150-458: Pizza is an Italian dish typically consisting of a flat base of leavened wheat-based dough topped with tomato , cheese , and other ingredients, baked at a high temperature, traditionally in a wood-fired oven . The term pizza was first recorded in the year 997 AD, in a Latin manuscript from the southern Italian town of Gaeta , in Lazio, on the border with Campania . Raffaele Esposito
300-664: A British fleet . However, Naples' lower class lazzaroni were strongly pious and royalist, favouring the Bourbons; in the mêlée that followed, they fought the Neapolitan pro-Republican aristocracy, causing a civil war. Eventually, the Republicans conquered Castel Sant'Elmo and proclaimed a Parthenopaean Republic , secured by the French Army . A counter-revolutionary religious army of lazzaroni known as
450-806: A "Treatise on the Potato" after the French Antoine-Augustin Parmentier 's successful promotion of the tuber. In 1790, Francesco Leonardi in his book L'Apicio moderno ( Modern Apicius ) sketches a history of the Italian cuisine from the Roman Age and gives the first recipe of a tomato-based sauce. In the 19th century, Giovanni Vialardi, chef to King Victor Emmanuel II , wrote Trattato di cucina, Pasticceria moderna, Credenza e relativa Confettureria ( A Treatise of Modern Cookery and Patisserie ) with recipes "suitable for
600-607: A "cuisine of the head rather than the throat" and it is characterized by the separation of flavours, without ever upsetting the ancient Italian culinary tradition despite the use, in its recipes, of some culinary traditions of other countries. He is known for using modern technology and classic cuisine. Italian cuisine has a great variety of different ingredients which are commonly used, ranging from fruits and vegetables to grains to cheeses, meats, and fish. In northern Italy, fish (such as cod, or baccalà ), potatoes, rice, corn (maize), sausages, pork, and different types of cheese are
750-639: A banquet given by Duke Charles for Queen Christina of Sweden , with details of the food and table settings for each guest, including a knife, fork, spoon, glass, a plate (instead of the bowls more often used), and a napkin. Other books from this time, such as Galatheo ( Etiquette ) by Giovanni della Casa , tell how scalci ( waiters ) should manage themselves while serving their guests. Waiters should not scratch their heads or other parts of themselves, or spit, sniff, cough or sneeze while serving diners. The book also told diners not to use their fingers while eating and not to wipe sweat with their napkin. At
900-601: A bean dish from the Marca di Trevisio, a torta , compositum londardicum , dishes similar to dishes the modern day. Two other books from the 14th century include recipes for Roman pastello , Lasagna pie, and call for the use of salt from Sardinia or Chioggia . In the 15th century, Maestro Martino was chef to the Patriarch of Aquileia at the Vatican . His Libro de arte coquinaria ( Culinary art book ) describes
1050-644: A comprehensive view of Italian cooking of that period. It contains over 1,000 recipes, with information on banquets including displays and menus as well as illustrations of kitchen and table utensils. This book differs from most books written for the royal courts in its preference for domestic animals and courtyard birds rather than game. Recipes include lesser cuts of meats such as tongue, head, and shoulder. The third volume has recipes for fish in Lent . These fish recipes are simple, including poaching , broiling , grilling , and frying after marination. Particular attention
1200-465: A drizzle of olive oil. Castelvetro's book is separated into seasons with hop shoots in the spring and truffles in the winter, detailing the use of pigs in the search for truffles. In 1662, Bartolomeo Stefani, chef to the Duchy of Mantua , published L'Arte di Ben Cucinare ( The Art of Well Cooking ). He was the first to offer a section on vitto ordinario ( ordinary food ). The book described
1350-470: A few green olives", not to be confused with Neapolitan pizza ; calabresa , with slices of longaniza ; jamon y morrones , with sliced ham and roasted bell peppers ; as well as versions with provolone , with anchovies , with hearts of palm , or with chopped hard boiled egg . A typical custom that is unique to Buenos Aires is to accompany pizza with fainá , a pancake made from chickpea flour . The terms dessert pizza and sweet pizza are used for
1500-481: A hall of the castle, and following this Pope Boniface VIII was elected pope by the cardinal collegium , before moving to Rome. Castel Capuano was built in the 12th century by William I , the son of Roger II of Sicily , the first monarch of the Kingdom of Naples . It was expanded by Frederick II and became one of his royal palaces. The castle was the residence of many kings and queens throughout its history. In
1650-507: A key flavour, but also beans , pumpkins , courgette , and peppers , all of which came from the Americas during the last few hundred years. In the first decade of the 17th century, Giacomo Castelvetro wrote Breve Racconto di Tutte le Radici di Tutte l'Herbe et di Tutti i Frutti ( A Brief Account of All Roots, Herbs, and Fruit ), translated into English by Gillian Riley. Originally from Modena , Castelvetro moved to England because he
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#17327912543591800-479: A meal that includes round cakes (such as pita bread) topped with cooked vegetables. When they eat the bread, they realize that these are the "tables" prophesied by Celaeno. In 2023, archeologists discovered a fresco in Pompeii appearing to depict a pizza-like dish among other foodstuffs and staples on a silver platter. Italy's culture minister said it "may be a distant ancestor of the modern dish". The first mention of
1950-451: A modest household". Many of his recipes are for regional dishes from Turin , including 12 for potatoes such as cappon magro genovese . In 1829, Il Nuovo Cuoco Milanese Economico ( The New Economic Milanese Chef ) by Giovanni Felice Luraschi featured Milanese dishes such as kidney with anchovies and lemon and gnocchi alla romana . Gian Battista and Giovanni Ratto's La Cucina Genovese ( Genoese cuisine ) in 1871 addressed
2100-633: A more refined and elegant cuisine. His book contains a recipe for maccaroni siciliani , made by wrapping dough around a thin iron rod to dry in the sun. The macaroni was cooked in capon stock flavoured with saffron , displaying Persian influences. Martino noted the avoidance of excessive spices in favour of fresh herbs. The Roman recipes include coppiette (air-dried salami ) and cabbage dishes. His Florentine dishes include eggs with torta bolognese , torta sienese and Genoese recipes such as piperata (sweets), macaroni, squash , mushrooms , and spinach pie with onions . Martino's text
2250-521: A paragon of Hellenistic culture . During the Roman era, the people of Naples maintained their Greek language and customs. At the same time, the city was expanded with elegant Roman villas , aqueducts , and public baths . Landmarks such as the Temple of Dioscures were built, and many emperors chose to holiday in the city, including Claudius and Tiberius . Virgil , the author of Rome's national epic ,
2400-434: A pizza can be baked on a pizza stone in a regular oven to reproduce some of the heating effect of a brick oven. Cooking directly on a metal surface results in too rapid heat transfer to the crust, burning it. Some home chefs use a wood-fired pizza oven, usually installed outdoors. As in restaurants, these are often dome-shaped, as pizza ovens have been for centuries, in order to achieve even heat distribution. Another variation
2550-462: A population of 909,048 within the city's administrative limits as of 2022. Its province-level municipality is the third-most populous metropolitan city in Italy with a population of 3,115,320 residents, and its metropolitan area stretches beyond the boundaries of the city wall for approximately 30 kilometres (20 miles). Naples plays also a key international role in international diplomacy, since it
2700-405: A process in which small and local farmers and food producers should be simultaneously protected from and included in the global food system . The Italian chef Gualtiero Marchesi (1930–2017) is unanimously considered the founder of the new Italian cuisine and, in the opinion of many, the most famous Italian chef in the world. He contributed mostly to the development of Italian cuisine, placing
