1867, Brooklyn, New York, has held an annual Memorial Day parade which it claims to be the nation's oldest. Grafton, West Virginia , and Ironton, Ohio have also had an ongoing parade since 1868. However,

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3840-529: The EPA 's Energy Star Combined Heat and Power Award for its natural gas turbine located on campus. Duquesne also uses an innovative ice cooling system that cools buildings and reduces peak energy demand. Duquesne's new Power Center facility has also achieved a LEED Silver Rating. Furthermore, Duquesne's Center for Environmental Research and Education (CERE) offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in environmental science and management. Duquesne has been evaluated by

3960-543: The Knights of Columbus , and numerous departmental Honor Societies. Fraternities on campus include Alpha Delta , Alpha Phi Delta , Delta Chi , Gamma Phi (a local fraternity formed at Duquesne in 1916), Sigma Alpha Epsilon , Sigma Nu , and Tau Kappa Epsilon . Sororities include Alpha Gamma Delta , Alpha Omicron Pi , Alpha Phi , Alpha Sigma Tau , Delta Zeta , Gamma Phi Beta , Sigma Kappa , and Zeta Tau Alpha . Most Duquesne chapters have suites or wings on campus, in

4080-688: The NBA , all graduated from Duquesne, as did both the founder and his principal owner son of the Pittsburgh Steelers , Art and Dan Rooney . Singer Bobby Vinton , MLB pitcher Joe Beimel , and big-band composer Sammy Nestico are also alumni. Norm Nixon , who holds the all-time assist record for the Duquesne Dukes, played for the Los Angeles Lakers . Indiana Pacers point guard T. J. McConnell spent two years playing for

4200-647: The PPG Paints Arena where the university now plays some of its home basketball games. The university announced plans on August 1, 2019, to build an 80,000-to-100,000-square-foot (7,400 to 9,300 m ) building along Forbes Avenue to house its new osteopathic medical school. University owned WDUQ, NPR and jazz station, has relocated to offices in the Cooper Building and studios in Clement Hall. Until 2009, Duquesne University had an extension of

4320-518: The Red Masquers , Spotlight Musical Theatre Company, and the Medieval and Renaissance Players. The Masquers annually perform three main-stage plays , generally one classical, one modern, and one contemporary. In addition, the group performs two sets of one-act plays . "Premieres", which are student-written, are performed in the winter, while in the spring "One Acts for Charity" are selected from

4440-643: The School of Leadership and Professional Advancement in Wormleysburg . Classes were also available at Fort Indiantown Gap . Since 2001, Duquesne has offered an Italian campus program. The facility, part of extensive grounds owned and managed by the Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth , is west of downtown Rome and just beyond Vatican City . University materials describe the campus as "a walled property enclosing beautiful gardens and walkways, [with] classrooms, computer facilities (including Internet),

4560-619: The Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. Carol Cubelic took over as director of the festival in October 1989 when her husband's health declined sharply. He died from cancer shortly afterward on October 29, 1989. The 1989 Pittsburgh Folk Festival, the final event overseen by Charles Cubelic, was one of the most successful in the festival's history, attracting more than forty thousand attendees during its three-day run. The thirty-fourth annual Pittsburgh Folk Festival,

4680-479: The Uniform Monday Holiday Act , which moved four holidays, including Memorial Day, from their traditional dates to a specified Monday in order to create a convenient three-day weekend. The change moved Memorial Day from its traditional May 30 date to the last Monday in May. The law took effect at the federal level in 1971. In 1913, an Indiana veteran complained that younger people born since

4800-535: The United States Library of Congress , "Southern women decorated the graves of soldiers even before the Civil War’s end. Records show that by 1865, Mississippi, Virginia, and South Carolina all had precedents for Memorial Day." The earliest Southern Memorial Day celebrations were simple, somber occasions for veterans and their families to honor the dead and tend to local cemeteries. In following years,

4920-551: The half-staff position, where it remains only until noon. It is then raised to full-staff for the remainder of the day. The National Memorial Day Concert takes place on the west lawn of the United States Capitol . Scholars, following the lead of sociologist Robert Bellah , often make the argument that the United States has a secular " civil religion "—one with no association with any religious denomination or viewpoint—that has incorporated Memorial Day as

