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104-575: Francis I of France was imprisoned in the tower of Pizzighettone following the Battle of Pavia in 1525. It was the site of the Insubrian town of Acerrae , and was home to the football team AS Pizzighettone , until the summer 2012 when it moved to city of Crema and changed its name to U.S. Pergolettese 1932 . Saint Vincenzo Grossi was born in Pizzighettone. This article on

208-423: A synonym for agnatic succession, but the importance of Salic law extends beyond the rules of inheritance, as it is a direct ancestor of the systems of law in use in many parts of continental Europe today. Salic law regulates succession according to sex. "Agnatic succession" means succession to the throne or fief going to an agnate of the predecessor – for example, a brother, a son, or nearest male relative through

312-630: A building of Renaissance splendour. He financed the building of a new City Hall (the Hôtel de Ville ) for Paris in order to have control over the building's design. He constructed the Château de Madrid in the Bois de Boulogne and rebuilt the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye . The largest of Francis' building projects was the reconstruction and expansion of the Château de Fontainebleau , which quickly became his favourite place of residence, as well as

416-512: A committee appointed and empowered by the King of the Franks . Dozens of manuscripts dating from the sixth to eighth centuries and three emendations as late as the ninth century have survived. Salic law provided written codification of both civil law, such as the statutes governing inheritance , and criminal law , such as the punishment for murder . Although it was originally intended as the law of

520-670: A heavy burden on the state budget. After the League of Cognac failed, Francis concluded a secret alliance with the Landgrave of Hesse on 27 January 1534. This was directed against Charles on the pretext of assisting the Duke of Württemberg to regain his traditional seat, from which Charles had removed him in 1519. Francis also obtained the help of the Ottoman Empire and after the death of Francesco II Sforza , ruler of Milan, renewed

624-648: A land title to pass (by marriage) "to a female's husband". Women rulers were anathema in the German states well into the modern era. In a similar way, the thrones of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg were separated in 1890, with the succession of Princess Wilhelmina as the first Queen regnant of the Netherlands. As a remnant of Salic law, the office of the reigning monarch of

728-534: A legitimate son. A prodigious patron of the arts , Francis promoted the emergent French Renaissance by attracting many Italian artists to work for him, including Leonardo da Vinci , who brought the Mona Lisa , which Francis had acquired. Francis' reign saw important cultural changes with the growth of central power in France, the spread of humanism and Protestantism , and the beginning of French exploration of

832-553: A letter to Francis I dated 13 August 1533, the Wattassid ruler of Fez , Ahmed ben Mohammed , welcomed French overtures and granted freedom of shipping and protection of French traders. Francis took several steps to eradicate the monopoly of Latin as the language of knowledge. In 1530, he declared French the national language of the kingdom, and that same year opened the Collège des trois langues , or Collège Royal , following

936-510: A location in the Province of Cremona is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Francis I of France Francis I (French: François I ; Middle French : Françoys ; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547. He was the son of Charles, Count of Angoulême , and Louise of Savoy . He succeeded his first cousin once removed and father-in-law Louis XII , who died without

1040-587: A number of agents in Italy to procure notable works of art and ship them to France. Francis was also renowned as a man of letters . When he comes up in a conversation among characters in Baldassare Castiglione 's Book of the Courtier , it is as the great hope to bring culture to the war-obsessed French nation. Not only did Francis support a number of major writers of the period, but he was also

1144-524: A part of the Duchy of Aquitaine . Today the town lies in the department of Charente . Francis was the only son of Charles of Orléans, Count of Angoulême , and Louise of Savoy , and a great-great-grandson of King Charles V of France . His family was not expected to inherit the throne, as his third cousin King Charles VIII was still young at the time of his birth, as was his father's cousin

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1248-419: A poet himself, if not one of particular ability. Francis worked diligently at improving the royal library. He appointed the great French humanist Guillaume Budé as chief librarian and began to expand the collection. Francis employed agents in Italy to look for rare books and manuscripts, just as he had agents looking for artworks. During his reign, the size of the library greatly increased. Not only did he expand

1352-530: A principle that remains in force to this day. The Salic law, at the time, was not yet invoked; the arguments put forward in favor of Philip V relied only on the degree of proximity of Philip V with Louis X. Philip had the support of the nobility and had the resources for his ambitions. Philip won over the Duke of Burgundy by giving him his daughter, also named Joan , in marriage, with the counties of Artois and Burgundy as her eventual inheritance. On March 27, 1317,

1456-444: A regent) and prepare for a possible succession to the throne. At this point, it had been accepted that women could not claim the crown of France (without any written rule stipulating it yet). Under the application of the agnatic principle, the following were excluded: The widow of Charles IV gave birth to a daughter. Isabella of France , sister of Charles IV, claimed the throne for her son, Edward III of England . The French rejected

