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52-461: It is set to merge into Saint-Denis on 1 January 2025, following a vote of both municipal councils on 30 May 2024. The new commune will be the second most populated in Île-de-France after Paris. In December 2005, Pierrefitte became Europe's first "Mediation Town". The town is served by Pierrefitte – Stains railway station on line D of the RER regional suburban rail network. The south of

104-544: A luxurious Roman villa called the Domus of Vesunna , built round a garden courtyard surrounded by a colonnaded peristyle enriched with bold tectonic frescoing, has been handsomely protected in a modern glass-and-steel structure that is a fine example of archaeological museum-making (see external link). Lyon , the capital of Roman Gaul, is now the site of the Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon (rue Céberg), associated with

156-459: A major city named Saint Denis, located in the fictional American state of Lemoyne. The fictional city was based on New Orleans , and both share a history of being former French territories. [REDACTED] Media related to Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis) at Wikimedia Commons Gallo-Roman Gallo-Roman culture was a consequence of the Romanization of Gauls under the rule of

208-588: A senior high school/sixth-form college in Stains . Paris 8 University and Paris 13 University serve area students. Pierrefitte was where comedian and filmmaker Kheiron was raised, and the setting for his award-winning film All Three of Us . Pierrefitte is twinned with This Seine-Saint-Denis geographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis Saint-Denis ( / ˌ s æ̃ d ə ˈ n iː / , French: [sɛ̃d(ə)ni] )

260-482: A small chapel erected on Denis' tomb, which by then had become a popular destination for pilgrims. It was this chapel that Dagobert I had rebuilt and turned into a royal monastery. Dagobert granted many privileges to the monastery: independence from the bishop of Paris, the right to hold a market , and, most importantly, he was buried in Saint-Denis; a tradition which was followed by almost all his successors. During

312-422: Is a commune in the northern suburbs of Paris, France . It is located 9.4 km (5.8 mi) from the centre of Paris . Saint-Denis is the second most populated suburb of Paris (after Boulogne-Billancourt ), with a population of 113,116 at the 2020 census. It is a subprefecture ( French : sous-préfecture ) of the department of Seine-Saint-Denis , being the seat of the arrondissement of Saint-Denis . It

364-586: Is also part of the Métropole du Grand Paris . Saint-Denis is home to the royal necropolis of the Basilica of Saint-Denis and was also the location of the associated abbey . The commune is also home to France's national football and rugby stadium, the Stade de France , which was built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup . The stadium also hosted the rugby and athletics events, along with the closing ceremony , for

416-526: The numen of Augustus , came to play a prominent role in public religion in Gaul, most dramatically at the pan-Gaulish ceremony venerating Rome and Augustus at the Condate Altar, near Lugdunum , annually on 1 August. Gregory of Tours recorded the tradition that after the persecution under the co-emperors Decius and Gratus (250–251), the future Pope Felix I sent seven missionaries to re-establish

468-584: The 2022 UEFA Champions League Final , in which fans of visiting football team Liverpool F.C. were attacked by police before the game and by groups of local youths after the game, with the chaos becoming an issue in the 2022 French legislative election . Saint-Denis has 29 public preschools/nursery schools ( écoles maternelles ). Saint-Denis has 30 public elementary schools ( écoles élémentaires ), with one of those schools (École Élémentaire Maria Casarès) being an intercommunal school. Saint-Denis has eight public junior high schools ( collèges ). Saint-Denis has

520-457: The 2024 Summer Olympics . The athletics events & closing ceremony for the 2024 Summer Paralympics were also held at the stadium. Saint-Denis is a formerly industrial suburb currently changing its economic base. It is set to become the second most populated commune in Île-de-France after Paris on 1 January 2025 upon the absorption of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine to its north, following a vote of both municipal councils on 30 May 2024. Until

572-621: The Alans . The Gaulish language is thought to have survived into the 6th century in France, despite considerable Romanization of the local material culture. The last record of spoken Gaulish deemed to be plausibly credible was when Gregory of Tours wrote in the 6th century (c. 560–575) that a shrine in Auvergne which "is called Vasso Galatae in the Gallic tongue" was destroyed and burnt to