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5040-508: The "baptism of blood" on the battlefield. In the national capital in 1913 the four-day "Blue-Gray Reunion" featured parades, re-enactments, and speeches from a host of dignitaries, including President Woodrow Wilson , the first Southerner elected to the White House since the War. James Heflin of Alabama gave the main address. Heflin was a noted orator; his choice as Memorial Day speaker

5160-555: The 1950s and won the NIT championship in 1955. The Pittsburgh Catholic College of the Holy Ghost was founded on October 1, 1878, by Fr. Joseph Strub and the Holy Ghost Fathers, who had been expelled from Germany during Otto von Bismarck 's Kulturkampf six years earlier. When the college was founded, it had six faculty members and 40 students. The college obtained its state charter in 1882. Students attended classes in

5280-410: The 1960s. The largest facility is Duquesne Towers, which houses 1,200 students, including Greek organizations. Other facilities include Vickroy Hall, built in 1997, and Brottier Hall, which was formerly an apartment complex before its purchase by the university in 2004. On March 10, 2010, the university announced plans to construct a new residence hall. The need for a new residence hall was explained in

5400-533: The 2009 and 2010 College Sustainability Report Card. The Palumbo-Donahue School of Business offers a full-time MBA-Sustainable Business Practices. This Sustainable MBA integrates sustainability-oriented coursework and consulting projects into the curriculum. This program has earned considerable recognition since its launch. In 2008, the program was awarded the Page Prize for excellence in business sustainability education. In 2018, Dr Robert Sroufe received

5520-415: The 31 buildings that make up the Bluff campus, several are recent constructions or renovations, including a health sciences facility (Rangos Hall), two recording studios, two parking garages, a multipurpose recreation center (Power Center), and a theater-classroom complex (Bayer Hall). The "Old Main" Administration Building was the first structure to be constructed on campus. The Victorian Gothic structure

5640-885: The Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Youngstown ; and Cardinals Daniel DiNardo and Adam Maida . Figures in politics include Donald A. Bailey , Father James Cox , former retired United States Air Force four-star general and former Director of the National Security Agency, Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence, and Director of the CIA General Michael V. Hayden , former Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania Catherine Baker Knoll , U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania Bud Shuster , and United States ambassadors Thomas Patrick Melady and Dan Rooney. Duquesne has many alumni in

5760-694: The Confederate dead. The most important of these was the United Daughters of the Confederacy , which grew throughout the South. Changes in the ceremony's hymns and speeches reflect an evolution of the ritual into a symbol of cultural renewal and conservatism in the South. By 1913, David Blight argues, the theme of American nationalism shared equal time with the Confederate. By the 20th century, various Union memorial traditions, celebrated on different days, merged, and Memorial Day eventually extended to honor all Americans who fought and died while in

5880-607: The Confederate prison camp located there. After the city fell, the freed Black population unearthed and properly buried the soldiers, placing flowers at their graves. The event was reported contemporaneously in the Charleston Daily Courier and the New-York Tribune . Historian David Blight has called this commemoration the first Memorial Day. However, no direct link has been established between this event and General John Logan 's 1868 proclamation for

6000-761: The Contemporary Ensemble (conductor David Cutler), the Jazz Bands (conductors Sean Jones (trumpeter) and Mike Tomaro) and many other chamber groups. Vocal Ensembles include the Opera Workshop (director Meghan DeWald), the Voices of Spirit (conductor Dr. Caron Daley) and the Pappert Women's and Men's chorales. Performances are regular for each ensemble, and tours abroad are common for many. The university also maintains three theater groups:

6120-570: The David L. Lawrence Convention Center in the city's downtown. The festival's head that year was Angela Lipchick. Still held at the David L. Lawrence Convention Center in downtown Pittsburgh in 2006, the Pittsburgh Folk Festival celebrated its fiftieth anniversary by inviting the participation of twenty-five different ethnic groups, five of which (Bulgaria, Greece, Lebanon, Lithuania, and Ukraine) had been represented every year since

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6240-574: The Dukes. WWE Superstar, Roman Macek, ring name Luca Crusifino , graduated from Duquesne University and also attended Thomas R. Kline School of Law of Duquesne University . Duquesne has graduated at least three bishops and two cardinals in the Roman Catholic Church, including Bishops David Zubik , who is the current ordinary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh ; former Bishop of Pittsburgh Vincent Leonard ; and David Bonnar ,

