Pilcaniyeu is a village and municipality in Río Negro Province in Argentina . It is located 65 km from the city of Bariloche .
107-774: On November 30, 2015, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner led the ceremony for the opening of a uranium-enrichment plant in the village. The climate is arid, cold and windy, with comparatively wetter winters. This article about a place in Río Negro Province , Argentina is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 41°08′S 70°40′W / 41.133°S 70.667°W / -41.133; -70.667 Cristina Fern%C3%A1ndez de Kirchner Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner ( Spanish: [kɾisˈtina eˈlisaβet feɾˈnandes ðe ˈkiɾʃneɾ] ; née Fernández ; born 19 February 1953), often referred to by her initials CFK ,
214-588: A Peronist and a progressive , with her political approach called Kirchnerism . Since 2024, she has been the president of the Justicialist Party , the main opposition party to the government of Javier Milei . Born in La Plata , Buenos Aires Province, she studied law at the University of La Plata , and moved to Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz , with her husband Néstor Kirchner upon graduation. She
321-484: A few months after he had been appointed. He was replaced by Argentina's tax agency chief Carlos Rafael Fernández . As an alternative to increasing taxes, and facing debt payments the following year, the government nationalized private pension funds , known as " Administradoras de Fondos de Jubilaciones y Pensiones " (AFJP). The amount of money involved in this operation was nearly 30 billion dollars, and debt obligations were nearly 24 billion dollars. The nationalization
428-526: A new cacerolazo on 18 April, known as the 18A . Prosecutor Alberto Nisman , who worked on the investigation of the 1994 Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association) AMIA bombing , accused Fernández de Kirchner of engaging in a criminal, cover-up conspiracy to cover up the attack. He was found dead in his home the day before he was to explain his denunciation in Congress. Argentine law enforcement concluded that Nisman's death
535-498: A new sliding-scale taxation system for agricultural exports, so that rates fluctuated with international prices. This would effectively raise levies on soybean exports from 35% to 44% at the time of the announcement. This new taxation scheme, proposed by Minister Martín Lousteau , led to a nationwide lockout by farming associations , with the aim of forcing the government to back down on new tax system. They were joined on 25 March by thousands of pot-banging demonstrators massed around
642-756: A non-partisan economist close to both the UCR and Federal Peronism, as his running-mate on 2 June. De Narváez withdrew his endorsement of Alfonsín in favor of Rodríguez Saá following the 14 August primaries, though he continued his campaign for Governor of Buenos Aires with Alfonsín's endorsement. Alfonsín's support was strongest among those age 45 to 59 (14.6%), and weakest among young voters (5.3%). Binner endorsed GEN leader Margarita Stolbizer for Governor of Buenos Aires following his break with Alfonsín, and formally announced his Broad Progressive Front candidacy on 11 June; he nominated Córdoba Senator Norma Morandini as his running mate. His alliance with Pino Solanas
749-699: A poor showing in the 14 August primaries, where she obtained 3%. Numerous other candidates, or potential candidates, dropped out in May 2011, notably Buenos Aires Mayor Mauricio Macri , who instead sought a second term as mayor, and left-wing film maker Fernando Solanas (who ran unsuccessfully for the same post). Solanas nominated Congresswoman Alcira Argumedo as Proyecto Sur 's candidate for president on 22 June. The 14 August primary effectively ended Argumedo's campaign, as well as those of Neighbors' Action Movement (MAV) candidate Sergio Pastore, and People's Countryside Party (PCP) candidate José Bonacci; neither had reached
856-740: A provider of ephedrine to the Sinaloa Cartel . In 2015, Martín Lanatta and José Luis Salerno, convicted for the killings, claimed that Aníbal Fernández was the boss of a mafia ring that ordered those killings to secure the illegal traffic of ephedrine. Fernández denied the charges, maintaining that it was a set up to undermine his chances in the 2015 general election. General illegal drug trade grew in Argentina during Kirchnerism, and saw Mexican and Colombian syndicates working with Peruvian and Bolivian smugglers. Conviction rates for money laundering were almost nonexistent. Mariano Federici, head of
963-554: A result, she made a name for herself as a troublemaker. She was removed from the PJ bloc in the Congress in 1997 for misconduct. She resigned her senatorial seat that year and ran for national deputy in the 1997 midterm elections instead. Menem ended his term of office in 1999 and was replaced by Fernando de la Rúa . Fernández de Kirchner took part in a commission to investigate money laundering with fellow legislator Elisa Carrió , and got into conflicts with her. She ran again for senator in
1070-425: A result. The country had good relations with other South American nations, and strained relations with the western bloc as part of the regional political movement known as pink tide . She also continued her husband's human rights policies, and had a rocky relationship with the press . Néstor Kirchner died in 2010, and she was re-elected for a second term in 2011. She won the 2011 general election with 54.11% of
1177-463: A single vote. The most voted candidate of parties gaining 1.5% or higher of the valid votes will be allowed to run in the main elections. The president and vice-president were chosen directly in a two-round system election. Candidates who obtained less than 1.5% during the preliminary round on 14 August were excluded from the general election on 23 October. Early results on election night awarded incumbent president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of
