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77-522: The country's latest decentralization program is in hiatus after the proposal to merge departments was defeated in the national referendum in October 2005. The referendum held on October 30, 2005, as part of the ongoing decentralization process in Peru , to decide whether the region would merge with the current regions of Lambayeque and Tumbes to create a new Región Norte was defeated. The Piura Region

154-546: A preferendum when the choices given allow the voters to weight their support for a policy. In Switzerland , for example, multiple choice referendums are common. Two multiple choice referendums were held in Sweden , in 1957 and in 1980, in which voters were offered three options. In 1977, a referendum held in Australia to determine a new national anthem was held, in which voters had four choices. In 1992, New Zealand held

231-530: A modern state in 1848 . Italy ranks second with 78 national referendums : 72 popular referendums (51 of which were proposed by the Radical Party ), 4 constitutional referendums, one institutional referendum and one advisory referendum . A referendum usually offers the electorate a straight choice between accepting or rejecting a proposal. However some referendums give voters multiple choices, and some use transferable voting. This has also been called

308-432: A 'referendum' is often said to be a vote to change the federal constitution and 'plebiscite' a vote which does not affect the federal constitution. However, this is erroneous as not all federal referendums have been on constitutional matters (such as the 1916 Australian conscription referendum ), and state votes that likewise do not affect either the federal or state constitution are frequently said to be referendums (such as

385-523: A Latin gerund, referendum has no plural). The Latin plural gerundive 'referenda', meaning 'things to be referred', necessarily connotes a plurality of issues. It is closely related to agenda , "those matters which must be driven forward", from ago , to impel or drive forwards; and memorandum , "that matter which must be remembered", from memoro , to call to mind, corrigenda , from rego , to rule, make straight, those things which must be made straight (corrected), etc. The term 'plebiscite' has

462-506: A Latin word and attempting to apply to it the rules of Latin grammar) is unsupportable according to the rules of both Latin and English grammar. The use of "referenda" as a plural form is posited hypothetically as either a gerund or a gerundive by the Oxford English Dictionary , which rules out such usage in both cases as follows: Referendums is logically preferable as a plural form meaning 'ballots on one issue' (as

539-514: A decrease in atmospheric pressure and the adiabatic cooling of airmasses. In middle latitudes , the change in climate by moving up 100 meters on a mountain is roughly equivalent to moving 80 kilometers (45 miles or 0.75° of latitude ) towards the nearest pole. The characteristic flora and fauna in the mountains tend to strongly depend on elevation, because of the change in climate. This dependency causes life zones to form: bands of similar ecosystems at similar elevations. One of

616-591: A few conifer species. Pine and juniper are typical trees found in Mediterranean montane forests. The broadleaf trees show more variety and are often evergreen, e.g. evergreen oak . This type of forest is found in the Mediterranean Basin , North Africa , Mexico and the southwestern US , Iran , Pakistan and Afghanistan . In the tropics, montane forests can consist of broadleaf forest in addition to coniferous forest . One example of

693-411: A five-option referendum on their electoral system. In 1982, Guam had a referendum that used six options, with an additional blank option for those wishing to (campaign and) vote for their own seventh option. A multiple choice referendum poses the question of how the result is to be determined. They may be set up so that if no single option receives the support of an absolute majority (more than half) of

770-591: A generally similar meaning in modern usage and comes from the Latin plebiscita , which originally meant a decree of the Concilium Plebis (Plebeian Council), the popular assembly of the Roman Republic . Today, a referendum can also often be referred to as a plebiscite, but in some countries the two terms are used differently to refer to votes with differing types of legal consequences. In Australia,

847-457: A lack of sanitary conditions, the capital was moved to Monte de los Padres ( Morropón ); in 1578, and for the same reason, it was moved again, this time to San Francisco de la Buena Esperanza ( Paita ). In 1588, the permanent attacks of the English pirates and privateers forced a final relocation of the capital to Piura. During colonial times, life went by peacefully. Yet, the raids against

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924-409: A motivated minority of voters. Referendums may require a turnout threshold (also called a participation quorum) in order for the referendum to be considered legally valid. In a participation quorum a majority of those voting must approve of the referendum, and a certain percentage of population must have voted in order for the results to be approved. The usage of participation quorums in referendums