6360-608: The Duquesne Towers building, although some chapters are not housed on campus. Duquesne is the home of the Tamburitzans , the longest-running multicultural song and dance company in the United States. Their shows feature an ensemble of talented young folk artists dedicated to the performance and preservation of the music, songs, and dances of Eastern Europe and neighboring folk cultures. The performers are full-time students who receive substantial scholarship awards from

6480-555: The Ladies' Memorial Association and other groups increasingly focused rituals on preserving Confederate culture and the Lost Cause of the Confederacy narrative. The 1863 cemetery dedication at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania , included a ceremony of commemoration at the graves of dead soldiers. Some have therefore claimed that President Abraham Lincoln was the founder of Memorial Day. However, Chicago journalist Lloyd Lewis tried to make

6600-848: The Memorial Day parade in Rochester, Wisconsin , predates both the Doylestown and the Grafton parades by one year (1867). In 1915, following the Second Battle of Ypres , Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae , a physician with the Canadian Expeditionary Force , wrote the poem " In Flanders Fields ". Its opening lines refer to the fields of poppies that grew among the soldiers' graves in Flanders . Inspired by

6720-435: The Memorial Day practice that had begun in the Southern states two years earlier. The northern states quickly adopted the holiday. In 1868, memorial events were held in 183 cemeteries in 27 states, and 336 in 1869. One author claims that the date was chosen because it was not the anniversary of any particular battle. Logan's wife noted that the date was chosen because it was the optimal date for flowers to be in bloom in

6840-487: The North. In 1873, New York made Decoration Day an official state holiday and by 1890, every northern state had followed suit. There was no standard program for the ceremonies, but they were typically sponsored by the Women's Relief Corps , the women's auxiliary of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) , which had 100,000 members. By 1870, the remains of nearly 300,000 Union dead had been reinterred in 73 national cemeteries, located near major battlefields and thus mainly in

6960-472: The Pittsburgh Folk Festival Corporation to the nineteen groups that had collectively provided the cultural performances, food and volunteer staffing for the festival for nearly forty years. Additionally, negotiations with the David L. Lawrence Convention Center, which had been the festival's venue for many years, turned difficult when center managers began pushing festival planners to "expand the event into an ethnic food fair," which event planners feared would ruin

7080-447: The Power Center, a mixed-use development project on Forbes Avenue, and a new residence hall, which was completed in 2012. The university established an osteopathic medical school which admitted its first class in the summer of 2024. Duquesne University has more than tripled in size from its early 12.5-acre (50,590 m ) site on Boyd's Hill to its present 49-acre (198,300 m ) main campus in Pittsburgh's Uptown neighborhood . Of

7200-451: The Red Masquers. The Duquesne Dukes play varsity football, men's and women's basketball, women's bowling, men's and women's cross country, men's and women's soccer, women's swimming & diving, men's and women's tennis, men's and women's outdoor track & field, women's indoor track & field, women's lacrosse, women's rowing, and women's volleyball at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level and in either

7320-493: The Schenley Plaza Tent in Oakland. More than forty distinct cultures from twenty different countries were celebrated with Bhutan, Egypt, Mexico, and Venezuela represented for the first time in the event's history. Admission was free. There was no festival in 2020. Resumption of the festival happened a year later. Duquesne University Duquesne University of the Holy Spirit ( / dj uː ˈ k eɪ n / dew- KAYN ; also known as Duquesne University or Duquesne )

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7440-484: The South. In some cities, mostly in Virginia, other dates in May and June were observed. General John Logan commented on the observances in a speech to veterans on July 4, 1866, in Salem, Illinois . After General Logan's General Order No. 11 to the Grand Army of the Republic to observe May 30, 1868, the earlier version of the holiday began to be referred to as Confederate Memorial Day . Following Mary William's call for assistance, four women of Columbus, Mississippi

7560-503: The South. The letter was reprinted in several southern states and the plans were noted in newspapers in the North . The date of April 26 was chosen, which corresponded with the end date of the war with the surrender agreement between Generals Johnston and Sherman in 1865. The holiday was observed in Atlanta, Augusta, Macon, Columbus and elsewhere in Georgia as well as Montgomery, Alabama; Memphis, Tennessee; Louisville, Kentucky; New Orleans, Louisiana; Jackson, Mississippi, and across