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#17327837950901284-527: Is D'Hondt method . Early projections suggested that President Cristina Kirchner's FpV would increase their representation in the Lower House from 87 seats (out of 257), to around 116; the presence of an estimated ten allies would put them three votes shy of an absolute majority. Eight districts ( Buenos Aires Province , Formosa , Jujuy , La Rioja , Misiones , San Juan , San Luis and Santa Cruz ) also elected three National Senators each (two for
1391-471: Is an Argentine lawyer and politician who served as President of Argentina from 2007 to 2015 and later as Vice President of Argentina from 2019 to 2023 under President Alberto Fernández , as well as the first lady of Argentina during the tenure of her husband, Néstor Kirchner , from 2003 to 2007. She was the second female president of Argentina (after Isabel Perón ) and the first elected female president of Argentina. Ideologically, she identifies herself as
1498-461: Is controversial, with the government's reported poverty rate being questioned by some experts. According to a 2017 UNICEF report, the cash transfers reduced extreme poverty by 30.8% and general poverty by 5.6%. Fernández de Kirchner was reelected in 2011, along with Amado Boudou as vice president and the Front for Victory regained control over both chambers of Congress. Hernán Lorenzino became
1605-585: The 2001 midterm elections . Néstor Kirchner was elected president in 2003, and she became the First Lady . Under these circumstances, she sought a lower profile in Congress. Her husband had a political dispute with the previous president, Eduardo Duhalde . Their dispute continued during the 2005 midterm elections . Without consensus in the PJ for a single candidate for senator of the Buenos Aires province, both leaders had their respective wives run for
1712-529: The Buenos Aires Obelisk and the presidential palace . These demonstrations were followed by others at locations across the country that included road blockades and food shortages. The protests were highly polarizing. The government argued that the new taxes would allow for a better redistribution of wealth and keep down the food prices. It also claimed the farmers were staging a coup d'état against Fernández de Kirchner. Farmers argued that
1819-526: The Front for Victory (FPV) a second, four-year term. Winning in the City of Buenos Aires and every province except San Luis (won by Federal Commitment candidate Alberto Rodríguez Saá ), she became the first candidate to obtain an absolute majority of the popular vote (54%) since Raúl Alfonsín in 1983, and upon completion of ballot processing, the margin of victory (37.1%) exceeded Juan Perón 's record 36% margin obtained in 1973. Fernández de Kirchner became
1926-538: The Front for Victory won in a landslide , with 54% of the vote, securing a second term in office. The Front for Victory won just over half of the seats in the National Congress . As of 2023 , this marked the last time the vice president-elect was not a woman. Mercosur Parliamentarians were also popularly elected for the first time. Another novelty was the introduction of open, simultaneous and mandatory primaries. These took place 14 August 2011 to select
2033-746: The International Press Institute , compared the harassment against the press in Argentina with cases in Venezuela and Ecuador. He considered it unfortunate that the president disparaged journalism, and pointed that the freedom of the press may be declining in Argentina. The 2009 midterm elections took place a year after the crisis with the farmers. The Kirchners were highly unpopular at the time, and people rejected their policies and governing style. The growing rates of inflation and crime also eroded their public support. Seeking to reverse their declining popularity, Néstor Kirchner led
2140-460: The June 2009 mid-term elections . The economy, and her approval ratings, recovered steadily during 2010, however, and the 2011 electoral season began with Fernández de Kirchner's job approval at around 58 percent, with polling indicating that she would likely be reelected in the first round. She avoided committing herself to running for a second term during the early months of 2011. Two days before
2247-598: The National University of La Plata . She studied psychology for a year, then dropped it and studied law instead. She met fellow student Néstor Kirchner in 1973. He introduced her to political debates. There were heated political controversies at the time caused by the decline of the Argentine Revolution military government, the return of the former president Juan Perón from exile, the election of Héctor Cámpora as president of Argentina, and
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#17327837950902354-614: The PSA . The Civic and Social Agreement was an alliance between the UCR and most of what became the Progressive Ample Front and the Civic Coalition, with other, minor allies. This coalition proved unwieldy as the 2011 campaign progressed, however, though various forms of it will be retained in certain provinces for strategic purposes. The Front for Victory (FPV) candidate for the Justicialist Party primaries
2461-457: The nationalization of YPF . One month later, negotiations with hedge funds failed, and American judge Thomas Griesa issued an order that Argentina had to pay to all creditors and not just those who had accepted a reduced payment as outlined in the Argentine debt restructuring plan. Kicillof refused to agree that the country had fallen into a sovereign default . When Argentina devalued
2568-409: The provincial legislature of Santa Cruz in 1989. The Justicialist Party (PJ), led by Carlos Menem , returned to the presidency in the 1989 general elections . She served as interim governor of Santa Cruz for a couple of days, after the impeachment of Ricardo del Val in 1990. She organized Néstor's political campaign when he was elected governor of Santa Cruz in 1991. In 1994, she was elected to
2675-456: The 23 June deadline, however, she announced her decision to run for reelection. She nominated the nation's Economy Minister , Amado Boudou , as her running mate on 25 June. Their ticket won a landslide victory in the 14 August primaries, obtaining just over 50% and besting the runner-up (Alfonsín) by nearly 38%; they won in the City of Buenos Aires and in every province except San Luis (won by Rodríguez Saá). Support for Fernández de Kirchner