2850-500: A prominent place in Italian cuisine, as in general in the Mediterranean cuisine. Fish is the second course in meals and is also an ingredient in the preparation of seasonings for types of pasta. It is also widely used in appetisers . Italian cuisine is also well known (and well regarded) for its use of a diverse variety of pasta. Pasta include noodles in various lengths, widths, and shapes. Most pastas may be distinguished by
3000-437: A region is close to the sea or the mountains, and economics. Italian cuisine is also seasonal with priority placed on the use of fresh produce. Naples Naples ( / ˈ n eɪ p əl z / NAY -pəlz ; Italian : Napoli [ˈnaːpoli] ; Neapolitan : Napule [ˈnɑːpələ] ) is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy , after Rome and Milan , with
3150-414: A restaurant is presented unsliced, and is eaten with the use of a knife and fork. In casual settings, however, it is typically cut into slices to be eaten while held in the hand . Pizza is also sold in grocery stores in a variety of forms, including frozen or as kits for self-assembly. Store-bought pizzas are then cooked using a home oven . In 2017, the world pizza market was US$ 128 billion, and in
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#17327912543593300-465: A significant influence on several other cuisines around the world, particularly in that of the United States in the form of Italian-American cuisine . A key characteristic of Italian cuisine is its simplicity, with many dishes made up of few ingredients, and therefore Italian cooks often rely on the quality of the ingredients, rather than the complexity of preparation. Italian cuisine is at
3450-442: A single dish ( pizza al piatto ) or as a snack, even on the go ( pizza al taglio ). In the various regions, dishes similar to pizza are the various types of focaccia , such as piadina , crescia or sfincione . Each area has its own specialties , primarily at a regional level , but also at the provincial level. The differences can come from a bordering country (such as France, Austria or Slovenia), whether
3600-568: A small-sized, thick-crust, deep-dish pizza typically served in Turin , Piedmont. The first pizzeria in the US was opened in New York City's Little Italy in 1905. Common toppings for pizza in the United States include anchovies , ground beef, chicken, ham, mushrooms, olives, onions, peppers, pepperoni , pineapple, salami, sausage, spinach, steak, and tomatoes. Distinct regional types developed in
3750-474: A surrender in the face of insurgents. The city was already completely freed by 1 October 1943, when British and American forces entered the city. Departing Germans burned the library of the university , as well as the Italian Royal Society. They also destroyed the city archives. Time bombs planted throughout the city continued to explode into November. The symbol of the rebirth of Naples was
3900-764: A variety of dishes resembling a pizza, including chocolate pizza and fruit pizza . Some are based on a traditional yeast dough pizza base, while others have a cookie -like base and resemble a traditional pizza solely in having a flat round shape with a distinct base and topping. Some pizza restaurants offer dessert pizzas: as of May 2024 PizzaExpress offers a "White Chocolate & Salted Caramel Pizza Dolce", and Franco Pepe at his Pepe In Grani offers desserts including "Gelsomina: Fried pizza slice with custard, mulberry syrup, butter, violet crystals, citrus zest and icing sugar". Some pizzas mass-produced by American pizza chains have been criticized as having an unhealthy balance of ingredients. Pizza can be high in salt and fat, and
4050-428: A variety of pasta, regional bread, extra virgin olive oils, and wines. Counterfeit products violate registered trademarks or other distinctive signs protected by law such as the designations of origin (DOC, PDO, DOCG, PGI, TSG, IGT). Therefore, the counterfeiting is legally punishable. However, Italian Sounding cannot be classified as illegal from a strictly legal standpoint, but they still represent "a huge damage to
4200-502: A very wide range of preparations and recipes. It is also important as an ingredient in the preparation of sauces for pasta. In addition to the varieties mentioned, albeit less commonly, sheep , goat , horse , rabbit and, even less commonly, game meat are also consumed in Italy. Since Italy is largely surrounded by the sea, therefore having a great coastal development and being rich in lakes, fish (both marine and freshwater), as well as crustaceans , molluscs , and other seafood, enjoy
4350-657: Is Sicilian pizza (locally called sfincione or sfinciuni ), a thick-crust or deep-dish pizza originating during the 17th century in Sicily : it is essentially a focaccia that is typically topped with tomato sauce and other ingredients. Until the 1860s, sfincione was the type of pizza usually consumed in Sicily, especially in the Western portion of the island. Other variations of pizzas are also found in other regions of Italy, for example pizza al padellino or pizza al tegamino ,
4500-630: Is a non-profit organization founded in 1984 with headquarters in Naples that aims to promote traditional Neapolitan pizza. In 2009, upon Italy's request, Neapolitan pizza was registered with the European Union as a traditional speciality guaranteed (TSG) dish, and in 2017 the art of its making was included on UNESCO 's list of intangible cultural heritage . Pizza is sold fresh or frozen , and whole or in portion-size slices . Methods have been developed to overcome challenges such as preventing
4650-407: Is a mainstay of the country's cuisine , especially of its capital Buenos Aires , where it is regarded as a cultural heritage and icon of the city. Argentina is the country with the most pizzerias per inhabitant in the world and, although they are consumed throughout the country, the highest concentration of pizzerias and customers is Buenos Aires, the city with the highest consumption of pizzas in
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4800-520: Is also considered a capital of the Baroque , beginning with the artist Caravaggio 's career in the 17th century and the artistic revolution he inspired. It was also an important centre of humanism and Enlightenment . The city has long been a global point of reference for classical music and opera through the Neapolitan School . Between 1925 and 1936, Naples was expanded and upgraded by
4950-431: Is believed to have spread across Africa to Sicily and then on to Naples. The first known Italian food writer was a Greek Sicilian named Archestratus from Syracuse in the 4th century BC. He wrote a poem that spoke of using "top quality and seasonal" ingredients. He said that flavours should not be masked by spices , herbs or other seasonings . He placed importance on simple preparation of fish . Simplicity
5100-470: Is better known as Italian Sounding , consisting in the use of Italian words as well as images, colour combinations (the Italian tricolour ), geographical references, and brands evocative of Italy to promote and market agri-food products which in reality have nothing to do with Italian cuisine. Italian Sounding invests in almost every sector of Italian food, from the most famous Italian cheeses to cured meats,
5250-430: Is divided into two broad categories: dry pasta (100% durum wheat flour mixed with water) and fresh pasta (also with soft wheat flour and almost always mixed with eggs). Pasta is generally cooked by boiling. Under Italian law, dry pasta (pasta secca) can only be made from durum wheat flour or durum wheat semolina , and is more commonly used in southern Italy compared to their northern counterparts, who traditionally prefer
5400-538: Is given to seasons and places where fish should be caught. The final volume includes pies, tarts, fritters, and a recipe for a sweet Neapolitan pizza (not the current savoury version, as tomatoes had not yet been introduced to Italy). However, such items from the New World as corn (maize) and turkey are included. Eventually, through the Columbian exchange , Italian cuisine would also adopt not just tomatoes as
5550-422: Is grilled pizza, in which the pizza is baked directly on a barbecue grill. Some types, such as Sicilian pizza , deep-dish Chicago-style pizza and Greek pizza , are baked in a pan rather than directly on the bricks of the pizza oven. Most restaurants use standard and purpose-built pizza preparation tables to assemble their pizzas. Mass production of pizza by chains can be completely automated. The bottom of