7680-445: The South. The most famous are Gettysburg National Cemetery in Pennsylvania and Arlington National Cemetery , near Washington, D.C. On May 26, 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson designated an "official" birthplace of the holiday by signing the presidential proclamation naming Waterloo, New York , as the holder of the title. This action followed House Concurrent Resolution 587, in which the 89th Congress had officially recognized that

7800-402: The Sunday program featured Italian, Lithuanian, Lebanese, Carpatho-Russian, Polish, Irish, Israeli, Chinese, and Ukrainian cultural performances. The theme of the third annual festival, which was also held at the Syria Mosque, was "Unity in Diversity: Democracy and Beauty; Fun and Friendliness!" It was held from Friday, May 9 through Sunday, May 11, 1958. Held again at the Syria Mosque in 1959,

7920-454: The Syria Mosque, beginning at 5 p.m. each day on Saturday and Sunday, June 9 and 10. Food booths were located on the mosque's ground floor with multicultural exhibits of history, crafts and products displayed in the mosque's upstairs lobby. On Saturday, the two-hour program, which began at 8 p.m., featured dances, folk singers and storytellers from Scottish, Hungarian, Bulgarian, American, Croatian, Russian, Slovak, Greek, ad German traditions while

8040-409: The U.S. military service. Indiana from the 1860s to the 1920s saw numerous debates on how to expand the celebration. It was a favorite lobbying activity of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR). An 1884 GAR handbook explained that Memorial Day was "the day of all days in the G.A.R. Calendar" in terms of mobilizing public support for pensions. It advised family members to "exercise great care" in keeping

8160-401: The Upland South argues for the age of the tradition, which was carried westward (and eastward to Africa) by nineteenth-century migration and has survived in essentially the same form till the present." While these customs may have inspired in part rituals to honor military dead like Memorial Day, numerous differences exist between Decoration Day customs and Memorial Day, including that the date

8280-426: The beginning of a Memorial Day practice in the South to a group of women of Columbus, Georgia . The women were the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus. They were represented by Mary Ann Williams (Mrs. Charles J. Williams) who as association secretary wrote an open letter to the press on March 11, 1866 asking for assistance in establishing an annual holiday to decorate the graves of soldiers throughout

8400-442: The bezel, and the shank on both sides was decorated with a motif adapted from the university's coat of arms. Originally an option, the embossed gold Gothic initial "D" became standard in the late 1930s. The Duquesne alumni website notes, "The golden initial, oversized stone and octagonal shape make the Duquesne ring stand out from those of other colleges and universities." Duquesne was the first university in Pennsylvania to receive

8520-428: The big race to continue, so Governor Warren McCray vetoed the bill and the race went on. Memorial Day endures as a holiday which most businesses observe because it marks the unofficial beginning of summer. ( Labor Day is the unofficial end of summer.) The Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) and Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War (SUVCW) advocated returning to the original date. The VFW stated in 2002: Changing

8640-537: The case that it was Lincoln's funeral that spurred the soldiers' grave decorating that followed. On July 4, 1864, ladies decorated soldiers' graves according to local historians in Boalsburg, Pennsylvania . Boalsburg promotes itself as the birthplace of Memorial Day. However, no published reference to this event has been found earlier than the printing of the History of the 148th Pennsylvania Volunteers in 1904. In

8760-411: The commencement program of 1926. The formal heraldic blazon of the arms is as follows: Argent, a lion sable armed and langued gules holding a book of the same edged or; on a chief party per pale azure and of the third, a dove displayed of the first, areoled of the fourth; motto, "Spiritus est qui vivificat." Alumnus Joseph Carl Breil , class of 1888, notable as being the first person to compose

8880-675: The country reported that Pittsburgh's annual multicultural event had become one of its nation's largest outdoor festivals. Festival operators received $ 22,000 in state funds via the Allegheny County Bicentennial Commission that year to add two days to the event's schedule and provide free admission to students and senior citizens. More than thirty thousand people were expected to attend the festival in 1977. In 1985, festival planners introduced several new features, including an International Bazaar, where attendees could purchase "authentic ethnic artifacts," and