2782-682: The Argentine police during the joint operation, and asked for the return of the seized materials. She blamed the whole country for the 2014 default, ruled by US judge Thomas P. Griesa . She said in a cadena nacional ("national network") address that the US may be trying to oust her from power, or even assassinate her. She said this a few days after accusing the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant of similar assassination plans against her. The idea
2889-625: The Constitution to allow indefinite reelections. She did not publicly support the proposal but did not discourage or reject it either. The proposal was not taken to the Congress, as the FPV still lacked the required two-thirds majority to approve an amendment bill. It was rejected by many sectors of society. The first big demonstration (a cacerolazo ) took place in September 2012 . It was not called by specific politicians or social leaders, but by
2996-580: The Dirty War. Forced disappearances were common at the time, but unlike other lawyers the Kirchners never signed a habeas corpus . Julio César Strassera , prosecutor in the 1985 Trial of the Juntas against the military, criticized the Kirchners' lack of legal actions against the military, and considered their later interest in the issue a form of hypocrisy. Cristina Kirchner was elected deputy for
3103-538: The Financial Information Unit, said that the "magnitude of the threat is very serious, and this would never have been possible without collaboration from government officials in this country". Amado Boudou, who served as minister of economy during Fernández de Kirchner's first term and vice president during the second, was suspected of corruption in 2012 case. The Ciccone Calcografica printing company filed for bankruptcy in 2010, but this request
3210-400: The PJ. Their marriage has been compared with those of Juan and Eva Perón and Bill and Hillary Clinton . Media observers suspected that Mr. Kirchner stepped down as president to circumvent the term limit, swapping roles with his wife. When Néstor Kirchner refused to run for re-election in 2007 and proposed his wife instead, it was rumored that they could alternate in the presidency for
3317-461: The bill, attended by 235,000 people, and the other in support of the bill, attended by 100,000 people. Farmers had announced that they would continue their demonstrations if the bill was approved without amendments. Senator Emilio Rached from Santiago del Estero cast the vote that resulted in a 36–36 tie. In the case of a tie, the vice president, who also serves as president of the Senate but without
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3424-476: The broad age groups, voters 30 to 44 were the most supportive (19.3%). The leader of the centrist Civic Coalition , Elisa Carrió , reversed her earlier intention to opt out of the 2011 race, and following the departure of her Civic Coalition from the Civic and Social Agreement formed in 2009 with the UCR, she announced her candidacy for president on 12 December 2010. Carrió withdrew her presidential bid following
3531-718: The campaign. Fernández de Kirchner was part of the " pink tide ", a group of populist, left-wing presidents who ruled several Latin American countries in the 2000s. This group included, among others, Néstor and Cristina Kirchner in Argentina, Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff in Brazil, Evo Morales in Bolivia and Rafael Correa in Ecuador. She has been an unconditional supporter of Chávez and Maduro. As Paraguay rejected
3638-543: The candidates for deputy in the Congress, favoring members of the Cámpora. The elections took place on 23 October. She was re-elected with 54% of the vote, followed by socialist Hermes Binner , 37 points behind her. The opposition was divided between several candidates and the perceived economic prosperity prevailed over voter's concerns about corruption and cronyism. It was the largest victory percentage in national elections since 1983. The Peronist party also won eight of
3745-580: The candidates of each political party or coalition . The nation's myriad parties forged seven coalitions, of which five became contenders for a possible runoff election: Other coalitions of note include the Workers' Left Front , led by Jorge Altamira , and Proyecto Sur , led by Pino Solanas ; the latter left the Socialist Party-led coalition and instead formed an alliance with the MST and
3852-454: The case was closed in January 2016, after Fernández de Kirchner left the presidency. Hilario Bacca, a confirmed son of disappeared guerrillas, appealed a judicial ruling that sought to change his name, asking to keep the name he had been using. Football broadcasting was nationalized on the program Fútbol para todos and then filled with pro-government advertisements. On the other hand,
3959-420: The case were explained by businessman Carlos Kauffmann and lawyer Moisés Maiónica, who pleaded guilty. The FPV financing of the 2007 elections caused another scandal years later. Three pharmaceutical businessmen, Sebastián Forza, Damián Ferrón, and Leopoldo Bina, were found dead in 2008, a case known as the "Triple Crime" . Further investigation of Forza, who contributed $ 200,000 to the campaign, identified him as
4066-471: The city of El Calafate , belong to the Kirchners. An official investigation into the events related by the "route of the K-Money" case was launched in 2013. In June 2023, the judicial case looking into possible wrongdoing by Fernández de Kirchner was dismissed after the prosecution failed to produce evidence that she had been involved with any embezzled funds. The Fernández de Kirchner presidency continued