1560-716: A registry office in every parish. This initiated the first records of vital statistics with filiations available in Europe. Divisions in Christianity in Western Europe during Francis' reign created lasting international rifts. Martin Luther 's preaching and writing sparked the Protestant Reformation , which spread through much of Europe, including France. Initially, Francis was relatively tolerant of

1664-476: A treaty was signed at Laon between the Duke of Burgundy and Philip V, wherein Joan renounced her right to the throne of France. Philip, too, died without a son, and his brother Charles succeeded him as Charles IV unopposed. Charles, too, died without a son, but also left his wife pregnant. It was another succession crisis, the same as that in 1316; it was necessary both to prepare for a possible regency (and choose

1768-464: A unique set of errors, corrections, content, and organization. The laws are called "titles", as each one has its own name, generally preceded by de , "of", "concerning". Different sections of titles acquired individual names, which revealed something about their provenances. Some of these dozens of names have been adopted for specific reference, often given the same designation as the overall work, lex . The recension of Hendrik Kern organizes all of

1872-431: A written code was desirable for monarchs and their administrations. For the next 300 years, the code was copied by hand, and was amended as required to add newly enacted laws, revise laws that had been amended, and delete laws that had been repealed. In contrast with printing, hand copying is an individual act by an individual copyist with ideas and a style of his own. Each of the several dozen surviving manuscripts features

1976-403: Is clearly the result of a law code reform by Charlemagne. By that time, Charlemagne's Holy Roman Empire comprised most of Western Europe. He added laws of choice (free will) taken from the earlier law codes of Germanic peoples not originally part of Francia. These are numbered into the laws that were there, but they have their own, quasisectional title. All the Franks of Francia were subject to

2080-529: Is divided between brothers, and if it is intended to govern succession, it can be interpreted to mandate agnatic seniority, not direct primogeniture. In its use by continental hereditary monarchies since the 15th century, aiming at agnatic succession, the Salic law is regarded as excluding all females from the succession, and prohibiting the transfer of succession rights through any woman. At least two systems of hereditary succession are direct and full applications of

2184-581: Is known as the Cèllere Codex . In 1531, Bertrand d'Ornesan tried to establish a French trading post at Pernambuco , Brazil. In 1534, Francis sent Jacques Cartier to explore the St. Lawrence River in Quebec to find "certain islands and lands where it is said there must be great quantities of gold and other riches". In 1541, Francis sent Jean-François de Roberval to settle Canada and to provide for

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2288-413: Is likely the earliest surviving full sentence in the language: This sentence is also given as the following: These laws and their interpretations give an insight into Frankish society. The criminal laws established damages to be paid and fines levied in recompense for injuries to persons and damage to goods, theft , and unprovoked insults. One-third of the fine paid court costs. Judicial interpretation

2392-568: Is now housed at the Louvre in Paris. A portrait dated to 1532–33 by Joos van Cleve may have been commissioned either for the occasion of a meeting with Henry VIII of England or Francis' second marriage. The workshop of van Cleve produced copies of this work to be distributed to other courts. The amorous exploits of Francis inspired the 1832 play by Fanny Kemble , Francis the First , and

2496-468: Is seen as a playboy who disgraced France by allowing himself to be defeated and taken prisoner at Pavia. The historian Jules Michelet set the negative image. Francis' personal emblem was the salamander and his Latin motto was Nutrisco et extinguo ("I nourish [the good] and extinguish [the bad]"). His long nose earned him the nickname François du Grand Nez ('Francis of the Big Nose'), and he

2600-561: Is succeeded by a son of his daughter, when the daughter in question is still alive. Or an uncle, with no children of his own, is succeeded by a son of his sister, when the sister in question is still alive. This fulfils the Salic condition of "no land comes to a woman, but the land comes to the male sex". This can be called a "quasi-Salic" system of succession and it should be classified as primogenitural, cognatic, and male-preferred. The Merovingian kings divided their realm equally among all living sons, leading to much conflict and fratricide among

2704-631: The Salian law , was the ancient Frankish civil law code compiled around AD 500 by the first Frankish King , Clovis . The written text is in Late Latin and contains some of the earliest known instances of Old Dutch . It remained the basis of Frankish law throughout the early Medieval period , and influenced future European legal systems . The best-known tenet of the old law is the principle of exclusion of women from inheritance of thrones, fiefs, and other property. The Salic laws were arbitrated by

2808-453: The Mona Lisa (known in France as La Joconde ), and these remained in France after his death. Other major artists to receive Francis' patronage included the goldsmith Benvenuto Cellini and the painters Rosso Fiorentino , Giulio Romano , and Primaticcio , all of whom were employed in decorating Francis' various palaces. He also invited architect Sebastiano Serlio , who enjoyed a fruitful late career in France. Francis also commissioned

2912-589: The Duchy of Brittany . In this they were supported by the King of England, while their rivals who claimed the traditional female succession in Brittany were supported by the King of France. The Montforts eventually won the duchy by warfare, but had to recognize the suzerainty of the King of France. This law was by no means intended to cover all matters of inheritance – for example, not the inheritance of movables — only to lands considered "Salic" – and debate remains as to