9000-554: The country, to wreathe the graves of our martyred dead with flowers. . . Let the soldiers’ graves, for that day at least, be the Southern Mecca , to whose shrine her sorrowing women, like pilgrims, may annually bring their grateful hearts and floral offerings. . . — Mary Ann Williams , March 11, 1866 The National Cemetery Administration , a division of the Department of Veterans Affairs , and scholars attribute

9120-488: The date merely to create three-day weekends has undermined the very meaning of the day. No doubt, this has contributed a lot to the general public's nonchalant observance of Memorial Day. In 2000, Congress passed the National Moment of Remembrance Act, asking people to stop and remember at 3:00 pm. On Memorial Day, the flag of the United States is raised briskly to the top of the staff and then solemnly lowered to

9240-461: The death of Margaret Mary Vojtko , an adjunct who was removed by campus police from her office, where she had been sleeping as she could not afford to heat her house while paying for chemotherapy. On a contract that did not pay for insurance, her pay had recently been cut by approximately a third. The university has resisted attempts by adjunct faculty to join unions, arguing that its academic staff are exempt from employee rights due to its status as

9360-491: The end of the Civil War and Logan's declaration. Many cities and people have claimed to be the first to observe it. However, the National Cemetery Administration , a division of the Department of Veterans Affairs , credits Mary Ann Williams with originating the "idea of strewing the graves of Civil War soldiers—Union and Confederate" with flowers. Official recognition as a holiday spread among

9480-608: The entrance to the Boalsburg Cemetery. Although July 4, 1864, was a Monday, the town now claims that the original decoration was on one of the Sundays in October 1864. ... Let us then gather around their sacred remains and garland the passionless mounds above them with the choicest flowers of Springtime; let us raise above them the dear old flag they saved from dishonor; let us in this solemn presence renew our pledges to aid and assist those whom they have left among us as

9600-414: The festival launched a new entertainment plan with three stages changing various presenters every thirty minutes as the stages operated continuously throughout each festival day. Ticket prices were set at five dollars for adults (four dollars for senior citizens), and three dollars for children aged three to twelve. By the time of its fortieth anniversary in 1996, the Pittsburgh Folk Festival had returned to

9720-420: The festival's food reputation with increased participation of inauthentic, carnival-style pizza and Italian sausage stands. Convention center executives also planned to double or triple charges for booth rentals and utility use while proposing that the $ 6 general admission fee be cut in half, which would have eliminated a source of revenue for the multicultural groups hoping to participate in the event. In response,

9840-413: The festival's founding in 1956. The Rev. James Root chaired that year's event. Walter Kolar, a member of the festival since its founding, developed a fiftieth-anniversary display. In 2016, festival organizers celebrated the sixtieth anniversary of the Pittsburgh Folk Festival in conjunction with the city of Pittsburgh's bicentennial celebrations. It was held over Labor Day weekend, from September 3 to 4, in

9960-537: The festival's new organizers moved the 36th annual event from the convention center to the Melody Tent and Amphitheater at Station Square, which was operated by the Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation. Held again on Memorial Day weekend, event planners hoped to attract a crowd of forty to fifty thousand attendees. Festival leadership changed again the following year with Nan Krushinski taking

10080-412: The festival, citing that it had lost twenty to thirty thousand dollars over the thirty-year period that it had sponsored the event. As a result, Carole Cubelic, who had been employed by the college as a student accounts administrator while also serving as assistant director and then director of the Pittsburgh Folk Festival, stepped down from her role as festival director. The college subsequently transferred

10200-569: The festival. The tenth annual festival included "a French show and French booths" for the first time. The event was held again at the Syria Mosque in May of 1966. By 1967, the festival had grown so large that it was moved to Pittsburg's Civic Arena . In 1976, which was both the twentieth anniversary of the Pittsburgh Folk Festival and the year in which the United States Bicentennial was celebrated, newspapers across

10320-532: The first under the leadership of Carole Cubelic, was held from May 25 to 27, 1989. "I came to Pittsburgh in 1992. And when I married my late husband, I married this festival," she said when interviewed by The Pittsburgh Press the day before the festival's Memorial Day weekend opening. The theme of that year's festival was "A Taste of the Old World." Live cooking demonstrations were sponsored by Equitable Gas. In 1992, Robert Morris College ended its sponsorship of