5700-466: Is high in calories . The USDA reports an average sodium content of 5,100 mg per 14 in (36 cm) pizza in fast food chains. [REDACTED] Media related to Pizzas at Wikimedia Commons Italian cuisine Italian cuisine is a Mediterranean cuisine consisting of the ingredients , recipes , and cooking techniques developed in Italy since Roman times and later spread around
5850-569: Is home to NATO 's Allied Joint Force Command Naples and of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean . Founded by Greeks in the first millennium BC, Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited urban areas in the world. In the eighth century BC, a colony known as Parthenope ( Ancient Greek : Παρθενόπη ) was established on the Pizzofalcone hill. In the sixth century BC, it was refounded as Neápolis. The city
6000-579: Is home to the oldest restaurant in Italy and the second in Europe, the Antica trattoria Bagutto [ it ] , which has existed since at least 1284. The oldest Italian book on cuisine is the 13th century Liber de coquina ( Cookbook ) written in Naples . Dishes include "Roman-style" cabbage ( ad usum romanorum ), ad usum campanie which were "small leaves" prepared in the "Campanian manner",
6150-554: Is often credited for creating the modern pizza in Naples . In 2009, Neapolitan pizza was registered with the European Union as a traditional speciality guaranteed (TSG) dish. In 2017, the art of making Neapolitan pizza was included on UNESCO 's list of intangible cultural heritage . Pizza and its variants are among the most popular foods in the world. Pizza is sold at a variety of restaurants, including pizzerias (pizza specialty restaurants), Mediterranean restaurants , via delivery , and as street food . In Italy, pizza served in
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6300-593: Is one of the city's main museums, with one of the most extensive collections of artefacts of the Roman Empire in the world. It also houses many of the antiques unearthed at Pompeii and Herculaneum , as well as some artefacts from the Greek and Renaissance periods. Previously a Bourbon palace, now a museum and art gallery, the Museo di Capodimonte is another museum of note. The gallery features paintings from
6450-542: Is produced in the earth for our nourishment. It is so-called because Pythagoras , as is well known, only used such produce. There is no doubt that this kind of food appears to be more natural to man, and the use of meat is noxious." This book was the first to give the tomato a central role with 13 recipes. Zuppa al pomodoro ( lit. ' tomato soup ' ) in Corrado's book is a dish similar to today's Tuscan pappa al pomodoro . Corrado's 1798 edition introduced
6600-473: Is sometimes called pizzetta . A person who makes pizza is known as a pizzaiolo . The word pizza was borrowed from Italian into English in the 1930s; before it became well known, pizza was called "tomato pie" by English speakers. Some regional pizza variations still use the name tomato pie. Records of pizza-like foods can be found throughout ancient history. In the 6th century BC, the Persian soldiers of
6750-435: Is the city's premier place of worship; each year on 19 September, it hosts the longstanding Miracle of Saint Januarius , the city's patron saint . During the miracle, which thousands of Neapolitans flock to witness, the dried blood of Januarius is said to turn to liquid when brought close to holy relics said to be of his body. Below is a selective list of Naples' major churches, chapels, and monastery complexes: Aside from
6900-444: Is the oldest opera house in Italy. Directly across San Carlo is Galleria Umberto . Naples is well known for its castles: The most ancient is Castel dell'Ovo ("Egg Castle"), which was built on the tiny islet of Megarides, where the original Cumaean colonists had founded the city. In Roman times the islet became part of Lucullus 's villa, later hosting Romulus Augustulus , the exiled last western Roman emperor. It had also been
7050-459: Is traditionally served with meat sauce (including game meat). In southern Italy, tomatoes (fresh or cooked into tomato sauce), peppers , olives and olive oil, garlic, artichokes , oranges, ricotta cheese , aubergines , courgette , certain types of fish (anchovies, sardines, and tuna), and capers are important components to the local cuisine. Many cheeses and dairy products are made in Italy. There are more than 600 distinct types throughout
7200-489: Is uncertain when tomatoes were first added and there are many conflicting claims, although it certainly could not have been before the 16th century and the Columbian Exchange . Pizza was sold from open-air stands and out of pizza bakeries until about 1830, when pizzerias in Naples started to have stanze with tables where clients could sit and eat their pizzas on the spot. A popular contemporary legend holds that
7350-848: Is used to make pasta . During the 12th century, a Norman king surveyed Sicily and saw people making long strings made from flour and water called atriya , which eventually became trii , a term still used for spaghetti in southern Italy. Normans also introduced the casserole , salted cod (Italian: baccalà ), and stockfish , all of which remain popular. Food preservation was either chemical or physical, as refrigeration did not exist. Meats and fish were smoked , dried or kept on ice. Brine and salt were used to pickle items such as herring , and to cure pork . Root vegetables were preserved in brine after they had been parboiled . Other means of preservation included oil , vinegar , or immersing meat in congealed, rendered fat. For preserving fruits, liquor , honey , and sugar were used. Milan
7500-419: The denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) and the denominazione di origine controllata e garantita (DOCG). protected designation of origin (PDO) and protected geographical indications (PGI) have also been established in olive growing. Some of these are new introductions: the kiwifruit was introduced from New Zealand to Italy in the 1970s, and three decades later, the province of Latina
7650-533: The Aeneid , received part of his education in the city, and later resided in its environs. It was during this period that Christianity first arrived in Naples; the apostles Peter and Paul are said to have preached in the city. Januarius , who would become Naples' patron saint , was martyred there in the fourth century AD. The last emperor of the Western Roman Empire , Romulus Augustulus ,
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#17327912543597800-461: The sanfedisti under Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo was raised; they met with great success, and the French were forced to surrender the Neapolitan castles, with their fleet sailing back to Toulon . Ferdinand IV was restored as king; however, after only seven years, Napoleon conquered the kingdom and installed Bonapartist kings, including installing his brother Joseph Bonaparte . With the help of
7950-708: The Achaemenid Empire during the rule of Darius the Great baked flatbreads with cheese and dates on top of their battle shields and the ancient Greeks supplemented their bread with oils , herbs , and cheese . An early reference to a pizza-like food occurs in the Aeneid , when Celaeno, queen of the Harpies , foretells that the Trojans would not find peace until they are forced by hunger to eat their tables (Book III). In Book VII, Aeneas and his men are served
8100-469: The Alta Velocità high-speed rail link to Rome and Salerno and an expanded subway network . Naples is the third-largest urban economy in Italy by GDP, after Milan and Rome. The Port of Naples is one of the most important in Europe. Naples' historic city centre has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . A wide range of culturally and historically significant sites are nearby, including
8250-717: The Austrian Empire and its allies, the Bonapartists were defeated in the Neapolitan War . Ferdinand IV once again regained the throne and the kingdom. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 saw the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily combine to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies , with Naples as the capital city. In 1839, Naples became the first city on the Italian Peninsula to have a railway, with
8400-664: The Battle of Garigliano in 1503. Following the Spanish victory, Naples became part of the Spanish Empire , and remained so throughout the Spanish Habsburg period. The Spanish sent viceroys to Naples to directly deal with local issues: the most important of these viceroys was Pedro Álvarez de Toledo , who was responsible for considerable social, economic and urban reforms in the city; he also tried to introduce