3016-417: The Duke of Orléans , later King Louis XII. However, Charles VIII died childless in 1498 and was succeeded by Louis XII, who himself had no male heir. The Salic Law prevented women from inheriting the throne. Therefore, the four-year-old Francis (who was already Count of Angoulême after the death of his own father two years earlier) became the heir presumptive to the throne of France in 1498 and

3120-802: The Huguenot candidate Henry of Navarre from becoming king. Philip's agents were instructed to "insinuate cleverly" that the Salic law was a "pure invention". Even if the "Salic law" did not really apply to the throne of France, though, the very principle of agnatic succession had become a cornerstone of the French royal succession; they had upheld it in the Hundred Years' War with the English, and it had produced their kings for more than two centuries. The eventual recognition of Henry of Navarre as King Henry IV of France following his conversion to Catholicism,

3224-628: The Kingdom of Holland , and under Napoleonic influence, Sweden under the House of Bernadotte . Several military conflicts in European history have stemmed from the application of, or disregard for, Salic law. The Carlist Wars occurred in Spain over the question of whether the heir to the throne should be a female or a male relative. The War of the Austrian Succession was triggered by

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3328-600: The Netherlands is always formally known as "King", though her title may be "Queen". Luxembourg passed to the House of Orange-Nassau 's distantly related agnates, the House of Nassau-Weilburg , but that house also faced extinction in the male line less than two decades later. With no other male-line agnates in the remaining branches of the House of Nassau, Grand Duke William IV adopted a quasi-Salic law of succession to allow him to be succeeded by his daughters. The hostess,

3432-566: The New World . Jacques Cartier and others claimed lands in the Americas for France and paved the way for the expansion of the first French colonial empire . For his role in the development and promotion of the French language , Francis became known as le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres (the 'Father and Restorer of Letters'). He was also known as François au Grand Nez ('Francis of

3536-522: The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 , in which Charles VI of Austria , who himself had inherited the Austrian patrimony over his nieces as a result of Salic law, attempted to ensure the inheritance directly to his own daughter Maria Theresa of Austria , which was an example of an operation of quasi-Salic law. In the modern Kingdom of Italy , under the House of Savoy , succession to the throne

3640-534: The Schleswig-Holstein Question and played a day-to-day role in the inheritance and marriage decisions of common princedoms of the German states , such as Saxe-Weimar , to cite a representative example. European nobility would have confronted Salic issues at every turn in the practice of diplomacy, particularly when they negotiated marriages, since the entire male line had to be extinguished for

3744-782: The Schmalkaldic League . Francis had been much aggrieved at the papal bull Aeterni regis : in June 1481 Portuguese rule over Africa and the Indies was confirmed by Pope Sixtus IV . Thirteen years later, on 7 June 1494, Portugal and the Crown of Castille signed the Treaty of Tordesillas under which the newly discovered lands would be divided between the two signatories. All this prompted Francis to declare, "The sun shines for me as it does for others. I would very much like to see

3848-667: The Waldensians , at the Massacre of Mérindol in 1545. Francis died at the Château de Rambouillet on 31 March 1547, on his son and successor's 28th birthday. It is said that "he died complaining about the weight of a crown that he had first perceived as a gift from God". He was interred with his first wife, Claude, Duchess of Brittany, in Saint Denis Basilica . He was succeeded by his son, Henry II . Francis' tomb and that of his wife and mother, along with

3952-878: The 1832 play by Victor Hugo , Le Roi s'amuse ("The King's Amusement"), which featured the jester Triboulet , the inspiration for the 1851 opera Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi . Francis was first played in the George Méliès short François I et Triboulet (1907) by an unknown actor, possibly Méliès. He has been since played by Claude Garry (1910), William Powell (1922), Aimé Simon-Girard (1937), Sacha Guitry (1937), Gérard Oury (1953), Jean Marais (1955), Pedro Armendáriz (1956), Claude Titre (1962), Bernard Pierre Donnadieu (1990), Timothy West (1998), Emmanuel Leconte (2007–2010), Alfonso Bassave (2015-2016) and Colm Meaney (2022). Salic Law The Salic law ( / ˈ s æ l ɪ k / or / ˈ s eɪ l ɪ k / ; Latin : Lex salica ), also called

4056-458: The Capetian dynasty in 987 until the death of Louis X in 1316, the eldest living son of the King of France succeeded to the throne upon his demise. No prior occasion existed to demonstrate whether or not females were excluded from the succession to the crown. Louis X died without a son, but left his wife pregnant. The king's brother, Philip, Count of Poitiers , became regent. Philip prepared for