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624-594: The Aquitanian language , which may have been the parent language of Basque , and parts of the coast near Marseille spoke Ligurian with some Greek-speaking colonies on the Mediterranean coast, notably including Massilia . In the northeastern zone of Belgica , there may have been some presence of Germanic languages , but that is disputed. During the late empire, there was some settlement in Gaul by tribes speaking Germanic or Eastern Iranian languages , such as

676-740: The Crisis of the Third Century , from 260 to 274, Gaul was subject to Alamannic raids during a civil war. In reaction to local problems, the Gallo-Romans appointed their own emperor, Postumus . The rule over Gaul, Britannia and Hispania by Postumus and his successors is usually called the Gallic Empire although it was just one set of many usurpers who took over parts of the Roman Empire and tried to become emperor. The capital

728-571: The Franks , would develop into Merovingian culture instead. Roman life, centered on the public events and cultural responsibilities of urban life in the res publica and the sometimes luxurious life of the self-sufficient rural villa system, took longer to collapse in the Gallo-Roman regions, where the Visigoths largely inherited the status quo in 418. The Gallo-Roman language persisted in

780-587: The Gallo-Italic languages and the Rhaeto-Romance languages . Latin epigraphy in Gaul has peculiarities such as the occasional variant ⟨ Ꟶ ⟩ instead of ⟨H⟩ . Roman culture introduced a new phase of anthropomorphized sculpture to the Gaulish community, synthesized with Celtic traditions of refined metalworking, a rich body of urbane Gallo-Roman silver developed, which

832-655: The Gallo-Romance dialects which include French and its closest relatives. The influence of substrate languages may be seen in graffiti showing sound changes that matched changes that had occurred earlier in the indigenous languages, especially Gaulish. The Vulgar Latin in the North of Gaul evolved into the langues d'oïl and Franco-Provencal , and the dialects in the South evolved into the modern Occitan and Catalan tongues. Other languages held to be Gallo-Romance include

884-600: The Middle Ages , because of the privileges granted by Dagobert, Saint-Denis grew to become very important. Merchants from all over Europe (and indeed from the Byzantine Empire ) came to visit its market. In 1140, Abbot Suger , counselor to the King, granted further privileges to the citizens of Saint-Denis. He also started the work of enlarging the Basilica of Saint Denis that still exists today, often cited as

936-489: The Rhaeto-Romance languages , Occitano-Romance languages and Gallo-Italic languages . Gaul was divided by Roman administration into three provinces, which were subdivided during the later 3rd-century reorganization under Diocletian , and divided between two dioceses, Galliae and Viennensis, under the Praetorian prefecture of Galliae. On the local level, it was composed of civitates , which preserved, broadly speaking,

988-537: The Roman Empire . It was characterized by the Gaulish adoption or adaptation of Roman culture, language, morals and way of life in a uniquely Gaulish context. The well-studied meld of cultures in Gaul gives historians a model against which to compare and contrast parallel developments of Romanization in other less-studied Roman provinces . Interpretatio romana offered Roman names for Gaulish deities such as

1040-721: The Vandal and Gothic interlopers. Other bishops drew the faithful to radical asceticism. Bishops often took on the duties of civil administrators after the contraction of the Roman imperial administration during the barbarian invasions of the 5th century by helping fund building projects and even acting as arbiters of justice in the local community. Miracles attributed to both kinds of bishops, as well as holy men and women, attracted cult veneration , sometimes very soon after their death. A great number of locally venerated Gallo-Roman and Merovingian saints arose from 400 to 750. The identification of

1092-717: The 1920s, the city had acquired the nickname of la ville rouge , the red city. Until Jacques Doriot in 1934, all mayors of Saint-Denis were members of the Communist Party . During the Second World War , after the defeat of France , Saint-Denis was occupied by the Germans on 13 June 1940. There were several acts of sabotage and strikes , most notably on 14 April 1942 at the Hotchkiss factory. After an insurgency which started on 18 August 1944, Saint-Denis

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1144-507: The 3rd century, Saint-Denis was a small settlement called Catolacus or Catulliacum , probably meaning "estate of Catullius", a Gallo-Roman landowner. About 250 AD, the first bishop of Paris , Saint Denis , was martyred on Montmartre hill and buried in Catolacus . Shortly after 250 AD, his grave became a shrine and a pilgrimage centre, with the building of the Abbey of Saint Denis , and

