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39-520: Pidie Regency has a long and storied history, with archaeological evidence suggesting human habitation in the area dating back thousands of years. Pidie Regency also has a rich historical background, with its history intertwined with the broader history of the Aceh region. The area has been influenced by various kingdoms and colonial powers over the centuries. It was once part of the Sultanate of Aceh , which

78-523: A blockade, but they used their income to support the resistance. During this time, many Acehan politicians sought aid from the Ottoman Empire. Their efforts were futile, but they did serve to inspire resistance movements across south-east Asia. Local resistance in northern Sumatra then passed to the local lords and potentates, and then to the religious leaders. However, an adviser of the sultan, Abd al-Rahman al-Zahir, soon returned to take command of

117-582: A commercial spy to gather information about Portuguese spice trade in the East Indies. While they were gone, another Dutch merchant, Jan Huygen van Linschoten , returned to Amsterdam after spending almost nine years in Goa . He brought back extensive information about the region including crucial details on navigation and the spice trade. The merchants determined that Bantam provided the best opportunity to buy spices. On 2 April 1595, four ships left Amsterdam:

156-403: A new leader, Tuanku Ibrahim , was able to restore some authority to the sultanate and gain control over the "pepper rajas " who were nominal vassals of the sultan by playing them off against each other. He rose to power during the sultanate of his brother, Muhammad Syah , and was able to dominate the reign of his successor Sulaiman Syah (r. 1838–1857), before taking the sultanate himself, under

195-461: A separate king or governor and all the local rulers maintain themselves independently and do not pay tribute to any higher authority." As a result of these internal conflicts and the resurgence of Johor, Aceh transitioned from being the head of the Malay world to focusing inward, adopting a more prominent Acehnese identity. In 1699 Sultan Badr al-alam Syarif Hasyim Jamal ad-din ascended to the throne,

234-551: Is divided administratively into twenty-three districts ( kecamatan ), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages ( gampong ) in each district, and its post code. 4°40′00″N 96°00′00″E  /  4.66667°N 96°E  / 4.66667; 96 Sultanate of Aceh The Sultanate of Aceh , officially

273-582: The Mauritius , Amsterdam , Hollandia , and the Duifje . The voyage was beset with trouble from the beginning. Scurvy broke out after only a few weeks, due to insufficient provisions. At Madagascar , where a brief stop was planned, seventy-one people had to be buried. The 71 of the 248 sailors had died, most of scurvy. The Madagascan bay where they were anchored is now known as the Dutch cemetery. After

312-579: The Gold Coast and equal trading rights in northern Aceh. The treaty was tantamount to a declaration of war on Aceh, and the Aceh War followed soon after in 1873, with the Dutch making the unfounded excuses that Aceh was sponsoring piracy and preparing to conclude a treaty with the United States . As the Dutch prepared for war, Mahmud Syah (1870–1874) appealed for international help, but no one

351-455: The Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam ( Acehnese : Keurajeuën Acèh Darussalam ; Jawoë : اچيه دارالسلام ‎), was a sultanate centered in the modern-day Indonesian province of Aceh . It was a major regional power in the 16th and 17th centuries, before experiencing a long period of decline. Its capital was Kutaraja , the present-day Banda Aceh . At its peak it was a formidable enemy of

390-604: The Sultan of Banten, who promptly entered into an optimistic treaty with the Dutch, writing "We are well content to have a permanent league of alliance and friendship with His Highness the Prince Maurice of Nassau, of the Netherlands and with you, gentlemen." The local Portuguese traders became very suspicious when De Houtman did not buy any black pepper, and wanted to wait on the next harvest. Unfortunately, De Houtman

429-583: The first Dutch expedition to the East Indies . Although the voyage was difficult and yielded only a modest profit, Houtman showed that the Portuguese monopoly on the spice trade was vulnerable. A flurry of Dutch trading voyages followed, eventually leading to the displacement of the Portuguese and the establishment of a Dutch monopoly on spice trading in the East Indies. Cornelis de Houtman

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468-646: The Dutch would fully take over the spice trade in and around the Indian Ocean. On his second trip to the East in 1599, for a different company, De Houtman and his troops arrived in Aceh . The Sultan accepted him peacefully until de Houtman insulted him. He had already clashed with the Banten Sultanate in northwest Java before his arrival in Aceh, and, feeling arrogant, escalated the situation by challenging

507-467: The Hikayat Aceh and Mahfuzat-i-Timuri with Akbarnama manuscript. Aceh gained wealth from its export of pepper, nutmeg , cloves , betel nuts , and also tin once it conquered Pahang in 1617. Low-interest rates and the use of gold currency strengthened its economy. Aceh tended somehow to be fragile economically, however, because of the difficulty in providing enough surplus food to support

546-621: The Indian Nuruddin ar-Raniri . It is also through the Russian linguist, Vladimir Braginskiĭ, that the Hikayat Aceh from were influenced by Mughal dynasty historiography, as he found out the literal structure similarities of Hikayat Aceh with Mahfuzat-i-Timuri , as the former shared similar themes with the latter about the lifetime and exploits of the protagonist, Timur . Braginskiĭ also found similarities in structure of both