4160-568: The Christian world and was designated "the impious alliance", or "the sacrilegious union of the [French]  Lily and the [Ottoman]  Crescent ." Nevertheless, it endured for many years, since it served the objective interests of both parties. The two powers colluded against Charles V , and in 1543 they even combined for a joint naval assault in the siege of Nice . In 1533, Francis I sent colonel Pierre de Piton as ambassador to Morocco , initiating official France-Morocco relations . In

4264-804: The Franks, it has had a formative influence on the tradition of statute law that extended to modern history in much of Europe, especially in the German states and Austria-Hungary in Central Europe , the Low Countries in Western Europe , Balkan kingdoms in Southeastern Europe , and parts of Italy and Spain in Southern Europe . Its use of agnatic succession governed the succession of kings in kingdoms such as France and Italy . The original edition of

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4368-546: The Holy Roman Empire, Charles personally ruled Spain, Austria, and a number of smaller possessions neighbouring France. He was thus a constant threat to Francis I's kingdom. Francis I attempted to arrange an alliance with Henry VIII at the famous meeting at the Field of Cloth of Gold on 7 June 1520, but despite a lavish fortnight of diplomacy they failed to reach an agreement. Francis and Henry VIII both shared

4472-600: The Italian Wars had begun when Milan sent a plea to King Charles VIII of France for protection against the aggressive actions of the King of Naples . Militarily and diplomatically, the reign of Francis I was a mixed bag of success and failure. Francis tried and failed to become Holy Roman Emperor at the Imperial election of 1519 , primarily due to his adversary Charles having threatened the electors with violence. However, there were also temporary victories, such as in

4576-781: The Italian city-state of Duchy of Milan . However, in November 1521, during the Four Years' War (1521–1526), Francis was forced to abandon Milan in the face of the advancing Imperial forces of the Holy Roman Empire and open revolt within the duchy. Much of the military activity of Francis's reign was focused on his sworn enemy, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V . Francis and Charles maintained an intense personal rivalry. Charles, in fact, brashly dared to challenge Francis to single combat multiple times. In addition to

4680-821: The Large Nose'), the Grand Colas , and the Roi-Chevalier (the 'Knight-King'). In keeping with his predecessors, Francis continued the Italian Wars . The succession of his great rival Emperor Charles V to the Habsburg Netherlands and the throne of Spain , followed by his election as Holy Roman Emperor , led to France being geographically encircled by the Habsburg monarchy . In his struggle against Imperial hegemony, Francis sought

4784-479: The Ottoman Empire permitting the development of French Mediterranean trade as well as the establishment of a strategic military alliance. The port city now known as Le Havre was founded in 1517 during the early years of Francis' reign. The construction of a new port was urgently needed in order to replace the ancient harbours of Honfleur and Harfleur , whose utility had decreased due to silting. Le Havre

4888-522: The Ottoman Empire that developed into a Franco-Ottoman alliance . The objective for Francis was to find an ally against the House of Habsburg . The pretext used by Francis was the protection of the Christians in Ottoman lands . The alliance has been called "the first nonideological diplomatic alliance of its kind between a Christian and non-Christian empire". It did, however, cause quite a scandal in

4992-620: The Placards ", on the night of 17 October 1534, in which notices appeared on the streets of Paris and other major cities denouncing the Catholic mass . The most fervent Catholics were outraged by the notice's allegations. Francis himself came to view the movement as a plot against him and began to persecute its followers. Protestants were jailed and executed. In some areas, whole villages were destroyed. In Paris, after 1540, Francis had heretics such as Étienne Dolet tortured and burned. Printing

5096-488: The Salic Law: agnatic seniority and agnatic primogeniture . The so-called Semi-Salic version of succession order stipulates that firstly all-male descendance is applied, including all collateral male lines, but if all such lines are extinct, then the closest female agnate (such as a daughter) of the last male holder of the property inherits, and after her, her own male heirs according to the Salic order. In other words,

5200-651: The Salic law must have served as a palliative. Charlemagne goes back even earlier to the Lex Suauorum , the ancient code of the Suebi preceding the Alemanni. The Salic law code contains the Malberg glosses (German Malbergische Glossen or malbergische Glossen ; despite the name, they aren't glosses in the proper sense ), several deformed Old Frankish, or for some Dutch scholars Old Dutch, words and what

5304-413: The Spanish tercios and the Roman legions, issued an edict to form seven infantry Légions of 6,000 troops each, of which 12,000 of 42,000 were arquebusiers , testifying to the growing importance of gunpowder. The force was a national standing army, where any soldier could be promoted on the basis of vacancies, were paid wages by grade and granted exemptions from the taille and other taxes up to 20 sous ,

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5408-486: The arts. At the time of his accession, the royal palaces of France were ornamented with only a scattering of great paintings, and not a single sculpture, not ancient nor modern. Francis patronized many great artists of his time, including Andrea del Sarto and Leonardo da Vinci ; the latter of whom was persuaded to make France his home during his last years. While da Vinci painted very little during his years in France, he brought with him many of his greatest works, including