10440-588: The fourth annual event began at 5 p.m. each night from Friday May 15 through Sunday, May 17. Friday evening's performances represented Swiss, Indian, Italian, Lithuanian, Scottish, and Hungarian traditions while Slovak, German, Croatian, Chinese, Ukrainian, and Greek groups performed on Saturday, and Bulgarian, Irish, Mexican, Lebanese, Carpatho-Russian, and Polish groups closed out the festival on Sunday. General admission tickets were $ 1.50 per person. More than 3,000 people attended that year's opening day events. In 1962, Robert Morris Junior College took over sponsorship of

10560-666: The graves of those who died in the US military. The first national observance of Memorial Day occurred on May 30, 1868. Then known as Decoration Day and observed on May 30, the holiday was proclaimed by Commander in Chief John A. Logan of the Grand Army of the Republic to honor the Union soldiers who had died in the American Civil War . This national observance followed many local observances which were inaugurated between

10680-578: The helm as festival administrator on behalf of Pittsburgh Folk Festival Inc., the business organization formed by the multiple cultural organizations that had been involved in presenting the festival over the years. Still scheduled on Memorial Day weekend, the 37th annual event was held, for the first time in its history, at a venue outside of Pittsburgh city limits. Opening at the Pittsburgh Expo Mart in Monroeville on Friday, May 28, 1993,

10800-536: The label "Confederate" to their commemorations and claimed that Northerners had appropriated the holiday. The first official celebration of Confederate Memorial Day as a public holiday occurred in 1874, following a proclamation by the Georgia legislature. By 1916, ten states celebrated it, on June 3, the birthday of CSA President Jefferson Davis . Other states chose late April dates, or May 10, commemorating Davis' capture. The Ladies' Memorial Association played

10920-416: The last Monday of May. Memorial Day is also considered the unofficial beginning of summer in the United States. It is a day for visiting cemeteries and memorials to mourn the military personnel who died in the line of duty. Volunteers will place American flags on the graves of those military personnel in national cemeteries . Others such as family and friends will also come to lay flowers and grieve on

11040-454: The late John Clayton , a writer and reporter for ESPN ; actor Tom Atkins ; and Terry McGovern , the television actor, radio personality, voice-over specialist, and acting instructor. German filmmaker Werner Herzog attended Duquesne, but did not graduate. Sports personalities Leigh Bodden , Chip Ganassi , Mike James , baseball hall-of-famer Cumberland Posey , and Chuck Cooper , the first African-American basketball player to be drafted in

11160-588: The leadership of women during the war, an increasingly formal practice of decorating graves had taken shape. In 1865, the federal government also began creating the United States National Cemetery System for the Union war dead. By the 1880s, ceremonies were becoming more consistent across geography as the GAR provided handbooks that presented specific procedures, poems, and Bible verses for local post commanders to utilize in planning

11280-455: The local event. Historian Stuart McConnell reports: on the day itself, the post assembled and marched to the local cemetery to decorate the graves of the fallen, an enterprise meticulously organized months in advance to assure that none were missed. Finally came a simple and subdued graveyard service involving prayers, short patriotic speeches, and music ... and at the end perhaps a rifle salute. In 1868, some Southern public figures began adding

11400-545: The military dead. Appalachian and Liberian cemetery decoration traditions pre-date the United States Memorial Day holiday. According to scholars Alan and Karen Jabbour, "the geographic spread ... from the Smokies to northeastern Texas and Liberia, offer strong evidence that the southern Decoration Day originated well back in the nineteenth century. The presence of the same cultural tradition throughout

11520-418: The national proclamation. Soldiers' graves were decorated in the U.S. before and during the American Civil War . Other claims may be less respectable, appearing to some researchers as taking credit without evidence, while erasing better-evidenced events or connections. On June 3, 1861, Warrenton, Virginia was the location of the first Civil War soldier's grave to be decorated, according to an article in

11640-672: The observance is inscribed on the southeast panel of the Confederate Monument in Jackson, erected in 1891. Vaughan's account is contradicted by contemporary sources. On May 1, 1865, in Charleston, South Carolina , the recently freed Black population held a parade of 10,000 people to honor 257 dead Union soldiers. The soldiers had been buried in a mass grave at the Washington Race Course, having died at