1001-409: A referendum are more likely to be driven by transient whims than by careful deliberation, or that they are not sufficiently informed to make decisions on complicated or technical issues. Also, voters might be swayed by propaganda , strong personalities, intimidation, and expensive advertising campaigns. James Madison argued that direct democracy is the " tyranny of the majority ". Some opposition to

1078-473: A referendum. Therefore avoid referendums. Therefore don't raise questions which require them, such as the big versus the little states. Some critics of the referendum attack the use of closed questions. A difficulty called the separability problem can plague a referendum on two or more issues. If one issue is in fact, or in perception, related to another on the ballot, the imposed simultaneous voting of first preference on each issue can result in an outcome which

1155-539: A separate vote on each of the multiple options as well as an additional decision about which of the multiple options should be preferred. In the Swedish case, in both referendums the 'winning' option was chosen by the Single Member Plurality ("first past the post") system. In other words, the winning option was deemed to be that supported by a plurality , rather than an absolute majority, of voters. In

1232-402: A tropical montane forest is a cloud forest , which gains its moisture from clouds and fog. Cloud forests often exhibit an abundance of mosses covering the ground and vegetation, in which case they are also referred to as mossy forests. Mossy forests usually develop on the saddles of mountains, where moisture introduced by settling clouds is more effectively retained. Depending on latitude,

1309-569: A young Piuran or northern person). Piuranos are characterized by their witty minds, melancolic Tondero music and welcoming personalities. Like many Peruvians, they enjoy drinking chicha de jora , pisco or beer and many of them have a tendency towards creativity and art as their source of income. Local gastronomical dishes include the Piuran Secho de Chavelo (the capital's dish), Algarrobina cocktails, many types of ceviches and other seafoods like Majarisco and Pasao al Agua . Piura

1386-404: Is "fit for" doing. Its use as a noun in English is not considered a strictly grammatical usage of a foreign word but is rather a newly coined English noun, which follows English grammatical usage, not Latin grammatical usage. This determines the form of the plural in English, which according to English grammar should be "referendums". The use of "referenda" as a plural form in English (treating it as

1463-469: Is a direct vote by the electorate (rather than their representatives ) on a proposal, law, or political issue. A referendum may be either binding (resulting in the adoption of a new policy ) or advisory (functioning like a large-scale opinion poll ). 'Referendum' is the gerundive form of the Latin verb referre , literally "to carry back" (from the verb ferre , "to bear, bring, carry" plus

1540-508: Is a class of referendum required to be voted on if certain conditions are met or for certain government actions to be taken. They do not require any signatures from the public. In areas that use referendums a mandatory referendum is commonly used as a legally required step for ratification for constitutional changes, ratifying international treaties and joining international organizations, and certain types of public spending. Typical types of mandatory referendums include: An optional referendum

1617-408: Is a class of referendums that is put to the vote as a result of a demand. This may come from the executive branch, legislative branch, or a request from the people (often after meeting a signature requirement). Types of optional referendums include: From a political-philosophical perspective, referendums are an expression of direct democracy , but today, most referendums need to be understood within

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1694-468: Is argued as the reason why, since World War II , there has been no provision in Germany for the holding of referendums at the federal level. In recent years, referendums have been used strategically by several European governments trying to pursue political and electoral goals. In 1995, John Bruton considered that All governments are unpopular. Given the chance, people would vote against them in

1771-450: Is between 3 and 6 °C (37 and 43 °F). Above the tree line the ecosystem is called the alpine zone or alpine tundra , dominated by grasses and low-growing shrubs. The biotemperature of the alpine zone is between 1.5 and 3 °C (34.7 and 37.4 °F). Many different plant species live in the alpine environment, including perennial grasses , sedges , forbs , cushion plants , mosses , and lichens . Alpine plants must adapt to

1848-725: Is bordered to the north by the Tumbes Region and Ecuador , to the east by Cajamarca Region , to the south by the Lambayeque Region , and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. "Punta Pariñas" in Piura is South America's most western point. The territory of the Piura Region has many climate variations due to its geographical location. It is just 4 degrees south of the equator, yet receives two ocean currents at