5512-480: The basis of Salic law's inheritance rules, leading to the Battle of Agincourt . In fact, the conflict between Salic and English law was a justification for many overlapping claims between the French and English monarchs over the French throne. More than a century later, during the French wars of religion , Philip II of Spain attempted to claim the French crown for his daughter Isabella Clara Eugenia , born of his third wife, Elisabeth of Valois in order to prevent

5616-402: The bourgeois of Paris, and doctors of the university, known as the Estates-General of 1317, gathered in February. Philip V asked them to write an argument justifying his right to the throne of France. These "general statements" agreed in declaring that "Women do not succeed in the kingdom of France", formalizing Philip's usurpation and the impossibility for a woman to ascend the throne of France,

5720-469: The claim, noting that "Women cannot transmit a right which they do not possess", a corollary to the succession principle in 1316. The regent, Philip of Valois, became Philip VI of France in 1328. Philip became king without serious opposition, until his attempt to confiscate Gascony in 1337 made Edward III press his claim to the French throne. As far as can be ascertained, Salic law was not explicitly mentioned either in 1316 or 1328. It had been forgotten in

5824-403: The clause of Adam’s will by which I should be denied my share of the world." In order to counterbalance the power of the Habsburg Empire under Charles V, especially its control of large parts of the New World through the Crown of Spain, Francis endeavoured to develop contacts with the New World and Asia. Fleets were sent to the Americas and the Far East, and close contacts were developed with

5928-485: The code was commissioned by the first king of all the Franks, Clovis I (c. 466–511), and published sometime between 507 and 511. He appointed four commissioners to research customary law that, until the publication of the Salic law, had been recorded only in the minds of designated elders, who would meet in council when their knowledge was required. Transmission was entirely oral. Salic law, therefore, reflects ancient usages and practices. To govern more effectively, having

6032-431: The contest in Italy in the Italian War of 1536–1538 . This round of fighting, which had little result, was ended by the Truce of Nice . The agreement collapsed, however, which led to Francis' final attempt on Italy in the Italian War of 1542–1546 . Francis I managed to hold off the forces of Charles and Henry VIII. Charles was forced to sign the Treaty of Crépy because of his financial difficulties and conflicts with

6136-427: The contingencies with Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy , maternal uncle of Louis X's daughter and prospective heiress, Joan . If the unborn child were male, he would succeed to the French throne as king; if female, Philip would maintain the regency until the daughters of Louis X reached their majority. The opportunity remained for either daughter to succeed to the French throne. The unborn child proved to be male, John I , to

6240-438: The continuing Italian Wars known as the Four Years' War upheaved the political ground of Europe. He was actually taken prisoner: Cesare Hercolani injured his horse, and Francis himself was subsequently captured by Charles de Lannoy . Some claim he was captured by Diego Dávila, Alonso Pita da Veiga , and Juan de Urbieta , from Guipúzcoa. For this reason, Hercolani was named "Victor of the battle of Pavia". Zuppa alla Pavese

6344-442: The death of Queen Claude two years earlier, wielded far more political power at court than her predecessor had done. Another of his earlier mistresses was allegedly Mary Boleyn , mistress of King Henry VIII and sister of Henry's future wife, Anne Boleyn . With Jacquette de Lanssac he was reputed to have had the following illegitimate child: Francis was the subject of several portraits. A 1525–30 work by Jean Clouet

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6448-451: The dreams of power and chivalric glory; however their relationship featured intense personal and dynastic rivalry. Francis was driven by his intense eagerness to retake Milan, despite the strong opposition of other powers. Henry VIII was likewise determined to recapture northern France, which Francis could not allow. However, the situation was grave; Francis had to face not only the whole might of Western Europe, but also internal hostility in

6552-470: The expedition triggered the development of the Dieppe maps , influencing the work of Dieppe cartographers such as Jean Rotz . Under the reign of Francis I, France became the first country in Europe to establish formal relations with the Ottoman Empire and to set up instruction in the Arabic language under the guidance of Guillaume Postel at the Collège de France . In a watershed moment in European diplomacy, Francis came to an understanding with

6656-415: The female closest to the last incumbent is "regarded as a male" for the purposes of inheritance and succession. This has the effect of following the closest extant blood line (at least in the first instance) and not involving any more distant relatives. The closest female relative might be a child of a relatively junior branch of the whole dynasty, but still inherits due to her position in the male line, due to

6760-407: The feudal era, and the assertion that the French crown can only be transmitted to and through males made it unique and exalted in the eyes of the French. In 1358 the monk Richard Lescot invoked it to dispute the claim of Charles II of Navarre to the French crown, an argument that would later be echoed by other jurists in defence of the Valois dynasty. In its origin, therefore, the agnatic principle

6864-411: The first comprised 33 manuscripts; the second, one manuscript. They are characterized by the internal assignment of Latin names to various sections of different provenances. Two of the sections are dated to 768 and 778, but the emendation is believed to be dated to 798, late in the reign of Charlemagne . This edition calls itself the Lex Salica Emendata , or the Lex Reformata , or the Lex Emendata , and