11760-404: The occasion of the bi-centennial year." Initially sponsored by Duquesne University , this festival has been held annually since 1956. Various cultures have been represented, since that time through music , folk dance , and performances on the main stage while different vendors sell traditional food as well as arts and crafts during the festival . In 1956, the first festival was held at

11880-490: The patriotic tradition of observing Memorial Day had begun one hundred years prior in Waterloo, New York. The legitimacy of this claim has been called into question by several scholars. In April 1865, following Lincoln's assassination , commemorations were extensive. The more than 600,000 soldiers of both sides who fought and died in the Civil War meant that burial and memorialization took on new cultural significance. Under

12000-609: The poem, YWCA worker Moina Michael attended a YWCA Overseas War Secretaries' conference three years later wearing a silk poppy pinned to her coat and distributed over two dozen more to others present. The National American Legion adopted in 1920 the poppy as its official symbol of remembrance. Decoration Days in Southern Appalachia and Liberia are a tradition which arose by the 19th century. Decoration practices are localized and unique to individual families, cemeteries, and communities, but common elements that unify

12120-477: The right to receive or buy into benefits or healthcare, and with the risk of their anticipated work being terminated with as little as two weeks' notice. Following concern that any complaints to administrators could lead to adjunct professors being dismissed , adjunct faculty have sought to unionize by joining the United Steelworkers union. Particular criticism was applied to the university after

12240-418: The same day of the 1985 festival at Three Rivers Stadium . For the festival's thirtieth anniversary in 1986, longtime festival organizers Charles and Carol Cubelic programmed the event to highlight the histories and cultures of India, Korea and Poland, with India's extensive programming timed to coincide with the Festival of India Exhibition that was touring the United States at the time, after having opened at

12360-542: The sciences including George Delahunty . Miftah Ismail who is federal Minister of Finance and revenue in Pakistan is also an alumnus. Memorial Day Memorial Day (originally known as Decoration Day ) is one of the federal holidays in the United States for honoring and mourning the U.S. military personnel who died while serving in the United States Armed Forces . It is observed on

12480-547: The shaping of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal , which has its roots in a retreat of several faculty members and students held in February 1967. McAnulty was succeeded by Fr. Donald S. Nesti . Fr. Nesti's tenure in the 1980s saw construction begin on the A. J. Palumbo Center , which was dedicated in 1988, as well as an expansion of the law school. It was under the presidency of John E. Murray Jr. ,

12600-437: The states, beginning with New York in 1873. By 1890, every Union state had adopted it. The world wars turned it into a day of remembrance for all members of the U.S. military who fought and died in service. In 1971, Congress standardized the holiday as "Memorial Day" and changed its observance to the last Monday in May. Two other days celebrate those who have served or are serving in the U.S. military: Armed Forces Day , which

12720-512: The strain of leading the school through such struggles, and he was relieved of his duties by Fr. Francis P. Smith in 1946. After the war, the school faced a wave of veterans seeking higher education. In contrast to the lean war-time years, the 1949 enrollment peaked at 5,500, and space became an issue. Fr. Smith took advantage of the Lanham Act , which allowed him to acquire three barracks-type buildings from Army surplus. The science curriculum

12840-568: The surrounding region. Duquesne is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". There are more than 93,000 living alumni of the university ranging from two cardinals and the current bishop of Pittsburgh to a former director of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Duquesne Dukes compete in NCAA Division I . Duquesne men's basketball appeared twice in national championship games in

12960-553: The university's first lay president, that the university developed into its modern institutional and physical form. Between 1988 and 2001, the university opened its first new schools in 50 years, including the Rangos School of Health Sciences , the Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , and the School of Leadership and Professional Advancement . Duquesne University continues to expand with its completion of

13080-625: The university, with additional financial aid provided by Tamburitzans Scholarship Endowment Funds. The Mary Pappert School of Music hosts in-house and guest performers on a regular basis. Many music school ensembles also perform at Carnegie Music Hall in Oakland. Instrumental ensembles include the Symphony Orchestra (conductor Daniel Meyer), the Wind Symphony (conductor Robert Cameron) and Symphony Band (conductor Robert Cameron),