1196-545: The Gallic nations to participate in Roman magistracy. The request having been accepted, the Gauls decided to engrave the imperial speech on bronze. In Metz , once an important town of Gaul , the Golden Courtyard Museums displays a rich collection of Gallo-Roman finds and the vestiges of Gallo-Roman baths, revealed by the extension works to the museums in the 1930s. In Martigny , Valais , Switzerland, at

1248-570: The bishop and the civil prefect, who operated largely in harmony within the late-imperial administration. Some of the communities had origins that predated the 3rd-century persecutions. The personal charisma of the bishop set the tone, as 5th-century allegiances for pagans and Christians switched from institutions to individuals. Most Gallo-Roman bishops were drawn from the highest levels of society as appropriate non-military civil roads to advancement dwindled, and they represented themselves as bulwarks of high literary standards and Roman traditions against

1300-488: The boundaries of the formerly-independent Gaulish tribes, which had been organised in large part on village structures, which retained some features in the Roman civic formulas that overlaid them. Over the course of the Roman period, an ever-increasing proportion of Gauls gained Roman citizenship . In 212, the Constitutio Antoniniana extended citizenship to all free-born men in the Roman Empire. During

1352-421: The broken and scattered Christian communities: Gatien to Tours, Trophimus to Arles, Paul to Narbonne, Saturninus to Toulouse, Denis to Paris, Martial to Limoges and Austromoine to Clermont . In the 5th and the 6th centuries, Gallo-Roman Christian communities still consisted of independent churches in urban sites, each governed by a bishop . Christians experienced loyalties that were divided between

1404-563: The commune, where the National Archives of France relocated in 2013, is also served by Saint-Denis – Université station on Paris Métro Line 13 . This station lies on the border between the communes of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine and Saint-Denis . Primary and secondary schools in the commune include: Collège intercommunal Lucie-Aubrac in Villetaneuse also serves Pierrefitte students, as does Lycée Polyvalent Maurice-Utrillo ,

1456-572: The convent and also renovated the buildings of the royal abbey. During the French Revolution, not only was the city renamed "Franciade" from 1793 to 1803, but the royal necropolis was looted and destroyed. The remains were removed from the tombs and thrown together; during the French Restoration , since they could not be sorted out anymore, they were reburied in a common ossuary . The last king to be interred in Saint-Denis

1508-582: The diocesan administration with the secular community, which took place during the 5th century in Italy, can best be traced in the Gallo-Roman culture of Gaul in the career of Caesarius , bishop and Metropolitan of Arles from 503 to 543. (Wallace-Hadrill). Before the Roman incursion, most of Gaul spoke Celtic dialects that are now considered to be the Gaulish language with considerable variation . The south-western region that would later become Gascony spoke

1560-728: The extension of the metro to Saint-Denis-Université. The stadium is used by the national football and rugby teams for friendly matches. The Coupe de France , Coupe de la Ligue and Top 14 final matches are held there, as well as the Meeting Areva international athletics event. Since 2000, Saint-Denis has worked with seven neighbouring communes ( Aubervilliers , Villetaneuse , Pierrefitte-sur-Seine , Épinay-sur-Seine , L'Île-Saint-Denis (since 2003), Stains (since 2003), and La Courneuve (since 2005)) in Plaine Commune . In 2003, together with Paris, Saint-Denis hosted

1612-660: The first example of high early Gothic Architecture . The new church was consecrated in 1144. Saint-Denis was depopulated in the Hundred Years' War ; of its 10,000 citizens, only 3,000 remained after the war. During the French Wars of Religion , the Battle of Saint-Denis was fought between Catholics and Protestants on 10 November 1567. The Protestants were defeated, but the Catholic commander Anne de Montmorency

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1664-469: The following senior high schools/sixth-form colleges: Lycée Bartholdi , Lycée Paul Éluard , Lycée Suger , and Lycée d’application de l’E.N.N.A. Saint-Denis has one private elementary, middle, and high school ( Ensemble Scolaire Jean-Baptiste de la Salle-Notre Dame de la Compassion ) and one private middle and high school ( Collège et lycée Saint-Vincent-de-Paul ). Saint-Denis is twinned with: The 2018 video game Red Dead Redemption 2 features