4173-616: The claims of the defendants in the case for the never-ratified memorandum with Iran, in October 2021, the Federal Oral Court 8 declared the case null and void . The judges concluded that there was no crime in the signing of the agreement with Iran, and declared a judicial dismissal of Cristina Kirchner and the other defendants. In December 2022, she was sentenced to six years in prison and a lifetime ban from holding public office for corruption, and has stated her intention to appeal
4280-932: The coalition primaries; he dropped out in April as well. The UCR and the Socialist Party (partners in the Civic and Social Agreement) parted ways in May 2011, with Alfonsín and Santa Fe Governor Hermes Binner running on separate slates for the primaries in August, and likely in the general election, as well. Alfonsín secured an alliance with Federal Peronist candidate Francisco de Narváez in Buenos Aires Province , De Narváez ran for governor with his senior partner's endorsement in return for his support for Alfonsín's presidential campaign. Alfonsín nominated former Central Bank President Javier González Fraga ,
4387-474: The collapse of the Radical Civic Union in 2001. Instead, Massa created an alternative party that also stood for Peronism. However, the party still retained a simple majority in Congress. This election was the first one where teenagers from 16 to 18 could vote. President Fernández de Kirchner, who had undergone brain surgery some weeks before, was hospitalized during the election and unable to join
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4494-613: The constituent assembly that amended the Constitution of Argentina . She was elected national senator in the 1995 general elections . She opposed some bills proposed by Menem, such as a treaty with Chilean president Patricio Aylwin that benefited Chile in a dispute over the Argentina–Chile border . The Minister of Defense Oscar Camilión was questioned in Congress about the Argentine arms trafficking scandal ; Kirchner told him that he had to resign, which he refused to do. As
4601-551: The constitution and allow indefinite reelections, but lacked the supermajority required for it. A victory at the 2013 midterm elections would have given such majority, but the party was defeated in most provinces. Sergio Massa , a former cabinet minister of the Kirchners, won in the Buenos Aires Province by nearly 10 points with his new party, the Renewal Front . Argentina lacked a big opposition party since
4708-418: The countries and called them " economic terrorists ". According to The Economist , the Kirchners returned Argentina to " economic nationalism and near- autarky ". In 2002, Eduardo Duhalde fixed the prices for public services such as electricity, gas and water supply. These remained fixed during the terms of Duhalde and Néstor and Cristina Kirchner, despite the crisis that motivated them having ended. As
4815-533: The country's largest selling newspaper Clarín , published by the Clarín Group , is not aligned with the government. The Fernández de Kirchner government launched an illegal campaign against Clarín Group, which included over 450 legal and administrative acts of harassment, as reported by the Global Editors Network . One of those actions was a selective use of state advertising, to benefit
4922-499: The demonstration was attended by 400,000 people. Several high-profile cases took place during the Fernández de Kirchner administration. The first involved the detention of Venezuelan-American businessman Antonini Wilson in an airport after being found with a suitcase filled with $ 800,000. This money was illegally provided by Petróleos de Venezuela, the state oil company, to be used for her 2007 general election campaign. Details of
5029-582: The early stages of the Dirty War . She became influenced by Peronism , left-wing politics , and anti-imperialism . Despite the presence of sympathizers of the Montoneros guerrillas in La Plata, the Kirchners had never been involved themselves. Cristina and Néstor married in a civil ceremony on 9 May 1975. Her mother got them administrative jobs at her union. The 1976 Argentine coup d'état took place
5136-662: The first Federal Peronist to drop out, while Solá boosted his own prospects by securing an alliance with the conservative Republican Proposal (PRO) on 16 May. Duhalde narrowly defeated Rodríguez Saá in a Buenos Aires Federal Peronism primary held on 22 May, though both men remained front-runners for their party's nomination. Ultimately, each ran on separate Federal Peronist tickets. Duhalde formally announced his Popular Union candidacy on 9 June, nominating Das Neves as his running mate. Rodríguez Saá, in turn, nominated former Santa Fe Governor José María Vernet as his running mate on his Federal Commitment ticket. Solá, who struggled in
5243-483: The first time. The selections anticipated the continuation of the policies implemented by Néstor Kirchner. She began a four-year term on 10 December 2007, facing challenges including: inflation, poor public security, international credibility, a faulty energy infrastructure, and protests from the agricultural sectors over an increase of nearly 30% on export taxes. Fernández de Kirchner was the second female president of Argentina, after Isabel Perón but, unlike Perón, she
5350-588: The first woman re-elected as head of state in Latin American history. All 23 provinces and the city of Buenos Aires held elections to renew half of the Chamber of Deputies (lower house). Each province and the autonomous city elects a number of at-large representatives on a party list system roughly proportional to their population, and no province is allotted fewer than five Deputies. The system used to know how many deputies per party in each district
5457-412: The following year. Cristina proposed to move to Río Gallegos , Néstor's home city, but he delayed their departure until his graduation on 3 July 1976. Cristina had not yet graduated when they moved to Río Gallegos and completed the remaining subjects with distance education . There have been claims made that she never graduated, and that she may have worked as a lawyer without having a degree. This idea