585-790: The Sultanate of Johor and Portuguese -controlled Malacca , both on the Malay Peninsula , as all three attempted to control the trade through the Strait of Malacca and the regional exports of pepper and tin with fluctuating success. In addition to its considerable military strength, the court of Aceh became a noted center of Islamic scholarship and trade. The sultanate was founded by Ali Mughayat Syah , who began campaigns to extend his control over northern Sumatra in 1520. His conquests included Deli , Pedir, and Pasai , and he attacked Aru . His son Alauddin al-Kahar (d. 1571) extended

624-409: The country in 1884, but it quickly slowed and suffered from popular criticism. Dutch armies were finally able to make progress between 1898 and 1903, with each local potentate in occupied territories being forced to sign "The Short Declaration", a pledge of allegiance to the Dutch colonial overlords. Because of their co-operation, the Dutch were able to establish a fairly stable government in Aceh and get

663-472: The death of one of the skippers, quarrels broke out among the captains and traders, one was imprisoned on board and locked up in his cabin. In June 1596, the ships finally arrived at Banten , a northwestern port at Java . Jan Huyghen van Linschoten had told them not to pass through the Malacca Strait , which was controlled by the Portuguese, but through Sunda Strait . De Houtman was introduced to

702-469: The domains farther south into Sumatra, but was less successful in his attempts to gain a foothold across the strait, though he made several attacks on both Johor and Malacca, with the support along with men and firearms from Suleiman the Magnificent 's Ottoman Empire . The Ottoman Empire sent a relief force of 15 Xebecs commanded by Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis . Aceh formed the northern tip of Sumatra at

741-535: The first Kapitan Cina of Penang , had good contacts with the English-and-French-speaking sultan of Aceh, Jauhar al-Alam . The sultan allowed Koh to gather pepper plants in Aceh to begin pepper cultivation in Penang. Later, about 1819, Koh helped Sultan Jauhar al-Alam put down a rebellion by Acehnese territorial chiefs. In the 1820s, as Aceh produced over half the world's supply of pepper,

780-594: The first Islamic state in Southeast Asia, and succeeded the role of Islamic missionary work of Malacca after it was conquered by the Catholic Portuguese . It was called the "porch of Mecca ", and became a center of Islamic scholarship, where the Qur'an and other Islamic texts were translated into Malay . Its notable scholars included Hamzah Fansuri , Syamsuddin of Pasai , Abdurrauf of Singkil , and

819-568: The first male to rule in almost 60 years. He was succeeded by several short-lived rulers, and in 1727 a member of the Buginese dynasty, Sultan Ala ad-din Ahmad Shah took power. The coming to power of a Bugis dynasty strengthened Acehnese identity in-contrast to the Bugis of Johor, which emphasized their connections to Malay culture. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Koh Lay Huan  –

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858-514: The independence movement, fell out with the revolutionary leaders, and promptly agreed to surrender himself to the Dutch in exchange for a lifetime pension in Mecca. The Dutch, now hounded by locals and cholera alike, fortified their coastal positions and began a slow siege of the entire country, conducted by General van Pel. The capital, in particular, was surrounded by forts connected by railways. The Dutch made another serious attempt to finally pacify

897-518: The island's king. They managed to obtain a few pots of peppercorns on 26 February 1597. Two of the crewmembers stayed on the island. At Bawean one of the ships, the Amsterdam was purposely set on fire, and the crew divided over the other three ships. When the sailors had enough of the exhausting voyage, it was decided not to go to the Moluccas and return to Holland. That evening another one of

936-511: The military and commercial adventures of the state. As Aceh lost political cohesion in the 17th century, it saw its trading importance yielded to the Dutch East India Company , who became the dominant military and economic power in the region following the successful siege of Malacca in 1641. Cornelis de Houtman Cornelis de Houtman (2 April 1565 – 11 September 1599) was a Dutch merchant seaman who commanded

975-575: The party was subsequently attacked by the local warlord with the loss of 68 dead and captured. After they arrived, they were permitted by the sultan to purchase pepper, during the same year as representatives of the English East India Company under the command of James Lancaster . He returned in 1602 bearing a letter from English queen Elizabeth I . The tenth sultan from 1589 to 1604 was Alauddin Ri'ayat Shah . Internal dissension in

1014-475: The publication of a series of maps that appeared to show the route to the East Indies. These charts were provided by noted Dutch cartographer, Petrus Plancius , who indicated he had obtained them from Spain's royal cosmographer, Bartolomeo de Lasso. That same year, Pauw sent Houtman to Lisbon along with his brother Frederick. It is unclear whether Houtman had legitimate business in Portugal or went primarily as