6968-407: The first of the Bourbon kings, further solidified the agnatic principle in France. Although no reference was made to the Salic law, the imperial constitutions of the Bonapartist First French Empire and Second French Empire continued to exclude women from the succession to the throne. In the lands that Napoleon Bonaparte conquered, Salic law was adopted, including the Kingdom of Westphalia ,

7072-436: The form of Charles III de Bourbon , a capable commander who fought alongside Francis as his constable at the great battle of Marignano, but defected to Charles V after his conflict with Francis' mother over inheritance of Bourbon estates. Despite all this, the Kingdom of France still held the balance of power in its favour. Nevertheless, the defeat suffered from the cataclystic battle of Pavia on 24 February 1525, during part of

7176-485: The future Henry II of France, but once he was free he revoked the forced concessions as his agreement with Charles was made under duress. He also proclaimed that the agreement was void because his sons were taken hostage with the implication that his word alone could not be trusted. Thus he firmly repudiated it. A renewed alliance with England enabled Francis to repudiate the treaty of Madrid. Francis persevered in his rivalry against Charles and his intent to control Italy. By

7280-416: The glosses, but also "bears traces of attempts to make the language more concise". A statement gives the provenance: "in the 13th year of the reign of our most glorious king of the Franks, Pipin". Some of the internal documents were composed after the reign of Pepin the Short , but it is considered to be an emendation initiated by Pepin, so is termed the Pipina Recensio . Family IV also has two divisions –

7384-464: The inheritance shall come to a woman: but the whole inheritance of the land shall come to the male sex. or, another transcript: [C]oncerning terra Salica, no portion or inheritance is for a woman, but all the land belongs to members of the male sex who are brothers. The law merely prohibited women from inheriting ancestral "Salic land"; this prohibition did not apply to other property (such as personal property ); and under Chilperic I sometime around

7488-401: The inheritance, the younger sons of the Capetian kings received an appanage , which is a feudal territory under the suzerainty of the king. Feudal law allowed the transmission of fiefs to daughters in default of sons, which was also the case for the early appanages. Whether feudal law also applied to the French throne, no one knew, until 1316. For a remarkably long period, from the inception of

7592-403: The legal definition of this word, although it is generally accepted to refer to lands in the royal fisc . Only several hundred years later, under the direct Capetian kings of France and their English contemporaries who held lands in France, did Salic law become a rationale for enforcing or debating succession. Shakespeare says that Charles VI rejected Henry V 's claim to the French throne on

7696-524: The library, but there is also evidence that he read the books he bought for it, a much rarer event in the royal annals. Francis set an important precedent by opening his library to scholars from around the world in order to facilitate the diffusion of knowledge. In 1537, Francis signed the Ordonnance de Montpellier , which decreed that his library be given a copy of every book to be sold in France. Francis' older sister, Marguerite , Queen of Navarre ,

7800-478: The longevity of her own branch ; any existing senior female lines come behind that of the closest female. From the Middle Ages, another system of succession, known as cognatic male primogeniture, actually fulfills apparent stipulations of the original Salic law; succession is allowed also through female lines, but excludes the females themselves in favour of their sons. For example, a grandfather, without sons,

7904-436: The male line, including collateral agnate branches, for example very distant cousins. Chief forms are agnatic seniority and agnatic primogeniture . The latter, which has been the most usual, means succession going to the eldest son of the monarch; if the monarch had no sons, the throne would pass to the nearest male relative in the male line. Concerning the inheritance of land, Salic law said: But of Salic land no portion of

8008-501: The manuscripts into five families according to similarity and relative chronological sequence, judged by content and dateable material in the text. Family I is the oldest, containing four manuscripts dated to the eighth and ninth centuries, but containing 65 titles believed to be copies of originals published in the sixth century. In addition, they feature the Malbergse Glossen , " Malberg Glosses ", marginal glosses stating

8112-776: The mid-1520s, Pope Clement VII wished to liberate Italy from foreign domination, especially that of Charles, so he allied with Venice to form the League of Cognac . Francis joined the League in May 1526, in the War of the League of Cognac of 1526–30. Francis' allies proved weak, and the war was ended by the Treaty of Cambrai (1529; "the Peace of the Ladies", negotiated by Francis’ mother and Charles’ aunt). The two princes were released, and Francis married Eleanor. On 24 July 1534, Francis, inspired by

8216-542: The native court word for some Latin words. These are named from native malbergo , "language of the court". Kern's Family II, represented by two manuscripts, is the same as Family I, except that it contains "interpolations or numerous additions, which point to a later period". Family III is split into two divisions. The first, comprising three manuscripts, dated to the eighth–ninth centuries, presents an expanded text of 99 or 100 titles. The Malberg Glosses are retained. The second division, with four manuscripts, not only drops