8550-584: The Byzantine Emperor , with numerous local pretenders feuding for possession of the ducal throne. Theoctistus was appointed without imperial approval; his appointment was later revoked and Theodore II took his place. However, the disgruntled general populace chased him from the city and elected Stephen III instead, a man who minted coins with his initials rather than those of the Byzantine Emperor. Naples gained complete independence by
8700-533: The Fascist regime . During the later years of World War II , it sustained severe damage from Allied bombing as they invaded the peninsula. The city underwent extensive reconstruction work after the war. Since the late 20th century, Naples has had significant economic growth, helped by the construction of the Centro Direzionale business district and an advanced transportation network, which includes
8850-532: The Iberian Peninsula . Naples also became a centre of the Renaissance, with artists such as Laurana , da Messina , Sannazzaro and Poliziano arriving in the city. In 1501, Naples came under direct rule from France under Louis XII , with the Neapolitan king Frederick being taken as a prisoner to France; however, this state of affairs did not last long, as Spain won Naples from the French at
9000-772: The Inquisition . In 1544, around 7,000 people were taken as slaves by Barbary pirates and brought to the Barbary Coast of North Africa (see Sack of Naples ). By the 17th century, Naples had become Europe's second-largest city – second only to Paris – and the largest European Mediterranean city, with around 250,000 inhabitants. The city was a major cultural centre during the Baroque era, being home to artists such as Caravaggio , Salvator Rosa and Bernini , philosophers such as Bernardino Telesio , Giordano Bruno , Tommaso Campanella and Giambattista Vico , and writers such as Giambattista Marino . A revolution led by
9150-457: The Italian economy and to the potential resources of Made in Italy ". Two out of three Italian agri-food products sold worldwide are not made in Italy. The Italian Sounding phenomenon is estimated to generate € 55 billion worldwide annually. Following the spread of fast food , also in Italy, imported from Anglo-Saxon countries and in particular from the United States in 1986, in Bra, Piedmont ,
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#17327912543599300-648: The Kingdom of Sicily , with Palermo as the capital. After a period of Norman rule, in 1189, the Kingdom of Sicily was in a succession dispute between Tancred, King of Sicily of an illegitimate birth and the Hohenstaufens , a Germanic royal house , as its Prince Henry had married Princess Constance the last legitimate heir to the Sicilian throne. In 1191 Henry invaded Sicily after being crowned as Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor , and many cities surrendered. Still, Naples resisted him from May to August under
9450-600: The Lombards for a brief period after the capture by Pandulf IV of the Principality of Capua , a long-term rival of Naples; however, this regime lasted only three years before the Greco-Roman-influenced dukes were reinstated. By the 11th century, Naples had begun to employ Norman mercenaries to battle their rivals; Duke Sergius IV hired Rainulf Drengot to wage war on Capua for him. By 1137,
9600-558: The Palace of Caserta and the Roman ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum . In 2017 the BBC defined Naples as "the Italian city with too much history to handle". The most prominent forms of architecture visible in present-day Naples are the Medieval , Renaissance and Baroque styles. Naples has a total of 448 historical churches (1000 in total ), making it one of the most Catholic cities in
9750-526: The Palace of Caserta and the Roman ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum . Naples is also known for its natural beauties, such as Posillipo , Phlegraean Fields , Nisida and Vesuvius . Neapolitan cuisine is noted for its association with pizza , which originated in the city, as well as numerous other local dishes. Restaurants in the Naples' area have earned the most stars from the Michelin Guide of any Italian province. Naples' Centro Direzionale
9900-752: The Roman Republic against Carthage . During the Samnite Wars , the city, now a bustling centre of trade, was captured by the Samnites ; however, the Romans soon captured the city from them and made it a Roman colony . During the Punic Wars , the strong walls surrounding Neápolis repelled the invading forces of the Carthaginian general Hannibal . The Romans greatly respected Naples as
10050-686: The Royal Palace of Naples stands the Galleria Umberto I , which contains the Coral Jewellery Museum . Occupying a 19th-century palazzo renovated by the Portuguese architect Álvaro Siza , the Museo d'Arte Contemporanea Donnaregina (MADRE) features an enfilade procession of permanent installations by artists such as Francesco Clemente , Richard Serra , and Rebecca Horn . The 16th-century palace of Roccella hosts
10200-530: The Slow Food cultural and gastronomic movement was founded, then converted into an institution with the aim of protecting culinary specificities and to safeguard various regional products of Italian cuisine under the control of the Slow Food Presidia . Slow Food also focuses on food quality, rather than quantity. It speaks out against overproduction and food waste , and sees globalization as
10350-532: The Tiber , roviglioni and shad from Lake Albano , snails from Rieti , figs from Tuscolo, grapes from Narni , oil from Cassino , oranges from Naples , and eels from Campania . Grains from Lombardy and Campania are mentioned as is honey from Sicily and Taranto. Wine from the Ligurian coast, Greco from Tuscany and San Severino , and Trebbiano from Tuscany and Piceno are also mentioned in
10500-416: The late-2000s recession had a severe impact on the city, intensifying its waste-management and unemployment problems. By August 2011, the number of unemployed in the Naples area had risen to 250,000, sparking public protests against the economic situation. In June 2012, allegations of blackmail, extortion, and illicit contract tendering emerged concerning the city's waste management issues. Naples hosted
10650-466: The 13th to the 18th centuries, including major works by Simone Martini , Raphael , Titian , Caravaggio , El Greco , Jusepe de Ribera and Luca Giordano . The royal apartments are furnished with antique 18th-century furniture and a collection of porcelain and majolica from the various royal residences: the famous Capodimonte Porcelain Factory once stood just adjacent to the palace. In front of
10800-513: The 14th century, the Hungarian Angevin king Louis the Great captured the city several times. In 1442, Alfonso I conquered Naples after his victory against the last Angevin king, René , and Naples was unified with Sicily again for a brief period. Sicily and Naples were separated since 1282, but remained dependencies of Aragon under Ferdinand I . The new dynasty enhanced Naples' commercial standing by establishing relations with
10950-533: The 16th century by the Spanish, was demolished in 1906 to make room for the Via Marina, although two of the castle's towers remain as a monument. The Vigliena Fort, built in 1702, was destroyed in 1799 during the royalist war against the Parthenopean Republic and is now abandoned and in ruin. Naples is widely known for its wealth of historical museums. The Naples National Archaeological Museum
11100-533: The 16th century, it became the Hall of Justice. Another Neapolitan castle is Castel Sant'Elmo , which was completed in 1329 and is built in the shape of a star . Its strategic position overlooking the entire city made it a target of various invaders. During the uprising of Masaniello in 1647, the Spanish took refuge in Sant'Elmo to escape the revolutionaries. The Carmine Castle , built in 1392 and highly modified in
11250-538: The 1930s–1940s. Pizza was taken to the United States by Italian immigrants in the late 19th century and first appeared in areas where they concentrated. The country's first pizzeria, Lombardi's , opened in New York City in 1905. Italian Americans migrating from East to West brought with them their dish. From there, the American version exported to the rest of the world. The Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana ( lit. ' True Neapolitan Pizza Association ' )
11400-554: The 1950s onwards, a great variety of typical products of Italian cuisine have been recognised as PDO, PGI, TSG and GI by the Council of the European Union , to which they are added the indicazione geografica tipica (IGT), the regional prodotto agroalimentare tradizionale (PAT) and the municipal denominazione comunale d'origine (De.C.O.). In the oenological field, there are specific legal protections:
11550-607: The 20th century, including Buffalo , California , Chicago , Detroit , Greek , New Haven , New York , and St. Louis styles. These regional variations include deep-dish, stuffed, pockets, turnovers, rolled , and pizza-on-a-stick, each with seemingly limitless combinations of sauce and toppings. Thirteen percent of the United States population consumes pizza on any given day. Pizza chains such as Domino's Pizza , Pizza Hut , and Papa John's , pizzas from take and bake pizzerias , and chilled or frozen pizzas from supermarkets make pizza readily available nationwide. Argentine pizza
11700-632: The Argentine capital. The impoverished Italian immigrants that arrived to the city transformed the originally modest dish into a much more hefty meal, motivated by the abundance of food in Argentina. In the 1930s, pizza was cemented as a cultural icon in Buenos Aires, with the new pizzerias becoming a central space for sociability for the working class people who flocked to the city. The most characteristic style of Argentine pizza—which almost all
11850-596: The Duke of Noja , employing rigorous surveying accuracy and becoming an essential urban planning tool for Naples. During the time of Ferdinand IV , the effects of the French Revolution were felt in Naples: Horatio Nelson , an ally of the Bourbons, arrived in the city in 1798 to warn against the French republicans. Ferdinand was forced to retreat and fled to Palermo , where he was protected by
12000-412: The Italian culinary culture among the most important around the world, with the creation, thanks to the use of Italian ingredients, dishes and culinary traditions, of the Italian version of the French nouvelle cuisine . Italian nouvelle cuisine is characterized by lighter, more delicate dishes and an increased emphasis on presentation , and it designed for the most expensive restaurants. It is defined as
12150-563: The Naples area between 1876 and 1913. In the forty years following unification, the population of Naples grew by only 26%, vs. 63% for Turin and 103% for Milan; however, by 1884, Naples was still the largest city in Italy with 496,499 inhabitants, or roughly 64,000 per square kilometre (more than twice the population density of Paris). Public health conditions in certain areas of the city were poor, with twelve epidemics of cholera and typhoid fever claiming some 48,000 people between 1834 and 1884. A death rate 31.84 per thousand, high even for
12300-565: The Normans had attained great influence in Italy, controlling previously independent principalities and duchies such as Capua , Benevento , Salerno , Amalfi , Sorrento and Gaeta ; it was in this year that Naples, the last independent duchy in the southern part of the peninsula, came under Norman control. The last ruling duke of the duchy, Sergius VII , was forced to surrender to Roger II , who had been proclaimed King of Sicily by Antipope Anacletus II seven years earlier. Naples thus joined
12450-667: The Palazzo delle Arti Napoli, which contains the civic collections of art belonging to the City of Naples, and features temporary exhibits of art and culture. Palazzo Como, which dates from the 15th century, hosts the Museo Civico Filangieri of plastic arts , created in 1883 by Gaetano Filangieri . Naples is the seat of the Archdiocese of Naples ; there are hundreds of churches in the city. The Cathedral of Naples
12600-558: The Roman era. This includes the jujube (Italian: giuggiole ), which is celebrated as a regional cuisine in Arquà Petrarca . The Romans also imported cherries, apricots, and peaches. Arabs invaded Sicily in the 9th century, introducing spinach , almonds , and rice . They also brought with them foods from foreign lands that are celebrated as traditional Italian foods: citrus fruit , artichokes , chickpeas , pistachios , sugarcane , aubergines , and durum wheat , which
12750-616: The US it was $ 44 billion spread over 76,000 pizzerias. Overall, 13% of the US population aged two years and over consumed pizza on any given day. The oldest recorded usage of the word pizza is from a Latin text from the town of Gaeta , then still part of the Byzantine Empire , in 997 AD; the text states that a tenant of certain property is to give the bishop of Gaeta duodecim pizze ( lit. ' twelve pizzas ' ) every Christmas Day , and another twelve every Easter Sunday . Suggested etymologies include: A small pizza
12900-549: The ancient Greek foundation of Neapolis is still discernible. It has indeed continued to provide the layout for the present-day Historic Centre of Naples, one of the major Mediterranean port cities. From the Middle Ages to the 18th century, Naples was a focal point in terms of art and architecture, expressed in its ancient forts, the royal ensembles such as the Royal Palace of 1600, and the palaces and churches sponsored by
13050-456: The archetypal pizza, pizza Margherita , was invented in 1889, when the Royal Palace of Capodimonte commissioned the Neapolitan pizzaiolo ( ' pizza maker ' ) Raffaele Esposito to create a pizza in honor of the visiting Queen Margherita . Of the three different pizzas he created, the queen strongly preferred a pizza swathed in the colors of the Italian flag —red (tomato), green (basil), and white (mozzarella). Supposedly, this type of pizza
13200-509: The basis of Italian cuisine, rich in pasta , fish, fruits, and vegetables. Cheese , cold cuts , and wine are central to Italian cuisine, and along with pizza and coffee (especially espresso ) form part of Italian gastronomic culture. Desserts have a long tradition of merging local flavours such as citrus fruits , pistachio , and almonds with sweet cheeses such as mascarpone and ricotta or exotic tastes as cocoa, vanilla, and cinnamon. Gelato , tiramisu , and cassata are among
13350-437: The beginning of the 18th century, Italian culinary books began to emphasise the regionalism of Italian cuisine rather than French cuisine . Books written then were no longer addressed to professional chefs but to bourgeois housewives. Periodicals in booklet form such as La cuoca cremonese ( The Cook of Cremona ) in 1794 give a sequence of ingredients according to season along with chapters on meat, fish, and vegetables. As
13500-519: The book. The courts of Florence , Rome , Venice , and Ferrara were central to the cuisine. Cristoforo di Messisbugo , steward to Ippolito d'Este , published Banchetti Composizioni di Vivande ( Banquets Compositions of Food ) in 1549. Messisbugo gives recipes for pies and tarts (containing 124 recipes with various fillings). The work emphasises the use of Eastern spices and sugar. In 1570, Bartolomeo Scappi , personal chef to Pope Pius V , wrote his Opera ( Work ) in five volumes, giving
13650-465: The canon of classic modern Italian cuisine, and it is still in print. Its recipes predominantly originate from Romagna and Tuscany , where he lived. Around 1880, two decades after the Unification of Italy , was the beginning of Italian diaspora , and with it started the spread of Italian cuisine in the world. Italy has a large number of traditional specialities protected under EU law . From
13800-417: The century progressed these books increased in size, popularity, and frequency. In the 18th century, medical texts warned peasants against eating refined foods as it was believed that these were poor for their digestion and their bodies required heavy meals. It was believed that peasants ate poorly because they preferred eating poorly. However, many peasants had to eat rotten food and mouldy bread because that
13950-421: The choice of toppings and sometimes also crust. There are also several styles of pizza, defined by their preparation method. The following lists feature only the notable ones. Authentic Neapolitan pizza (Italian: pizza napoletana ) is made with San Marzano tomatoes , grown on the volcanic plains south of Mount Vesuvius , and either mozzarella di bufala campana , made with milk from water buffalo raised in
14100-836: The city for the Ostrogoths, but the Byzantines seized control of the area following the Battle of Mons Lactarius on the slopes of Vesuvius . Naples was expected to keep in contact with the Exarchate of Ravenna , which was the centre of Byzantine power on the Italian Peninsula . After the exarchate fell, a Duchy of Naples was created. Although Naples' Greco-Roman culture endured, it eventually switched allegiance from Constantinople to Rome under Duke Stephen II , putting it under papal suzerainty by 763. The years between 818 and 832 saw tumultuous relations with