1925-463: Is controversial, as higher requirements have been shown to reduced turnout and voter participation. With high participation quorums, the opposition of a referendum has an interest in abstaining from the vote instead of participating, in order to invalidate the referendum results through low turnout. This is a form of the no-show paradox . All others who are not voting for other reasons, including those with no opinion, are effectively also voting against

2002-661: Is displeasing to most. Several commentators have noted that the use of citizens' initiatives to amend constitutions has so tied the government to a jumble of popular demands as to render the government unworkable. A 2009 article in The Economist argued that this had restricted the ability of the California state government to tax the people and pass the budget, and called for an entirely new Californian constitution. A similar problem also arises when elected governments accumulate excessive debts. That can severely reduce

2079-525: Is famed for its natilla sweets as well. The warm climate of this region forbids hard labour from 1:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m., so it is common tradition to take siestas and better to wake up early to get important stuff done before noon. Processions and religious folk are passionately practiced by some of the locals. One of them is Cristo de Ayabaca . Popular crafts are the Chulucana Pottery and handy hats and silversmith arts made from

2156-728: Is found in the higher regions of the Sierra. Rain is scarce from May to November: it rains only from December to April at discontinuous rates due to the influence of the El Niño Current, but every so often, when the El Niño phenomenon arrives, rain is copious and makes the dry ravines become alive, giving rise not only to the impressive forests but to many floods and great landslides. El Niño occurs when ocean waters reach 27 °C (81 °F). When ocean water temperatures elevate 1 or 1.5 degrees Celsius higher than 26 °C (79 °F),

2233-435: Is the famous Peruvian Waltz , well practiced by traditional musicians (northern Peruvians have their style). The region is divided into 8 provinces (Spanish: provincias , singular: provincia ), which are composed of 64 districts ( distritos , singular: distrito ). The provinces, with their capitals in parentheses, are: Populated places include: Referendum A referendum , plebiscite , or ballot measure

2310-549: Is the original home of Pima cotton . Piura also produces bananas, coconuts, rice and other fruits as local income. The " Manglares de San Pedro de Vice " in Sechura Province of Piura are the southernmost mangroves on the Pacific coast of South America. Its development has been favoured also by the petroleum found in the ocean of Talara Province , fishing is blessed by two ocean currents, silver mines are common and

2387-416: The 2009 Western Australian daylight saving referendum ). Historically, they are used by Australians interchangeably and a plebiscite was considered another name for a referendum. In Ireland, 'plebiscite' referred to the vote to adopt its constitution, but a subsequent vote to amend the constitution is called a 'referendum', as is a poll of the electorate on a non-constitutional bill. The name and use of

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2464-494: The Catacaos Province. Northern cowboys can still be seen today wandering the deserts of Sechura , Catacaos and the forests of Morropon transporting their goods using donkeys and mules. They seem to resemble physically the "American Southwest" cowboys , or Argentinian gauchos and Mexican charros . They are noted not only for their abilities to sing and play Cumanana and Tondero but as silversmiths that work

2541-549: The Hengduan Mountains adjoining Asia's Tibetan Plateau have been identified as the world's oldest continuous alpine ecosystem with a community of 3000 plant species, some of them continuously co-existing for 30 million years. Climates with biotemperatures below 1.5 °C (35 °F) tend to consist purely of rock and ice. Montane forests occur between the submontane zone and the subalpine zone . The elevation at which one habitat changes to another varies across

2618-724: The Mochicas and, centuries later, by the Incas , during the rule of Tupac Inca Yupanqui . In 1532, Francisco Pizarro founded the first Spanish city in South America on the banks of the Chira River in the Tangarará Valley . He named it San Miguel de Piura. The founding date is still subject of controversy. However, during the 450th anniversary celebrations, July 15 was adopted as the official date. In 1534, due to

2695-656: The Pacific Northwest of North America, climate change may cause "potential reduced snowpack, higher levels of evapotranspiration, increased summer drought" which will negatively affect montane wetlands. Montane forests in Mediterranean climate are warm and dry except in winter, when they are relatively wet and mild. Montane forests located in Mediterranean climates, known as oro-Mediterranean, exhibit towering trees alongside high biomass. These forests are typically mixed conifer and broadleaf forests, with only