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#17327837950905564-443: The general election through another political alliance. Former President Eduardo Duhalde was the first to informally start his pre-candidacy campaign, announcing hypothetical cabinet picks as early as December 2009. The Governors of Chubut , Mario Das Neves , and of San Luis , Alberto Rodríguez Saá , as well as former Governor of Buenos Aires Province Felipe Solá , also stated their intention to run for president. Das Neves became
5671-582: The grounds that the Central Bank was independent. Redrado resigned one month later and was replaced by Mercedes Marcó del Pont . In an attempt to combat poverty, the government introduced in 2009 the Universal Child Allowance , a cash transfer program to parents who are unemployed or in the informal economy . It was later expanded to cover other disadvantaged groups. The extent to which Kirchner's policies have lowered poverty
5778-519: The high taxes made cultivation unviable. The activist Luis D'Elía interrupted one of the demonstrations leading stick-wielding pro-government supporters, who attacked the participants. Minister Lousteau resigned during the crisis, and the Peronist governors opted to negotiate on their own with the farmers, ignoring her approach. Her public image plummeted to its lowest level since the election in October 2007. After four months of conflict and having
5885-520: The incorporation of Venezuela into the Mercosur trade bloc, she took advantage of the impeachment of Fernando Lugo to claim that Paraguay had suffered a coup d'état and proposed to temporarily remove the country from the bloc. With the support of the other presidents, Paraguay was removed for a time, and Venezuela was incorporated into the Mercosur. She maintained her support of Venezuela even during
5992-450: The inflation rate grew during the period, the state financed part of these prices with subsidies . Investment in these areas decreased, and the generation and distribution networks suffered. Argentina lost its self-supply of energy, and had to import it, rather than being able to export surpluses. She proposed a fiscal austerity program in early 2012, including the gradual removal of subsidies. The proposal turned out to be unpopular, and
6099-631: The judges Norberto Oyarbide, Ariel Lijo, Sergio Torres, and Claudio Bonadio all ruled that she has a degree. Néstor established a law firm that Cristina joined in 1979. The firm worked for banks and financial groups that filed eviction lawsuits, which had a growing rate at the time because the 1050 ruling of the Central Bank had increased the interest rates for mortgage loans . The Kirchners acquired twenty-one land lots at cheap prices as they were about to be auctioned. Their law firm defended military personnel accused of committing crimes during
6206-500: The large 2014 Venezuela protests and the imprisonment of its leader, Leopoldo López . She had a rocky relationship with the United States. Several items from a US Air Force plane, such as drugs and GPS devices, were seized by Argentine officials, which caused a diplomatic crisis . US State Department spokesman Philip J. Crowley said that they were standard tools used in counter-terrorism tactics which were being taught to
6313-427: The law that were not related to Clarín Group. Clarín Group launched a constitutional challenge against some articles of the law with the judiciary. The government released an anti-Clarín advertisement claiming it refused to obey the law and may be subverting democracy. The conflict led to disputes with the judiciary. Minister Julio Alak said that extending an injunction that allowed Clarín Group to keep its assets during
6420-538: The leftist guerrillas in the northern Argentine provinces, received a life sentence as well. Another related investigation involved the fate of the children of captured pregnant guerrillas, who were given up for adoption by the military junta. An estimated 500 children were involved. The investigation became controversial during the Fernández de Kirchner administration, as those involved had become adults and some of them refused to participate in DNA testing . One of those cases
6527-434: The list for deputy candidates at the Buenos Aires province. He was narrowly defeated by Francisco de Narváez , who led a Peronist faction opposed to the Kirchners. The Kirchners lost the majority of Congress as a result of the election. The Front for Victory recovered the majority in both chambers of the Congress during the 2011 presidential elections, when she was re-elected for a second term. The party had projects to amend
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#17327837950906634-483: The majority in both houses of the Argentine Congress , the president introduced the new taxation bill. However, many legislators gave priority to the local agendas of their provinces as their economies depended heavily on agriculture. Many FPV legislators, such as Rubén Marín , opposed the bill. Marín argued: "For us, agriculture is the economy". There were two demonstrations the day of the vote: one against
6741-411: The media aligned with the government. The government tried to enforce a controversial media law that would see Clarín Group lose licenses and be forced to sell most of its assets. The law was initially sanctioned as a competition law for the media, but critics pointed out that it was only being used to further the campaign against Clarín Group. The government had little interest in enforcing measures of
6848-431: The money abroad to tax havens, using shell companies. Given the amounts of money involved, the money was weighed instead of counted to determine the value. Federico Elaskar, owner of the firm, confirmed Fariña's claims in another televised interview. Both of them retracted their statements after the program was aired, but prosecutor José María Campagnoli confirmed their links with Báez. Báez denied any wrongdoing. Campagnoli
6955-452: The most voted party or coalition, one for the second most voted party or coalition), to renew a third of the upper house. The opposition fared better in the Senate, which remained nearly unchanged; the upper house would continue divided between the FpV with a majority of 40 seats (out of 72), and the UCR (around 16) and others with the remainder. The departure of Vice President Julio Cobos of