14250-632: The city from Vienna through viceroys of his own. However, the War of the Polish Succession saw the Spanish regain Sicily and Naples as part of a personal union , with the 1738 Treaty of Vienna recognising the two polities as independent under a cadet branch of the Spanish Bourbons . In 1755, the Duke of Noja commissioned an accurate topographic map of Naples, later known as the Map of
14400-538: The city's recent illegal waste disposal issues to the Camorra , the organized crime network centered in Campania. Due to illegal waste dumping, as exposed by Roberto Saviano in his book Gomorrah , severe environmental contamination and increased health risks remain prevalent. In 2007, Silvio Berlusconi 's government held senior meetings in Naples to demonstrate their intention to solve these problems. However,
14550-658: The city. Many examples of Gothic architecture sprang up around Naples, including the Naples Cathedral , which remains the city's main church. In 1282, after the Sicilian Vespers , the Kingdom of Sicily was divided into two. The Angevin Kingdom of Naples included the southern part of the Italian peninsula, while the island of Sicily became the Aragonese Kingdom of Sicily . Wars between
14700-472: The classic pizzerias in Buenos Aires specialize in—is the so-called pizza de molde (Spanish for 'pizza in the pan'), characterized by having a "thick, spongy base and elevated bready crust". This style, which today is identified as the typical style of Argentine pizza—characterized by a thick crust and a large amount of cheese—arose when impoverished Italian immigrants found a greater abundance of food in then-prosperous Argentina, which motivated them to transform
14850-491: The competing dynasties continued until the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, which saw Frederick III recognised as king of Sicily, while Charles II was recognised as king of Naples by Pope Boniface VIII . Despite the split, Naples grew in importance, attracting Pisan and Genoese merchants, Tuscan bankers, and some of the most prominent Renaissance artists of the time, such as Boccaccio , Petrarch and Giotto . During
15000-757: The construction of the Naples–Portici railway . After the Expedition of the Thousand led by Giuseppe Garibaldi , which culminated in the controversial siege of Gaeta , Naples became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 as part of the Italian unification , ending the era of Bourbon rule. The economy of the area formerly known as the Two Sicilies as dependant on agriculture suffered the international pressure on prices of wheat, and together with lower sea fares prices lead to an unprecedented wave of emigration , with an estimated 4 million people emigrating from
15150-531: The country known as Italy did not unite until the 19th century , the cuisine can claim traceable roots as far back as the 4th century BC. Food and culture were very important at that time evident from the cookbook ( Apicius ) which dates to the first century BC. Through the centuries, neighbouring regions, conquerors, high-profile chefs, political upheaval, and the discovery of the New World have influenced its development. Italian cuisine started to form after
15300-435: The country, of which 490 are protected and marked as PDO ( protected designation of origin ), PGI ( protected geographical indication ) and PAT ( prodotto agroalimentare tradizionale ). Olive oil is the most commonly used vegetable fat in Italian cooking and as the basis for sauces, replaced only in some recipes and in some geographical areas by butter or lard . Italy is the largest consumer of olive oil, at 30% of
15450-428: The country, as well as all the diverse regional gastronomies , different from each other, especially between the north , the centre , and the south of Italy, which are in continuous exchange. Many dishes that were once regional have proliferated with variations throughout the country. Italian cuisine offers an abundance of taste, and is one of the most popular and copied around the world. Italian cuisine has left
15600-754: The crust. Dipping sauce specifically for pizza was invented by American pizza chain Papa John's Pizza in 1984 and has since been adopted by some when eating pizza, especially the crust. Mozzarella cheese is commonly used on pizza, with the buffalo mozzarella produced in the surroundings of Naples. Other cheeses are also used, particularly burrata , Gorgonzola , provolone , pecorino romano , ricotta , and scamorza . Less expensive processed cheeses or cheese analogues have been developed for mass-market pizzas to produce desirable qualities such as browning, melting, stretchiness, consistent fat and moisture content, and stable shelf life . This quest to create
15750-459: The cuisine of Liguria . This book contained the first recipe for pesto . La Cucina Teorico-Pratica ( The Theoretical-Practical Cuisine ) written by Ippolito Cavalcanti described the first recipe for pasta with tomatoes. La scienza in cucina e l'arte di mangiare bene ( The Science of Cooking and the Art of Eating Well ), by Pellegrino Artusi , first published in 1891, is widely regarded as
15900-449: The dish, in three different ways: Pizza , consisting of a usually round, flat base of leavened wheat-based dough topped with tomatoes, cheese, and often various other ingredients (such as anchovies, mushrooms, onions, olives, meats, and more), which is then baked at a high temperature, traditionally in a wood-fired oven, is the best known and most consumed Italian food in the world. In 2009, upon Italy's request, Neapolitan pizza
16050-483: The early ninth century. Naples allied with the Muslim Saracens in 836 and asked for their support to repel the siege of Lombard troops coming from the neighbouring Duchy of Benevento . However, during the 850s, Muslim general Muhammad I Abu 'l-Abbas sacked Miseno , but only for Khums purposes (Islamic booty), without conquering the territories of Campania . The duchy was under the direct control of
16200-468: The fall of the Roman Empire , when different cities began to separate and form their own traditions. Many different types of bread and pasta were made, and there was a variation in cooking techniques and preparation. Trade and the location on the Silk Road with its routes to Asia also influenced the local development of special dishes. Due to the climatic conditions and the different proximity to
16350-648: The fresh egg variety. Durum flour and durum semolina have a yellow tinge in colour. Italian dried pasta is traditionally cooked al dente ( lit. ' to the tooth ' ). There are many types of wheat flour with varying gluten and protein levels depending on the variety of grain used. Particular varieties of pasta may also use other grains and milling methods to make the flour, as specified by law. Some pasta varieties, such as pizzoccheri , are made from buckwheat flour. Fresh pasta may include eggs (Italian: pasta all'uovo , lit. ' egg pasta ' ). Both dry and fresh pasta are used to prepare
16500-437: The heat source, an electric deck oven, a conveyor belt oven, or, in traditional style in a wood or coal-fired brick oven . The pizza is slid into the oven on a long paddle, called " peel ", and baked directly on hot bricks, a screen (a round metal grate, typically aluminum), or whatever the oven surface is. Before use, a peel is typically sprinkled with cornmeal to allow the pizza to easily slide on and off it. When made at home,
16650-413: The iconic fugazza and its derivative fugazzeta or fugazza con queso (a terminology that varies depending on the pizzeria), or the pizza de cancha or canchera (a cheese-less variant). Most pizza menus include standard flavor combinations, including the traditional plain mozzarella, nicknamed " muza " or " musa "; the napolitana or " napo ", with "cheese, sliced tomatoes, garlic, dried oregano and
16800-457: The ideal and economical pizza cheese has involved many studies and experiments analyzing the impact of vegetable oil , manufacturing and culture processes, denatured whey proteins, and other changes in manufacture. In 1997, it was estimated that annual production of pizza cheese was 1 million metric tons (1,100,000 short tons) in the US and 100,000 metric tons (110,000 short tons) in Europe. A great number of pizza varieties exist, defined by