2772-458: The ecosystem because temperatures fall as elevation increases , causing the ecosystem to stratify. This stratification is a crucial factor in shaping plant community, biodiversity, metabolic processes and ecosystem dynamics for montane ecosystems. Dense montane forests are common at moderate elevations, due to moderate temperatures and high rainfall. At higher elevations, the climate is harsher, with lower temperatures and higher winds, preventing

2849-442: The lee side of rocks and grow only as high as the rock provides wind protection. Further growth is more horizontal than vertical, and additional rooting may occur where branches contact the soil. Snow cover may protect krummholz trees during the winter, but branches higher than wind-shelters or snow cover are usually destroyed. Well-established krummholz trees may be several hundred to a thousand years old. Meadows may be found in

2926-535: The 'referendum' is thought to have originated in the Swiss canton of Graubünden as early as the 16th century. After a reduction in the number of referendums in the Mid-twentieth century, the referendum as a political tool has been increasing in popularity since the 1970s. This increase has been attributed to dealignment of the public with political parties, as specific policy issues became more important to

3003-574: The 1977 Australian referendum, the winner was chosen by the system of preferential instant-runoff voting (IRV). Polls in Newfoundland (1949) and Guam (1982), for example, were counted under a form of the two-round system , and an unusual form of TRS was used in the 1992 New Zealand poll. Although California has not held multiple-choice referendums in the Swiss or Swedish sense (in which only one of several counter-propositions can be victorious, and

3080-523: The Peruvian Andes. The rivers crossing its territory belong both to the Pacific watershed and to the Amazon Basin . The Chira River is the most important and flows into the Pacific Ocean. The Piura River also flows into the Pacific Ocean although the flow varies greatly with the changing seasons and during severe droughts will dry up. The climate is subtropical and tropical savanna in

3157-682: The Pleistocene offered smaller-area refugia from the glaciers. Montane forests in temperate climate occur in Europe (the Alps , Carpathians , and more ), in North America (e.g., Appalachians , Rocky Mountains , Cascade Range , and Sierra Nevada ), South America , New Zealand , and the Himalayas . Climate change is predicted to affect temperate montane forests. For example, in

Department of Piura - Misplaced Pages Continue

3234-585: The Spanish authorities led by Admirals Borran and Cochrane, members of the libertarian expedition of José de San Martín , woke the longing for liberty in the minds of the local people. Piura is host to a stunning mestizo culture, since all races mix here. Local Piuranos have a different accent from their neighbours at both sides since: they tend elongate their syllables in a similar ways to northern Mexicans. Piuranos have their own proud slang. Locals for example, call themselves Churres (popular term used for

3311-404: The center and north coast, Semi-arid in the southern coast near Lambayeque Region . Piura has a tropical dry or tropical savanna climate monsoon weather that averages 26 °C (79 °F) throughout the whole year. Pleasant warm winters (June to October) that average between 25 and 28 °C (77 and 82 °F) during the daytime and lows around 16 and 18 °C (61 and 64 °F) during

3388-542: The center and north of the region. There are also small valleys of tropical climate, where rice and coconut fields are common, especially around the Piura and Sullana rivers. There is montane forest ( selva alta ) as one goes away from the coast onto the sierra. Páramo climates and cooler temperatures appear higher in the sierra. Topography is smooth in the coast and rough in the Sierra . There are many arid plains in

3465-630: The consequence could be catastrophic rains. Although ocean waters can drop to 19 °C (66 °F) during the dry winter months (May to October), they can also rise to 27 °C (81 °F) during the humid summer months (December to April); this calls for pleasant rains; yet if the temperatures rise 1 or 1.5 °C degrees above that, El Niño is assured. During the hottest days of summer (December to April), temperatures can reach almost 40 °C (104 °F) inland. During night time, 30s or even high 20s may seem unpleasant, which urge people to go to beach resorts such as Máncora or Colán. The rest of

3542-485: The context of representative democracy . They tend to be used quite selectively, covering issues such as changes in voting systems, where currently elected officials may not have the legitimacy or inclination to implement such changes. Since the end of the 18th century, hundreds of national referendums have been organised in the world; almost 600 national votes have been held in Switzerland since its inauguration as