13200-408: The various Decoration Day practices are thought to represent syncretism of predominantly Christian cultures in 19th century Southern Appalachia with pre-Christian influences from Scotland, Ireland, and African cultures. Appalachian and Liberian cemetery decoration traditions are thought to have more in common with one another than with United States Memorial Day traditions which are focused on honoring

13320-554: The veterans sober. Memorial Day speeches became an occasion for veterans, politicians, and ministers to commemorate the Civil War and, at first, to rehash the "atrocities" of the enemy. They mixed religion and celebratory nationalism, allowing Americans to make sense of their history in terms of sacrifice for a better nation. People of all religious beliefs joined, made that German and Irish soldiers – ethnic minorities that Anti-Irish sentiment#19th century faced Anti-German sentiment#United States  – had become true Americans in

13440-585: The war had a "tendency ... to forget the purpose of Memorial Day and make it a day for games, races, and revelry, instead of a day of memory and tears". In 1911 the scheduling of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway car race, later named the Indianapolis 500 , was vehemently opposed by the increasingly elderly GAR. The state legislature in 1923 rejected holding the race on the holiday. But the new American Legion and local officials wanted

13560-643: The west end of Academic Walk, a thoroughfare that provides pedestrian-only access to most of the campus, including the Student Union. The Union, which houses meeting rooms, three dining facilities, a Starbucks , a PNC branch, a recreation center, and an art gallery, is the center of campus life and student activities. Located on the northern side of campus is the Gumberg Library , a five-story structure opened in 1978 and holding extensive print and electronic collections. The newest campus construction

13680-621: The works of professional playwrights. In recent years, the company has also participated in the Pittsburgh Monologue Project. Spotlight is a musical theatre company that produces two full-length Broadway musicals each year. The Renaissance and Medieval Players offer audiences a historical Medieval experience , performing religious plays, morality plays , and farces from the English Medieval and Early Renaissance periods, sometimes working in conjunction with

13800-505: The world, and hosts international students from more than eighty different countries. The following institutions, along with their dates of founding, comprise Duquesne University: More than 3,600 students live at Duquesne University in five residence halls and one apartment complex. Assumption Hall, built in the 1950s, was the first residential hall on Duquesne's campus, and can accommodate 300 residents. Freshman residence halls include St. Ann's Hall and St. Martin's Hall, which were opened in

13920-412: Was a high point of student exuberance. A university library was completed in 1940. Some of the darkest years of the university's history passed during World War II , when the university was led by the young Fr. Raymond Kirk . The school's enrollment, which had been 3,100 in 1940, dropped to an all-time low in the summer of 1944, with a mere one thousand students enrolled. Fr. Kirk's health broke under

14040-420: Was criticized, as he was opposed for his support of segregation; however, his speech was moderate in tone and stressed national unity and goodwill, gaining him praise from newspapers. The name "Memorial Day", which was first attested in 1882, gradually became more common than "Decoration Day" after World War II but was not declared the official name by federal law until 1967. On June 28, 1968, Congress passed

14160-584: Was dedicated in November 1958, housing the schools of business and law. It was during the tenure of Fr. Henry J. McAnulty that Fr. Gallagher's ambitious plans were put to action. Between 1959 and 1980, the university renovated or constructed various buildings to form the academic infrastructure of the campus. Among these are College Hall, the music school and the library, as well as a new Student Union and Mellon Hall, along with four more dormitories. Although Fr. McAnulty's years as president saw tremendous expansion,

14280-415: Was expanded, and the School of Business Administration saw its enrollment rise to over two thousand. Also during this time, a campus beautification project was implemented and WDUQ , Pittsburgh's first college radio station, was founded. An ambitious campus expansion plan was proposed by Fr. Vernon F. Gallagher in 1952. Assumption Hall, the first student dormitory, was opened in 1954, and Rockwell Hall

14400-649: Was succeeded in 1931 by Fr. J. J. Callahan . Though Fr. Callahan was not as able an administrator as Fr. Hehir, his tenure did see the university add numerous new programs, a short-lived School for the Unemployed, and, in 1937, the Nursing School . The university's sports programs also thrived during the Depression era, with some of the greatest triumphs of the basketball and football teams occurring in that time period—a 6–0 football defeat of Pitt in 1936

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