16950-636: The kingdom. Conflict between the Hohenstaufens and the Papacy led in 1266 to Pope Innocent IV crowning the Angevin duke Charles I King of Sicily: Charles officially moved the capital from Palermo to Naples, where he resided at the Castel Nuovo . Having a great interest in architecture, Charles I imported French architects and workmen and was personally involved in several building projects in
17100-509: The leadership of Richard, Count of Acerra , Nicholas of Ajello , Aligerno Cottone and Margaritus of Brindisi before the Germans suffered from disease and were forced to retreat. Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia and Philip I, Archbishop of Cologne died of disease during the siege . During his counterattack, Tancred captured Constance, now empress. He had the empress imprisoned at Castel dell'Ovo at Naples before her release on May 1192 under
17250-546: The local fisherman Masaniello saw the creation of a brief independent Neapolitan Republic in 1647. However, this lasted only a few months before Spanish rule was reasserted. In 1656, an outbreak of bubonic plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants. In 1714, Spanish rule over Naples came to an end as a result of the War of the Spanish Succession ; the Austrian Charles VI ruled
17400-472: The main cause of insalubrity , with large and airy avenues. The project proved difficult to accomplish politically and economically due to corruption, as shown in the Saredo Inquiry , land speculation and extremely long bureaucracy. This led to the project to massive delays with contrasting results. The most notable transformations made were the construction of Via Caracciolo in place of the beach along
17550-471: The marshlands of Campania and Lazio , or fior di latte . Buffalo mozzarella is protected with its own European protected designation of origin (PDO). Other traditional pizzas include pizza marinara , supposedly the most ancient tomato-topped pizza, pizza capricciosa , which is prepared with mozzarella cheese, baked ham, mushroom, artichoke, and tomato, and pizza pugliese , prepared with tomato, mozzarella, and onions. A popular variant of pizza in Italy
17700-872: The most common ingredients. Pasta dishes with tomato are common throughout Italy. Italians use ingredients that are fresh and subtly seasoned and spiced. In northern Italy there are many types of stuffed pasta , although polenta and risotto are equally popular if not more so. Ligurian ingredients include several types of fish and seafood dishes. Basil (found in pesto ), nuts, and olive oil are very common. In Emilia-Romagna, common ingredients include prosciutto (Italian ham), cotechino , different sorts of salami , truffles, grana , Parmesan (Italian: Parmigiano Reggiano ), tomatoes ( Bolognese sauce or ragù ) and balsamic vinegar (Italian: aceto balsamico ). Traditional central Italian cuisine uses ingredients such as tomatoes, all types of meat, fish, and pecorino . In Tuscany , pasta (especially pappardelle )
17850-421: The most famous examples of Italian desserts, cakes, and patisserie. Italian cuisine relies heavily on traditional products; the country has a large number of traditional specialities protected under EU law . Italy is the world's largest producer of wine , as well as the country with the widest variety of indigenous grapevine varieties in the world. Italian cuisine has developed over the centuries. Although
18000-421: The ninth century BC. By the eighth century BC, the settlement was expanded by Cumaeans , as evidenced by the archaeological findings, to include Monte Echia. In the sixth century BC the city was refounded as Neápolis ( Νεάπολις ), eventually becoming one of the foremost cities of Magna Graecia . The city grew rapidly due to the influence of the powerful Greek city-state of Syracuse , and became an ally of
18150-638: The noble families. The main city square or piazza of the city is the Piazza del Plebiscito . Its construction was begun by the Bonapartist king Joachim Murat and finished by the Bourbon king Ferdinand IV . The piazza is bounded on the east by the Royal Palace and on the west by the church of San Francesco di Paola , with the colonnades extending on both sides. Nearby is the Teatro di San Carlo , which
18300-449: The origin of a turnover of more than € 200 billion worldwide. Over the centuries, many popular dishes and recipes have often been created by ordinary people more so than by chefs , which is why many Italian recipes are suitable for home and daily cooking , respecting regional specificities, privileging only raw materials and ingredients from the region of origin of the dish and preserving its seasonality. The Mediterranean diet forms
18450-484: The originally modest dish into a much more hefty meal suitable for a main course . The name pizza de molde emerged because there were no pizza ovens in the city, so bakers resorted to baking them in pans. Since they used bakery plates, Argentine pizzas were initially square or rectangular, a format associated with the 1920s that is still maintained in some classic pizzerias, especially for vegetable pizzas, fugazzetas or fugazzas . Other styles of Argentine pizza include
18600-413: The pizza, called the "crust", may vary widely according to style—thin as in a typical hand-tossed Neapolitan pizza or thick as in a deep-dish Chicago-style . It is traditionally plain, but may also be seasoned with garlic or herbs, or stuffed with cheese. The outer edge of the pizza is sometimes referred to as the cornicione . Some pizza dough contains sugar, to help its yeast rise and enhance browning of
18750-422: The pressure of Pope Celestine III . In 1194 Henry started his second campaign upon the death of Tancred, but this time Aligerno surrendered without resistance, and finally, Henry conquered Sicily, putting it under the rule of Hohenstaufens. The University of Naples , the first university in Europe dedicated to training secular administrators, was founded by Frederick II , making Naples the intellectual centre of
18900-440: The prison for Empress Constance between 1191 and 1192 after her being captured by Sicilians, and Conradin and Giovanna I of Naples before their executions. Castel Nuovo , also known as Maschio Angioino , is one of the city's top landmarks; it was built during the time of Charles I , the first king of Naples . Castel Nuovo has seen many notable historical events: for example, in 1294, Pope Celestine V resigned as pope in
19050-479: The promenade, the creation of Galleria Umberto I and Galleria Principe and the construction of Corso Umberto. Naples was the most-bombed Italian city during World War II . Though Neapolitans did not rebel under Italian Fascism , Naples was the first Italian city to rise up against German military occupation ; for the first time in Europe, the Nazis, whose leader in this case was Colonel Scholl, negotiated
19200-484: The rebuilding of the church of Santa Chiara , which had been destroyed in a United States Army Air Corps bombing raid. Special funding from the Italian government's Fund for the South was provided from 1950 to 1984, helping the Neapolitan economy to improve somewhat, with city landmarks such as the Piazza del Plebiscito being renovated. However, high unemployment continues to affect Naples. Italian media attributed
19350-562: The sauce from combining with the dough, and producing a crust that can be frozen and reheated without becoming rigid. There are frozen pizzas with raw ingredients and self-rising crusts. In the US, another form of pizza is available from take and bake pizzerias . This pizza is assembled in the store, then sold unbaked to customers to bake in their own ovens . Some grocery stores sell fresh dough along with sauce and basic ingredients, to assemble at home before baking in an oven. In restaurants, pizza can be baked in an oven with fire bricks above
19500-449: The sea, different basic foods and spices were available from region to region. Regional cuisine is represented by some of the major cities in Italy. For example, Milan (in the north of Italy) is known for risottos , Trieste (in the northeast of Italy) is known for multicultural food, Bologna (in the centre of Italy) is known for its tortellini , and Naples (in the south of Italy) is famous for its pizzas . Additionally, spaghetti
19650-686: The shapes for which they are named— penne , maccheroni , spaghetti , linguine , fusilli , lasagne . Many more varieties are filled with other ingredients, such as ravioli and tortellini . The word pasta is also used to refer to dishes in which pasta products are a primary ingredient. It is usually served with sauce. There are hundreds of different shapes of pasta with at least locally recognised names. Examples include spaghetti ('thin rods'), rigatoni ('tubes' or 'cylinders'), fusilli ('swirls'), and lasagne ('sheets'). Dumplings, such as gnocchi (made with potatoes or pumpkin) and noodles such as spätzle , are sometimes considered pasta. Pasta