3619-737: The cool, wet climate and abundant sunlight. The most extensive montane grasslands and shrublands occur in the Neotropical páramo of the Andes Mountains . This biome also occurs in the mountains of east and central Africa , Mount Kinabalu of Borneo , the highest elevations of the Western Ghats in South India and the Central Highlands of New Guinea . A unique feature of many wet tropical montane regions

3696-445: The current Bayovar Deposits are present as well. The most important culture that developed in the Piura region was Vicús , which stood out for its ceramics and delicate work in gold . The Tallanes or Yungas , however, were the first settlers, who migrated from the Sierra . During a period that is still vague, they lived in behetrias , which were primitive settlements without a head or an organization. Later they were conquered by

3773-519: The effective margin for later governments. Both these problems can be moderated by a combination of other measures as Referendums occur occasionally rather than periodically as elections are and they don’t offer the same kind of formal opposition. Because referendums affect for a longer term than legislative deliberation, a turnout and supermajority requirement is necessary to maintain principles of majoritarianism. In republic polities, referendums could be used to bypass legislatures and representatives by

3850-399: The elevation of the montane forest, the trees thin out in the subalpine zone, become twisted krummholz , and eventually fail to grow. Therefore, montane forests often contain trees with twisted trunks. This phenomenon is observed due to the increase in the wind strength with the elevation. The elevation where trees fail to grow is called the tree line . The biotemperature of the subalpine zone

3927-494: The executive body. Zurcher argues that the use of the Nazi referendums was ending turnout requirements to advance intrinsic advantages in an otherwise slower and more demanding manner to constitutional and policy changes. https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_ballot_measures_by_year From 1777 inclusively Montane Montane ecosystems are found on the slopes of mountains . The alpine climate in these regions strongly affects

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4004-425: The filigree earrings , leathers , hats , wooden and silver utensils of Catacaos region. The Tondero and Cumanana are the traditional music of the Piura Region. Chicha music, now called Tecnocumbia (originally a Peruvian styled cumbia with electronic elements), is the modern version of popular music all over, as well as Salsa among youngsters. Another great tradition that is sung by all northern Peruvians

4081-585: The future. Reduction in cloudiness may already be affecting the Monteverde cloud forest in Costa Rica . The subalpine zone is the biotic zone immediately below the tree line around the world. In tropical regions of Southeast Asia the tree line may be above 4,000 m (13,000 ft), whereas in Scotland it may be as low as 450 m (1,480 ft). Species that occur in this zone depend on

4158-465: The globe, particularly by latitude . The upper limit of montane forests, the tree line , is often marked by a change to hardier species that occur in less dense stands. For example, in the Sierra Nevada of California , the montane forest has dense stands of lodgepole pine and red fir , while the Sierra Nevada subalpine zone contains sparse stands of whitebark pine . The lower bound of

4235-413: The growth of trees and causing the plant community to transition to montane grasslands and shrublands or alpine tundra . Due to the unique climate conditions of montane ecosystems, they contain increased numbers of endemic species. Montane ecosystems also exhibit variation in ecosystem services , which include carbon storage and water supply. As elevation increases, the climate becomes cooler , due to

4312-405: The harsh alpine environment. Cushion plants , looking like ground-hugging clumps of moss, escape the strong winds blowing a few inches above them. Many flowering plants of the alpine tundra have dense hairs on stems and leaves to provide wind protection or red-colored pigments capable of converting the sun's light rays into heat. Some plants take two or more years to form flower buds, which survive

4389-485: The harsh conditions of the alpine environment, which include low temperatures, dryness, ultraviolet radiation, and a short growing season. Alpine plants display adaptations such as rosette structures, waxy surfaces, and hairy leaves. Because of the common characteristics of these zones, the World Wildlife Fund groups a set of related ecoregions into the " montane grassland and shrubland " biome. A region in

4466-484: The inseparable prefix re- , here meaning "back" ). As a gerundive is an adjective , not a noun , it cannot be used alone in Latin, and must be contained within a context attached to a noun such as Propositum quod referendum est populo , "A proposal which must be carried back to the people". The addition of the verb sum (3rd person singular, est ) to a gerundive, denotes the idea of necessity or compulsion, that which "must" be done, rather than that which