1053-553: The regency is known for its rich artistic traditions and spiritual practices. Festivals and cultural events are celebrated throughout the year, showcasing the region's unique heritage. The economy of Pidie Regency is largely based on agriculture, with rice, corn, coffee, and other crops being significant contributors to the local economy. Fishing and livestock farming are also important economic activities. In recent years, efforts have been made to improve infrastructure and boost local industries to support economic development. The regency

1092-436: The reign of Sultan Iskandar Thani, Aceh was ruled by a series of female sultana. Aceh's previous policy of taking hostages from conquered kingdoms' population made them eager to seek independence, the results were Aceh's control weakened while regional rulers gained effective power. The sultan ultimately became a largely symbolic title. By the 1680s, a Persian visitor could describe a northern Sumatra where "every corner shelters

1131-494: The skippers died. De Houtman was accused of poisoning him. Portuguese ships prevented them from taking on water and supplies at Saint Helena . Out of the 249 men crew, only 87 returned, too weak to moor their ships themselves. Though the trip was a humanitarian disaster and financially probably just broke even, it was a symbolic victory. It may be regarded as the start of the Dutch colonisation of Indonesia. Within five years, 65 more Dutch ships had sailed east to trade. Soon,

1170-580: The southeast corner of the Bay of Bengal . Ships from the Bengal Sultanate transported diplomats from Sumatra and Brunei to Ming China . On 21 June 1599 a Dutch captain, Cornelius de Houtman , arrived at "Acheen" aboard the Lioness as the first of three planned voyages to the East Indies . The crew stayed for three months acquiring pepper and other spices. British crew member John Davis claims

1209-432: The sultan to surrender in 1903. After his exile in 1907, no successor was named, but the resistance continued to fight for some time, until 1912. During the reign of Iskandar Muda (c.1538–1636), state centralization was carried out. This was done by removing or exterminating the present nobility and creating new ones that were friendly to the state. Besides this, the policy carried out the division of plots of land within

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1248-409: The sultanate by mukim (similar to Christian parishes subdivisions), each of these mukims would be headed by an uleebalang (leader) who was responsible for security. Some regions of Aceh, especially of the western-producing pepper regions, were controlled by appointed panglima (governors) whose duty was to report on events and were rotated every three years. Aceh saw itself as heir to Pasai ,

1287-577: The sultanate prevented another powerful sultan from appearing until 1607 when his grandson Iskandar Muda came to the position. He extended the sultanate's control over most of Sumatra. He also conquered Pahang , a tin -producing region of the Malay Peninsula, and was able to force the sultans of Johor to recognise his overlordship, if temporarily. During his reign, he created a code of laws known as Adat Meukuta Alam (Adat meaning "customs", or "customary rules"). The strength of his formidable fleet

1326-551: The title Sultan Ali Alauddin Mansur Syah (1857–1870). He extended Aceh's effective control southward at just the time when the Dutch were consolidating their holdings northward. Britain, heretofore guarding the independence of Aceh to keep it out of Dutch hands, re-evaluated its policy and concluded the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of Sumatra , which allowed for Dutch control throughout Sumatra in exchange for concessions in

1365-481: Was an important Islamic kingdom in the region. During the Dutch colonial period , Pidie was integrated into the broader colonial administration of Aceh. Historical sites and landmarks can be found in most of the regency, reflecting its diverse past. The population of Pidie Regency is predominantly of Acehnese descent, with a strong Islamic heritage. Traditional customs and ceremonies are an integral part of daily life, and

1404-521: Was born in 1565 in Gouda, South Holland . His father, Pieter de Houtman, was a brewer. Cornelis had a younger brother, Frederick de Houtman , born in 1571 and two sisters. In 1592, Houtman's wealthy cousin, Reynier Pauw, and several other prosperous merchants in Amsterdam formed a company, Compagnie van Verre , to finance a Dutch trading expedition to the East Indies. Their initial inspiration had been

1443-528: Was brought to an end with a disastrous campaign against Malacca in 1629 when the combined Portuguese and Johor forces managed to destroy all his ships and 19,000 troops according to Portuguese account. Aceh's forces were not destroyed, however, as Aceh was able to conquer Kedah within the same year and taking many of its citizens to Aceh. The sultan's son-in-law, Iskandar Thani , former prince of Pahang later became his successor. During his reign, Aceh focused on internal consolidation and religious unity. After

1482-431: Was undiplomatic and insulting to the sultan, and was turned away for "rude behaviour", without being able to buy spices at all. The ships then sailed east to Madura , but were attacked by pirates on the way. In Madura, they were received peacefully, but De Houtman ordered his men to brutally attack and rape the civilian population in revenge for the unrelated earlier piracy. The ships then sailed for Bali , and met with

1521-470: Was willing or able to assist. In early 1874 the sultan abandoned the capital after the palace was captured on 31 January, withdrawing to the hills, while the Dutch announced the annexation of Aceh. He would die of cholera , as did many combatants on both sides, but the Acehnese proclaimed a grandson of Tuanku Ibrahim sultan. The local rulers of Acehnese ports nominally submitted to Dutch authority to avoid

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