19800-624: The sixth World Urban Forum in September 2012 and the 63rd International Astronautical Congress in October 2012. In 2013, it was the host of the Universal Forum of Cultures and the host for the 2019 Summer Universiade . Naples' 2,800-year history has left it with a wealth of historical buildings and monuments, from medieval castles to classical ruins, and a wide range of culturally and historically significant sites nearby, including
19950-408: The time, insisted in the absence of epidemics between 1878 and 1883. Then in 1884, Naples fell victim to a major cholera epidemic, caused largely by the city's poor sewerage infrastructure. In response to these problems, in 1885, the government prompted a radical transformation of the city called risanamento to improve the sewerage infrastructure and replace the most clustered areas, considered
20100-419: The total of sausages and cured meats consumed in Europe, while others are marked as PAT. Salumi are Italian meat products typical of an antipasto , predominantly made from pork and cured . They are also include bresaola , which is made from beef, and some cooked products, such as mortadella and prosciutto . Meat , especially beef , pork , and poultry , is very present in Italian cuisine, in
20250-515: The word pizza comes from a notarial document written in Latin and dating to May 997 AD from Gaeta , demanding a payment of "twelve pizzas, a pork shoulder, and a pork kidney on Christmas Day, and 12 pizzas and a couple of chickens on Easter Day". Modern pizza evolved from similar flatbread dishes in Naples , Italy, in the 18th or early 19th century. Before that time, flatbread was often topped with ingredients such as garlic, salt, lard, and cheese. It
20400-435: The world (estimated in 2015 to be 14 million per year). As such, the city has been considered as one of the world capitals of pizza. The dish was introduced to Buenos Aires in the late 19th century with the massive Italian immigration , as part of a broader great European immigration wave to the country . Thus, around the same time that the iconic pizza Margherita was being invented in Italy, pizza were already being cooked in
20550-474: The world in terms of the number of places of worship. In 1995, the historic centre of Naples was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site , a United Nations programme which aims to catalogue and conserve sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of mankind . Naples is one of the most ancient cities in Europe, whose contemporary urban fabric preserves the elements of its long and eventful history. The rectangular grid layout of
20700-421: The world together with waves of Italian diaspora . Significant changes occurred with the colonization of the Americas and the introduction of potatoes , tomatoes , capsicums , maize , and sugar beet —the latter introduced in quantity in the 18th century. It is one of the best-known and most widely appreciated gastronomies worldwide. Italian cuisine includes deeply rooted traditions common throughout
20850-479: The world total. It also has the largest range of olive cultivars in existence and is the second largest producer and exporter in the world, producing more than 464,000 tons. Bread has always been a fundamental food in Italian cuisine, and that of other Mediterranean countries. There are numerous regional types of bread. Italian cuisine has a great variety of sausages and cured meats , many of which are protected and marked as PDO and PGI, and make up 34% of
21000-527: The world. Naples has been inhabited since the Neolithic period. In the second millennium BC, a first Mycenaean settlement arose not far from the geographical position of the future city of Parthenope. Sailors from the Greek island of Rhodes established probably a small commercial port called Parthenope ( Παρθενόπη , meaning "Pure Eyes", a Siren in Greek mythology ) on the island of Megaride in
21150-440: Was a Protestant . The book lists Italian vegetables and fruits along with their preparation. He featured vegetables as a central part of the meal, not just as accompaniments. Castelvetro favoured simmering vegetables in salted water and serving them warm or cold with olive oil, salt, fresh ground pepper, lemon juice, verjus or orange juice . He also suggested roasting vegetables wrapped in damp paper over charcoal or embers with
21300-663: Was abandoned and replaced by a culture of gastronomy as the Roman Empire developed . By the time De re coquinaria was published in the 1st century AD, it contained 470 recipes calling for heavy use of spices and herbs. The Romans employed Greek bakers to produce breads and imported cheeses from Sicily, as the Sicilians had a reputation as the best cheesemakers . The Romans reared goats for butchering , and grew artichokes and leeks . Some foods considered traditional were imported to Italy from foreign countries during
21450-685: Was all they could afford. In 1779, Antonio Nebbia from Macerata in the Marche region, wrote Il Cuoco Maceratese ( The Cook of Macerata ). Nebbia addressed the importance of local vegetables and pasta , rice, and gnocchi . For stock, he preferred vegetables and chicken over other meats. In 1773, the Neapolitan Vincenzo Corrado's Il Cuoco Galante ( The Courteous Cook ) gave particular emphasis to vitto pitagorico ( pythagorean food ). "Pythagorean food consists of fresh herbs, roots, flowers, fruits, seeds and all that
21600-414: Was an important part of Magna Graecia , played a major role in the merging of Greek and Roman society, and was a significant cultural centre under the Romans. Naples served as the capital of the Duchy of Naples (661–1139), subsequently as the capital of the Kingdom of Naples (1282–1816), and finally as the capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies — until the unification of Italy in 1861. Naples
21750-621: Was built in 1994 as the first grouping of skyscrapers in Italy, remaining the only such grouping in Italy until 2009. The most widely-known sports team in Naples is the Serie A football club Napoli , three-time Italian champions (most recently in 2023), who play at the Stadio Diego Armando Maradona in the west of the city, in the Fuorigrotta quartier. In 2024, TasteAtlas ranked Naples the 2nd city with best food in
21900-487: Was designated the "Land of the Kiwi" and given protected status as a regional delicacy. Italian cuisine is one of the most popular and copied cultures worldwide. The lack or total unavailability of some of its most characteristic ingredients outside of Italy, leads to the complete de-naturalization of Italian ingredients, and above all else leads to falsifications (or food fraud). This phenomenon, widespread in all continents,
22050-660: Was exiled to Naples by the Germanic king Odoacer in the fifth century AD. Following the decline of the Western Roman Empire , Naples was captured by the Ostrogoths , a Germanic people , and incorporated into the Ostrogothic Kingdom . However, Belisarius of the Byzantine Empire recaptured Naples in 536, after entering the city via an aqueduct. In 543, during the Gothic Wars , Totila briefly took
22200-517: Was included in a 1475 book by Bartolomeo Platina printed in Venice entitled De honesta voluptate et valetudine ( On Honest Pleasure and Good Health ). Platina puts Martino's Libro in a regional context, writing about perch from Lake Maggiore , sardines from Lake Garda , grayling from Adda , hens from Padua , olives from Bologna and Piceno , turbot from Ravenna , rudd from Lake Trasimeno , carrots from Viterbo , bass from
22350-462: Was registered with the European Union as a traditional speciality guaranteed dish, and in 2017 the art of its making was included on UNESCO 's list of intangible cultural heritage . Up to 20% of the flour in the traditional pizza crust can be strong Manitoba flour , which was introduced to Italy from Canada as part of the Marshall Plan after World War II. In Italy it is consumed as
22500-550: Was then named after the queen, with an official letter of recognition from the queen's "head of service" remaining to this day on display in Esposito's shop, now called the Pizzeria Brandi. Later research cast doubt on this legend, undermining the authenticity of the letter of recognition, pointing that no media of the period reported about the supposed visit and that both the story and name Margherita were first promoted in
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