7062-440: The national government had prevented the city from taking out international loans, which would have been used for infrastructure improvements. A week later, Fernández de Kirchner announced a proposed amendment of the Argentine judiciary. Three bills were controversial: the first proposed to limit injunctions against the state; the second would include people selected in national elections on the body that appoints or removes judges;
7169-572: The new minister of economy. The government established currency controls that limited the power to buy or sell foreign currencies, especially American dollars. Many Argentines kept their savings in dollars as a hedge against inflation. The government believed the controls were required to prevent the capital flight and tax evasion. They initiated a period of fiscal reform , which included several tax increases, limits to wage increases, but increases in protectionism and reorganization of state-owned enterprises. Hugo Moyano , main union leader, who
7276-617: The next 12 years to circumvent the constitutional limit of two consecutive terms. This scenario would have had Cristina standing down in favor of Néstor in 2011, and Néstor would in turn hand the FPV candidacy back to Cristina in 2015. The death of Néstor Kirchner in 2010 derailed such a plan. She had a low positive image, below 30%. On 21 June 2011, she announced that she would run for a second term as president. A few days later, she announced that her economic minister Amado Boudou would run for vice president on her ticket. She personally chose most of
7383-468: The nine elections for governor held that day, increased their number of senators, and obtained the majority in the chamber of deputies, including the number of legislators needed for quorum . They had lost that majority in the 2009 elections. She invited children on stage during the celebrations, and Vice President Amado Boudou played an electric guitar. As she had in 2007, she gave a conciliatory speech. When she first took office, Cristina Kirchner replaced
7490-430: The office: Hilda González de Duhalde for the PJ, and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner for the Front for Victory . She won the election. The presidential election was held on 28 October 2007. With Fernández de Kirchner leading all the pre-election polls by a wide margin, her challengers focused on forcing her into a ballotage . To win in a single round, a presidential candidate in Argentina needs either more than 45% of
7597-405: The peso in January 2014, Kicillof placed blame on the exchange-market speculation by Juan José Aranguren , chief of Royal Dutch Shell in Argentina; later in the year, when the peso was at its lowest ever position in relation to the dollar, he blamed " vulture funds " from the United States. At the 2014 United Nations conference, she accused the " vulture funds " of destabilizing the economy of
7704-545: The polarization was because the government and its supporters thought they were engaged in a revolution, and this justified being against freedom of the press and other public rights. Cabinet Chief Juan Manuel Abal Medina said the demonstrators belonged to a class that was against social justice and compared the demonstrations to a coup d'état . A similar view was held by Fernández de Kirchner's loyalists. Buenos Aires and La Plata suffered floods in April, resulting in more than 70 deaths. Mayor Mauricio Macri pointed out that
7811-439: The polls, withdrew on 11 June, encouraging local candidates in his fold to form alliances with Duhalde and the party's candidate for Buenos Aires Governor, Francisco de Narváez . De Narváez later endorsed Rodríguez Saá. Support for Duhalde was strongest among the working class (14.2%) and weakest among young voters (3.9%). Rodríguez Saá polled best among upper middle class voters (14%) and those age 30 to 44 (11.9%); worst among
7918-406: The poor. The center-left Radical Civic Union had scheduled primaries for 28 April. Both Ricardo Alfonsín , son of the late former President Raúl Alfonsín , and current party leader Ernesto Sanz started pre-candidacy campaigns; Sanz, however, dropped out on 28 April. Vice President Julio Cobos , considered a likely UCR primary candidate, had stated his intention to run only in August, during
8025-522: The previous minister of economy, Miguel Gustavo Peirano , who had been appointed by her husband as former president. Peirano was succeeded by Martín Lousteau in December 2007. He served as the first of several ministers of economy under her presidency. The attempt to increase taxes on agricultural exports caused a conflict with the agricultural sector and protests broke out . As a result, taxes were not increased, and Lousteau resigned by April 2008, only
8132-441: The protest. A larger demonstration, the 8N , took place two months later. It was attended by nearly half a million people. They protested a variety of issues such as those of the previous demonstration, as well as the growing rate of inflation and the corruption scandals. She promised to keep her policies unchanged, and Senator Aníbal Fernández dismissed the significance of the demonstrations. Journalist Jorge Lanata explained
8239-457: The public using social networks . The massive turnout was completely unexpected by both the government and the opposition. People also protested the 2012 Buenos Aires rail disaster , the conflict between Kirchnerism and the media , rising crime rates, and the tight currency controls . She dismissed the demonstration and said that she would continue working as before. Most of the Fernández de Kirchner loyalists, however, preferred simply to ignore
8346-650: The requisite 1.5% threshold needed to advance to the general election. The candidate for the Workers' Left Front (FIT), Jorge Altamira , fared unexpectedly well and advanced to the general election. Altamira polled best among the poor (7.9%) and among the upper middle class (5.4%). Numerous consulting firms conducted polling throughout the campaign, whereby respondents chose from a number of declared or potential first-round candidates. * Withdrew A poll conducted by Mora y Araujo for Ipsos on 28 September revealed favourability and unfavourability ratings for six of