1716-471: The ground. Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the Vulgar Latin dialects that developed into French, with effects including loanwords and calques (including oui , the word for "yes"), sound changes, and influences in conjugation and word order. The Vulgar Latin in the region of Gallia took on a distinctly local character, some of which is attested in graffiti, which evolved into

1768-711: The highest rate of violent crime in France with 1,899 violent robberies and 1,031 assaults (an average of six robberies and three assaults per day) To fight insecurity and delinquency, the Minister of Public Safety Jean-Marc Ayrault increased national police force in the Basilica district and the Landy Nord, classifying them as a Priority Security Zone 'ZSP' since 2012. In 2014, a total of 14,437 crimes were reported for 110,000 inhabitants. Saint-Denis made international headlines for violent disorder before and after

1820-413: The highly-Romanized governing class is examined by R.W. Mathisen, the struggles of bishop Hilary of Arles by M. Heinzelmann. Into the 7th century, Gallo-Roman culture would persist particularly in the areas of Gallia Narbonensis that developed into Occitania , Cisalpine Gaul , Orléanais , and to a lesser degree, Gallia Aquitania . The formerly-Romanized northern Gaul, once it had been occupied by

1872-780: The north-western part of La Chapelle-Saint-Denis. During the 19th century, Saint-Denis became increasingly industrialised. Transport was much improved: in 1824 the Canal Saint-Denis was constructed, linking the Canal de l'Ourcq in the northeast of Paris to the River Seine at the level of L'Île-Saint-Denis , and in 1843 the first railway reached Saint-Denis. By the end of the century, there were 80 factories in Saint-Denis. The presence of so many industries also gave rise to an important socialist movement . In 1892, Saint-Denis elected its first socialist administration, and by

1924-813: The northeast into the Silva Carbonaria , which formed an effective cultural barrier with the Franks to the north and the east, and in the northwest to the lower valley of the Loire , where Gallo-Roman culture interfaced with Frankish culture in a city like Tours and in the person of that Gallo-Roman bishop confronted with Merovingian royals, Gregory of Tours . Based upon mutual intelligibility , David Dalby counts seven languages descended from Gallo-Romance: Gallo-Wallon , French , Franco-Provençal (Arpitan), Romansh , Ladin , Friulian , and Lombard . However, other definitions are far broader, variously encompassing

1976-513: The opening game. Inhabitants of Saint-Denis are called Dionysiens in French. An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. An immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants. As of 2008 18.1% of

2028-671: The population of Saint-Denis was Maghrebian. Melissa K. Brynes, author of French Like Us? Municipal Policies and North African Migrants in the Parisian Banlieues, 1945–1975 , wrote that in the middle of the 20th century, "few of [the Paris-area communes with North African populations] were as engaged with their migrant communities as the Dionysiens." Saint-Denis is served by Metro , RER , tram , and Transilien connections. The Saint-Denis rail station, built in 1846,

2080-637: The remains of the theater and odeon of Roman Lugdunum . Visitors are offered a clear picture of the daily life, economic conditions, institutions, beliefs, monuments and artistic achievements of the first four centuries of the Christian era . The "Claudius Tablet" in the Museum transcribes a speech given before the Senate by the Emperor Claudius in 48, in which he requests the right for the heads of

2132-564: The second European Social Forum . On 13–14 November 2015, Saint-Denis was the main location of a series of mass shootings and hostage-takings just outside the Stade de France. On 18 November, a major follow-up raid occurred. Several suspects were killed, including alleged mastermind Abdelhamid Abaaoud . In 2016, Saint-Denis was one of the host cities of the UEFA European Football Championships, including

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2184-600: The settlement was renamed Saint-Denis. In 1793, during the French Revolution , under the dictatorship of Robespierre, Saint-Denis was renamed Franciade in a gesture of rejection of religion. In 1803, however, under the Consulate of Napoléon Bonaparte , the city reverted to its former name of Saint-Denis. During its history, Saint-Denis has been closely associated with the French royal house. Starting from Dagobert I (c. 603–639), almost every French king