4543-563: The location of the zone on the Earth; for example, Pinus mugo (scrub mountain pine) occurs in Europe , the snow gum is found in Australia, and the subalpine larch , mountain hemlock , and subalpine fir occur in western North America. Trees in the subalpine zone often become krummholz , that is, crooked wood, stunted and twisted in form. At tree line, tree seedlings may germinate on

4620-682: The losing proposals are wholly null and void), it does have so many yes-or-no referendums at each election day that conflicts arise. The State's constitution provides a method for resolving conflicts when two or more inconsistent propositions are passed on the same day. This is a de facto form of approval voting —i.e. the proposition with the most "yes" votes prevails over the others to the extent of any conflict. Other voting systems that could be used in multiple-choice referendum are Condorcet method and quadratic voting (including quadratic funding ). Quorums are typically introduced to prevent referendum results from being skewed by low turnout or decided by

4697-644: The lower limit of montane rainforests on large mountains is generally between 1,500 and 2,500 metres (4,900 and 8,200 ft) while the upper limit is usually from 2,400 to 3,300 metres (7,900 to 10,800 ft). Tropical montane forests might exhibit high sensitivity to climate change. Climate change may cause variation in temperature, precipitation and humidity, which will cause stress on tropical montane forests. The predicted upcoming impacts of climate change might significantly affect biodiversity loss and might result in change of species range and community dynamics. Global climate models predict reduced cloudiness in

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4774-410: The marine terraces such as those of Máncora, Talara and Lobitos. Valleys have been formed by fluvial terraces of the Chira River and Piura River . To the east, valleys are more or less deep and have been eroded by rivers forming equatorial tropical-dry-forests . The major peak surpasses 3000 m. The Paso de Porculla, in the southwest of the territory is only 2,138 meters high and is the lowest pass of

4851-841: The montane zone may be a "lower timberline" that separates the montane forest from drier steppe or desert region. Montane forests differ from lowland forests in the same area. The climate of montane forests is colder than lowland climate at the same latitude, so the montane forests often have species typical of higher-latitude lowland forests. Humans can disturb montane forests through forestry and agriculture . On isolated mountains, montane forests surrounded by treeless dry regions are typical " sky island " ecosystems. Montane forests in temperate climate are typically one of temperate coniferous forest or temperate broadleaf and mixed forest , forest types that are well known from Europe and northeastern North America . Montane forests outside Europe tend to be more species-rich, because Europe during

4928-514: The months have pleasant summer temperatures in the low 30s and mid 20s °C (77–90 °F). Piura is a land of unique algarrobo trees, a variety of mesquite similar to the carob , and it is the region with the most equatorial tropical dry forests in the whole Pacific. These ecoregions carry a unique variety of orchids, birds, reptiles, plants and mammals. Piura is known for the best and oldest lime-lemons in South America as well as South America's finest mango (tropical dry). With Lambayeque, it

5005-597: The night. In 2013 and 2016, Chulucanas and the Lancones District , two places in the Department of Piura, recorded a temperature of 39.8 °C (103.6 °F). This is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Peru. Piura is covered by deserts, tropical valleys, dry equatorial forests, tropical montane climates as you reach between 1000 and 1500 meters, and a humid subtropical sierra climate if you reach over 2,000 meters. The Páramo climate

5082-458: The public than party identifiers. The term "referendum" covers a variety of different meanings, and the terminology is different depending on the us that holds them. A referendum can be binding or advisory. In some countries, different names are used for these two types of referendum. Referendums can be further classified by who initiates them. David Altman proposes four dimensions that referendums can be classified by: A mandatory referendum

5159-522: The referendum has arisen from its use by dictators such as Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini who, it is argued, used the plebiscite to disguise oppressive policies as populism . Dictators may also make use of referendums as well as show elections to further legitimize their authority such as António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933 ; Benito Mussolini in 1934 ; Adolf Hitler in 1934 , 1936 ; Francisco Franco in 1947 ; Park Chung Hee in 1972 ; and Ferdinand Marcos in 1973 . Hitler's use of plebiscites