8453-461: The right to vote, is required to cast the tie-breaking vote. Julio Cobos voted against the bill, which was then rejected, saying that: "My vote is not in favor, my vote is against". Despite the chilly relations between Cobos and Cristina Kirchner since that event, he completed his term as vice president. Fernández de Kirchner was reelected in 2011. The Constitution of Argentina allows only one reelection. Many of her supporters proposed an amendment to
8560-479: The route of the K-Money ", to imply that former president Néstor Kirchner and then-president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner were involved. Businessman Leonardo Fariña said in a television interview that he helped businessman Lázaro Báez to divert money from public works, and take it to a financial firm located in the Madero Center luxury hotel. This firm, informally known as "La Rosadita", would have sent
8667-481: The rural poor, while Carrió and Lavagna both received more support from the urban middle class. She lost the election in the large cities of Buenos Aires and Rosario . On 14 November, the president-elect announced the names of her new cabinet, which was sworn in on 10 December. Of the twelve ministers appointed, seven had been ministers in Néstor Kirchner's government, while the other five took office for
8774-470: The seven candidates appearing on the general election ballot. Open primary elections for the Presidency were held nationwide on 14 August. With this system, all parties run primary elections in a same general elections. All parties must take part in it, both the parties with internal factions and parties with a single candidate list. Citizens may vote for any candidate of any party, but may only cast
8881-490: The third would create a new court that would limit the number of cases heard by the Supreme Court. The opposition considered the bills an attempt to control the judiciary. The 2013 season of the investigative journalism program Periodismo para todos revealed an ongoing case of political corruption involving Néstor Kirchner, called " The Route of the K-Money ", which generated a huge political controversy. This led to
8988-439: The treason accusation was later dropped, while other charges related to Nisman's accusation remained. In 2018, she was also indicted for corruption over allegations that her administration had accepted bribes in exchange for public works contracts. In September 2020, the federal criminal cassation court confirmed the corruption trials of Fernández de Kirchner, ruling the former president's objections inadmissible. After analyzing
9095-437: The trial would be an insurrection, and it was rumored that judges who did not rule as the government wished might face impeachment. The court extended the injunction. She claims that journalistic objectivity does not exist, and that all journalists act on behalf of certain interests. She also justified the lack of press conferences , arguing that it is not important for her administration. Anthony Mills, deputy director of
9202-489: The trials of military personnel involved in the Dirty War started by her husband. There have been more than 500 people sentenced, and 1,000 convicted, in a process that was unprecedented in Latin America. De facto president Jorge Rafael Videla , who was convicted and given a life sentence in 1985 and pardoned years later, received a new life sentence in 2010. General Luciano Benjamín Menéndez , who waged war against
9309-714: The verdict. Cristina Fernández was born on 19 February 1953 in Tolosa, a suburb of La Plata , capital of the Buenos Aires Province . She is the daughter of Eduardo Fernández and Ofelia Esther Wilhelm. Eduardo was a bus driver and an anti-Peronist, and Ofelia was a Peronist union leader and a single mother. Fernández married her and moved into her house when Cristina was two years old. Most details about her childhood such as her elementary school are unknown. She attended high school at Popular Mercantil and Misericordia schools. Three of her grandparents were Spanish immigrants, specifically from Galicia . She began her college studies at
9416-489: The vote, or 40% of the vote and a lead of more than 10 percentage points over the runner-up. However, with 13 challengers splitting the vote, she won the election decisively in the first round with just over 45% of the vote, compared to 23% for Elisa Carrió (candidate for the Civic Coalition ) and 17% for former Economy Minister Roberto Lavagna . Fernández de Kirchner was popular among the suburban working class and
9523-585: The votes, the highest percentage obtained by any presidential candidate since 1983 . The 37.3% difference between votes for hers and the runner-up ticket Binner-Morandini was the second largest in the history of Argentine general elections. She established currency controls during her second term, and the country fell into sovereign default in 2014. She left office in 2015 with her approval ratings above 50%. During her two terms as president, several corruption scandals surfaced and subsequently her government faced several demonstrations against her government. She
9630-404: Was a homicide. The unsolved case was highly controversial. The 18F demonstration took place a month after his death. It was organized as a silent demonstration, as an homage to Alberto Nisman, and was devoid of political flags or banners. The rule was followed, with occasional exceptions, by waves of spontaneous clapping or people singing the Argentine national anthem. The city police estimated that
9737-515: Was a strong supporter of kirchnerism, began to oppose the President. Moyano would later organize a big protest at Plaza de Mayo , with 30,000 people, requesting the abolition of capital gains tax . Axel Kicillof was appointed minister in 2013 and served for the remainder of Kirchner's term. He arranged payment of the debt to the Paris Club , and the compensation requested by Repsol for