8320-472: The new movement, despite burning several heretics at the Place Maubert in 1523. He was influenced by his beloved sister Marguerite de Navarre , who was genuinely attracted by Luther's theology. Francis even considered it politically useful, as it caused many German princes to turn against his enemy Charles V. Francis' attitude towards Protestantism changed for the worse following the " Affair of

8424-541: The portion of the Italian Wars called the War of the League of Cambrai (1508–1516) and, more specifically, to the final stage of that war, which history refers to simply as "Francis' First Italian War" (1515–1516), when Francis routed the combined forces of the Papal States and the Old Swiss Confederacy at Marignano on 13–15 September 1515. This grand victory at Marignano allowed Francis to capture

8528-632: The recommendation of humanist Guillaume Budé . Students at the Collège could study Greek , Hebrew and Aramaic , then Arabic under Guillaume Postel beginning in 1539. In 1539, in his castle in Villers-Cotterêts , Francis signed the important edict known as Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts , which, among other reforms, made French the administrative language of the kingdom as a replacement for Latin . This same edict required priests to register births, marriages, and deaths, and to establish

8632-582: The relief of the kingdom, but the infant lived for only a few days. Philip saw his chance and broke the agreement with the Duke of Burgundy by having himself anointed at Reims in January 1317 as Philip V of France . Agnes of France , daughter of Louis IX , mother of the Duke of Burgundy, and maternal grandmother of the Princess Joan, considered it a usurpation and demanded an assembly of the peers, which Philip V accepted. An assembly of prelates, lords,

8736-456: The residence of his official mistress, Anne, Duchess of Étampes . Although the Italian Wars (1494–1559) came to dominate the reign of Francis I, which he constantly participated in at the forefront as le Roi-Chevalier, the wars were not the sole focus of his policies. He merely continued the wars that he succeeded from his predecessors and that his heir and successor on the throne, Henry II of France , would inherit after Francis' death. Indeed,

8840-431: The rival heirs. The Carolingians did likewise, but they also possessed the imperial dignity, which was indivisible and passed to only one person at a time. Primogeniture, or the preference for the eldest line in the transmission of inheritance, eventually emerged in France, under the Capetian kings. The early Capetians had only one heir, the eldest son, whom they crowned during their lifetimes . Instead of an equal portion of

8944-646: The same law code, which retained the overall title of Lex Salica . These integrated sections borrowed from other Germanic codes are the Lex Ribuariorum , later Lex Ribuaria , laws adopted from the Ripuarian Franks , who, before Clovis, had been independent. The Lex Alamannorum took laws from the Alamanni , then subject to the Franks. Under the Franks, they were governed by Frankish law, not their own. The inclusion of some of their law as part of

9048-417: The sister of Emperor Charles V . The couple had no children. During his reign, Francis kept two official mistresses at court, and he was the first king to officially give the title of " maîtresse-en-titre " to his favorite mistress. The first was Françoise de Foix , Countess of Châteaubriant . In 1526, she was replaced by the blonde-haired, cultured Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly , Duchess of Étampes, who, with

9152-710: The spread of "the Holy Catholic faith." French trade with East Asia was initiated during the reign of Francis I with the help of shipowner Jean Ango . In July 1527, a French Norman trading ship from the city of Rouen is recorded by the Portuguese João de Barros as having arrived in the Indian city of Diu . In 1529, Jean Parmentier , on board the Sacre and the Pensée , reached Sumatra . Upon its return,

9256-626: The support of Henry VIII of England at the Field of the Cloth of Gold . When this was unsuccessful, he formed a Franco-Ottoman alliance with the Muslim sultan Suleiman the Magnificent , a controversial move for a Christian king at the time. Francis of Orléans was born on 12 September 1494 at the Château de Cognac in the town of Cognac , which at that time lay in the province of Saintonge ,

9360-1128: The throne. He was crowned King of France in the Cathedral of Reims on 25 January 1515, with Claude as his queen consort . As Francis was receiving his education, ideas emerging from the Italian Renaissance were influential in France. Some of his tutors, such as François de Moulins de Rochefort  [ fr ] (his Latin instructor, who later during the reign of Francis was named Grand Aumônier de France ) and Christophe de Longueil (a Brabantian humanist), were attracted by these new ways of thinking and attempted to influence Francis. His academic education had been in arithmetic , geography, grammar, history, reading, spelling, and writing and he became proficient in Hebrew , Italian , Latin and Spanish . Francis came to learn chivalry, dancing, and music, and he loved archery, falconry, horseback riding, hunting, jousting, real tennis and wrestling. He ended up reading philosophy and theology and he

9464-602: The tombs of other French kings and members of the royal family, were desecrated on 20 October 1793 during the Reign of Terror at the height of the French Revolution . Francis I has a poor reputation in France—his 500th anniversary was little noted in 1994. Popular and scholarly historical memory ignores his building of so many fine chateaux, his stunning art collection, and his lavish patronage of scholars and artists. He