5236-881: The referendum to take place. In one such challenge, in 2017, the Spanish Constitutional Court suspended the Catalonia 's independence referendum . In post-referendum disputes, they challenge the result. British courts dismissed post-referendum challenges of the Brexit referendum. International tribunals have traditionally not interfered with referendum disputes. In 2021, the European Court of Human Rights extended its jurisdiction to referendums in its judgment Toplak and Mrak v. Slovenia , initiated by two disabled voters over polling place access . In Political Governance states that voters in

5313-499: The referendum. In the 2005 Italian fertility laws referendum , opposition to the proposed loosening of laws on research on embryos and on allowing in-vitro fertilization , campaigned for people to abstain from voting to drive down turnout. Although a majority of people voted yes for the changes in the law, the results were invalid because participation was low. Important referendums are frequently challenged in courts. In pre-referendum disputes, plaintiffs have often tried to prevent

5390-519: The same time: the cold Humboldt Current (13–20 °C; 55–68 °F) and the warm El Niño Current (20–27 °C; 68–81 °F). This makes the Piura Region a land that is both tropical and arid at the same time, The Land where the Tropics meets The Desert The coast is divided by the Peruvian subtropical desert of Sechura on the south and savanna -like scrub Tumbes–Piura dry forests to

5467-667: The southern region. The Sechura Desert , located south of the Piura River , is Peru's largest desert and one of the world's few examples of a tropical desert ; it borders a tropical terrain to the north. The Bayóvar Depression , which is the lowest point in Peru and all of the Southern Tropics , is located in this desert. The morphological forms most common in the coast are the dry ravine that suddenly become copious when there are heavy rains, forming tropical dry forests all over. Other features are half-moon shaped dunes ,

5544-544: The subalpine zone. Tuolumne Meadows in the Sierra Nevada of California , is an example of a subalpine meadow. Example subalpine zones around the world include the French Prealps in Europe, the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountain subalpine zones in North America, and subalpine forests in the eastern Himalaya , western Himalaya , and Hengduan mountains of Asia. Alpine grasslands and tundra lie above

5621-479: The tree line, in a world of intense radiation, wind, cold, snow, and ice. As a consequence, alpine vegetation is close to the ground and consists mainly of perennial grasses , sedges , and forbs . Annual plants are rare in this ecosystem and usually are only a few inches tall, with weak root systems. Other common plant life-forms include prostrate shrubs ; tussock -forming graminoids ; and cryptogams , such as bryophytes and lichens . Plants have adapted to

5698-663: The tundra is very fragile. Repeated footsteps often destroy tundra plants, leaving exposed soil to blow away, and recovery may take hundreds of years. Alpine meadows form where sediments from the weathering of rocks has produced soils well-developed enough to support grasses and sedges. Alpine grasslands are common enough around the world to be categorized as a biome by the World Wildlife Fund . The biome, called " Montane grasslands and shrublands ", often evolved as virtual islands, separated from other montane regions by warmer, lower elevation regions, and are frequently home to many distinctive and endemic plants which evolved in response to

5775-413: The typical life zones on mountains is the montane forest: at moderate elevations, the rainfall and temperate climate encourages dense forests to grow. Holdridge defines the climate of montane forest as having a biotemperature of between 6 and 12 °C (43 and 54 °F), where biotemperature is the mean temperature considering temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) to be 0 °C (32 °F). Above

5852-678: The votes, resort can be made to the two-round system or instant-runoff voting , which is also called IRV and PV. In 2018 the Irish Citizens' Assembly considered the conduct of future referendums in Ireland , with 76 of the members in favour of allowing more than two options, and 52% favouring preferential voting in such cases. Other people regard a non-majoritarian methodology like the Modified Borda Count (MBC) as more inclusive and more accurate. Swiss referendums offer

5929-452: The winter below the surface and then open and produce fruit with seeds in the few weeks of summer. Non-flowering lichens cling to rocks and soil. Their enclosed algal cells can photosynthesize at temperatures as low as −10 °C (14 °F), and the outer fungal layers can absorb more than their own weight in water. The adaptations for survival of drying winds and cold may make tundra vegetation seem very hardy, but in some respects

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