2236-496: The smith-god Gobannus , but of the Celtic deities, only the horse-patroness Epona penetrated Romanized cultures beyond the confines of Gaul. The barbarian invasions began in the late 3rd century and forced upon Gallo-Roman culture fundamental changes in politics, economic underpinning and military organization. The Gothic settlement of 418 offered a double loyalty, as Western Roman authority disintegrated at Rome. The plight of

2288-734: The three Gauls were bound together in a network of Roman roads , which linked cities. Via Domitia (laid out in 118 BC), reached from Nîmes to the Pyrenees , where it joined the Via Augusta at the Col de Panissars . Via Aquitania reached from Narbonne , where it connected to the Via Domitia, to the Atlantic Ocean through Toulouse to Bordeaux . Via Scarponensis connected Trier to Lyon through Metz . At Périgueux , France,

2340-541: The upheavals of the 3rd and the 5th centuries motivated hiding away in hoards , which have protected some pieces of Gallo-Roman silver, from villas and temple sites, from the universal destruction of precious metalwork in circulation. The exhibition of Gallo-Roman silver highlighted specifically Gallo-Roman silver from the treasures found at Chaourse (Aisne), Mâcon (Saône et Loire), Graincourt-lès-Havrincourt (Pas de Calais), Notre-Dame d'Allençon (Maine-et-Loire) and Rethel (Ardennes, found in 1980). The two most Romanized of

2392-404: Was Louis XVIII (1755 – 1824). After France became a republic and an empire , Saint-Denis lost its association with royalty. On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes. On that occasion, the commune of La Chapelle-Saint-Denis was disbanded and divided between the city of Paris, Saint-Denis, Saint-Ouen , and Aubervilliers . Saint-Denis received

2444-416: Was Trier , which was used as the northern capital of the Roman Empire by many emperors. The Gallic Empire ended when Aurelian decisively defeated Tetricus I at Chalons. The pre-Christian religious practices of Roman Gaul were characterized by syncretism of Graeco-Roman deities with their native Celtic , Basque or Germanic counterparts, many of which were of strictly local significance. Assimilation

2496-415: Was buried in the Basilica. However, Saint-Denis is older than that. In the 2nd century, there was a Gallo-Roman village named Catolacus on the location that Saint-Denis occupies today. Saint Denis , the first bishop of Paris and patron saint of France, was martyred in about 250 AD and buried in the cemetery of Catolacus. Denis' tomb quickly became a place of worship. Around 475 AD, Sainte Geneviève had

2548-481: Was eased by interpreting indigenous gods in Roman terms , such as with Lenus Mars or Apollo Grannus . Otherwise, a Roman god might be paired with a native goddess, as with Mercury and Rosmerta . In at least one case, that of the equine goddess Epona , a native Gallic goddess was also adopted by Rome. Eastern mystery religions penetrated Gaul early on, which included the cults of Orpheus , Mithras , Cybele and Isis . The imperial cult , centred primarily on

2600-557: Was formerly the only one in Saint-Denis, but today serves as an interchange station for the Transilien Paris – Nord (Line H) suburban rail line and RER line D . The French rail company SNCF is also based in the town. Paris Métro Line 12 : Paris Métro Line 13 : Tramways in Île-de-France : Regional Rail: Saint-Denis has a comparatively higher crime rate than most surroundings communes , with higher rates of robbery, drugs offences and murder. In 2010 Saint-Denis had

2652-517: Was killed. In 1590, the city surrendered to Henry IV , who converted to Catholicism in 1593 in the abbey of Saint-Denis. King Louis XIV (1638–1715) started several industries in Saint-Denis: weaving and spinning mills and dyehouses. His successor, Louis XV (1710–1774), whose daughter was a nun in the Carmelite convent , took a lively interest in the city: he added a chapel to

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2704-452: Was liberated by the 2nd Armored Division (France) on 27 August 1944. After the war, the economic crisis of the 1970s and 1980s hit the city, which was strongly dependent on its heavy industry. During the 1990s, however, the city started to grow again. The 1998 FIFA World Cup provided an enormous impulse; the main stadium for the tournament, the Stade de France , was built in Saint-Denis, along with many infrastructural improvements, such as

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