9568-535: The work of his predecessors on the Château d'Amboise and also started renovations on the Château de Blois . Early in his reign, he began construction of the magnificent Château de Chambord , inspired by the architectural styles of the Italian Renaissance, and perhaps even designed by Leonardo da Vinci. Francis rebuilt the Louvre Palace , transforming it from a medieval fortress into

9672-419: The year 570, the law was actually amended to permit inheritance of land by a daughter if a man had no surviving sons (This amendment, depending on how it is applied and interpreted, offers the basis for either Semi-Salic succession or male-preferred primogeniture , or both). The wording of the law, as well as common usage in those days and centuries afterwards, seems to support an interpretation that inheritance

9776-728: Was also colloquially known as the Grand Colas or Bonhomme Colas . For his personal involvement in battles, he was known as le Roi-Chevalier ('the Knight-King') or le Roi-Guerrier ('the Warrior-King'). British historian Glenn Richardson considers Francis a success: On 18 May 1514, Francis married his second cousin Claude , the daughter of King Louis XII and Duchess Anne of Brittany . The couple had seven children: On 4 July 1530, Francis I married his second wife Eleanor of Austria , Queen (widow) of Portugal and

9880-532: Was an accomplished writer who produced the classic collection of short stories known as the Heptameron . Francis corresponded with the abbess and philosopher Claude de Bectoz , of whose letters he was so fond that he would carry them around and show them to the ladies of his court. Together with his sister, he visited her in Tarascon . Francis poured vast amounts of money into new structures. He continued

9984-467: Was by a jury of peers . The civil law establishes that an individual person is legally unprotected if he or she does not belong to a family . The rights of family members were defined; for example, the equal division of land among all living male heirs, in contrast to primogeniture . One tenet of the civil law is agnatic succession , explicitly excluding females from the inheritance of a throne or fief . Indeed, "Salic law" has often been used simply as

10088-456: Was censored and leading Protestant reformers such as John Calvin were forced into exile. The persecutions soon numbered thousands of dead and tens of thousands of homeless. Persecutions against Protestants were codified in the Edict of Fontainebleau (1540) issued by Francis. Major acts of violence continued, as when Francis ordered the extirpation of one of the historical pre-Lutheran groups,

10192-475: Was fascinated with art, literature, poetry and science. His mother, who had a high admiration for Italian Renaissance art , passed this interest on to her son. Although Francis did not receive a humanist education, he was more influenced by humanism than any previous French king. By the time he ascended the throne in 1515, the Renaissance had arrived in France, and Francis became an enthusiastic patron of

10296-607: Was freed on 17 March. An ultimatum from Ottoman Sultan Suleiman to Charles additionally played a role in his release. Francis was forced to surrender any claims to Naples and Milan in Italy. Francis was forced to recognised the independence of the Duchy of Burgundy, which had been part of France since the death of Charles the Bold in 1477. And finally, Francis was betrothed to Charles' sister Eleanor. Francis returned to France in exchange for his two sons, Francis and Henry, Duke of Orléans,

10400-595: Was limited to the succession to the crown of France. Prior to the Valois succession, Capetian kings granted appanages to their younger sons and brothers, which could pass to male and female heirs. The appanages given to the Valois princes, though, in imitation of the succession law of the monarchy that gave them, limited their transmission to males. Another Capetian lineage, the Montfort of Brittany , claimed male succession in

10504-440: Was originally named Franciscopolis after the king who founded it, but this name did not survive into later reigns. In 1524, Francis assisted the citizens of Lyon in financing the expedition of Giovanni da Verrazzano to North America. On this expedition, Verrazzano visited the present site of New York City , naming it New Angoulême , and claimed Newfoundland for the French crown. Verrazzano's letter to Francis of 8 July 1524

10608-643: Was regulated by Salic law. The British and the Hanoverian thrones separated after the death of King William IV of the United Kingdom and of Hanover in 1837 because Hanover practiced quasi-Salic law, unlike Britain. King William's niece, Victoria , ascended to the British throne, but the Hanover throne went to William's brother Ernest, Duke of Cumberland . Salic law was also an important issue in

10712-492: Was supposedly invented on the spot to feed the captive king after the battle. Francis was held captive morbidly in Madrid. In a letter to his mother, he wrote, "Of all things, nothing remains to me but honour and life, which is safe." This line has come down in history famously as "All is lost save honour." Francis was compelled to make major concessions to Charles in the Treaty of Madrid (1526) , signed on 14 January, before he

10816-437: Was vested with the title of Duke of Valois . In 1505, Louis XII, having fallen ill, ordered his daughter Claude and Francis to be married immediately, but only through an assembly of nobles were the two engaged. Claude was heir presumptive to the Duchy of Brittany through her mother, Anne of Brittany . Following Anne's death, the marriage took place on 18 May 1514. On 1 January 1515, Louis died, and Francis inherited

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