9844-545: Was cancelled when businessman Alejandro Vandenbroele bought it. The company received tax breaks to pay its debts, and was selected to print banknotes of the Argentine peso . It is suspected that Vandenbroele is actually a frontman for Boudou, and that he employed his clout as minister of economy to benefit a company that actually belonged to him. In 2013, the TV program Periodismo para todos launched an investigation in purported political corruption. They named their investigation "
9951-587: Was charged for fraudulent low price sales of dollar futures , though she was later acquitted. In 2015, she was indicted for obstructing the investigation into the 1994 AMIA bombing , after Alberto Nisman 's controversial accusation of a purported "pact" (a memorandum) signed between her government and Iran which was supposedly seeking impunity for Iranians involved in the terrorist attack. In 2017, an arrest warrant issued by Claudio Bonadio for Fernández de Kirchner charged her with " treason ", but due to her parliamentary immunity , she did not go to prison, and
10058-444: Was current President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner . Her husband and predecessor, Néstor Kirchner , was considered a top candidate to succeed her until his death on 27 October 2010 . She had suffered a significant decline in approval during the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector and the subsequent recession, and the ruling Front for Victory lost its absolute majority in both houses of Congress during
10165-477: Was dissolved the following week, however, and the Proyecto Sur leader instead joined a coalition of minor, left-wing parties. Binner, despite obtaining fourth place, fared better than expected by local analysts in the 14 August primary, and became the runner-up in subsequent polls. His support was strongest among the middle (18.8%) and upper middle classes (18.9%), while weakest among the poor (6.5%); among
10272-484: Was elected to the provincial legislature , while her husband was elected mayor of Río Gallegos. She was elected national senator in 1995, and had a controversial tenure, while her husband was elected governor of Santa Cruz . In 1994, she was also elected to the constituent assembly that amended the Constitution of Argentina . She was the first lady from 2003 to 2007 after her husband was elected president . Néstor Kirchner did not run for re-election. Instead, his wife
10379-417: Was elected to the office, whereas Isabel Perón was elected Juan Perón 's vice president, and automatically assumed the presidency on his death. The transition from Néstor Kirchner to Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was also the first time a democratic head of state was replaced by their spouse without the death of either. He remained highly influential during his wife's term, supervising the economy and leading
10486-576: Was justified by the president as government protectionism during the crisis and compared with the bank bailouts in Europe and the United States. It was criticized as a threat to property rights and the rule of law. Fernández resigned after the Kirchnerist defeat in the 2009 elections, and was replaced by Amado Boudou , president of the ANSES which had worked for that nationalization. Although inflation
10593-430: Was nearing 25% and on the rise, Boudou did not consider it a significant problem. In January 2010, Fernández de Kirchner created the bicentennial fund employing a necessity and urgency decree in order to pay debt obligations with foreign-exchange reserves . Martín Redrado , president of the Central Bank , refused to implement it, and was fired by another decree. Judge María José Sarmiento annulled both decrees on
10700-596: Was not implemented. She opted instead to send a bill to Congress for the renationalization of YPF , privatized in 1993, blaming the Spanish company Repsol for the energy trade deficit. The bill was approved by the Chamber of Deputies by a 207-32 margin. It was criticized as an authoritarian move, as there was no negotiation with Repsol. As well, the Vaca Muerta oil field had been discovered by this time. However, YPF
10807-662: Was proposed by the constitutionalist Daniel Sabsay, and fueled by the reluctance of the National University of La Plata (UNLP) to release her degree. She registered at the Tribunal Superior de Justicia of Santa Cruz in 1980, the Comodoro Rivadavia's chamber of appeals in 1985 and worked as an attorney for the Justicialist Party in 1983. There are also logs of minor cases where she acted as a lawyer. The claim has been sent to trial four times, and
10914-461: Was rejected by opposition leader Elisa Carrió as a mere conspiracy theory . 2011 Argentine general election Cristina Fernández de Kirchner FPV-PJ Cristina Fernández de Kirchner FPV-PJ General elections were held in Argentina on Sunday, 23 October 2011. Incumbent president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of
11021-453: Was strongest among the poor (65.2%) and those aged 30 to 44 (54.6%). Her support was weakest among the upper middle class (43.5%), though she remained over 24% ahead of the runner-up (Binner) among those polled within that segment. The leaders of the center-right Federal Peronism were torn between running for primary elections within the PJ against the Front for Victory, or running instead in
11128-545: Was suspended as a prosecutor, accused of leaking information, and abusing his authority. Báez is also linked with the Kirchners to the Hotesur case , a suspected case of money laundering. According to a criminal complaint by opposition deputy Margarita Stolbizer , his company Valle Mitre S.A. has rented 1,100 rooms per month, for years, at the Hotesur and Alto Calafate hotels, but without occupying them. These hotels, located in
11235-569: Was the Noble siblings case , involving the adopted sons of Ernestina Herrera de Noble , owner of the Clarín newspaper. The Kirchners advanced a bill in Congress to make the genetic testing of suspected victims mandatory. Although the measure had popular support, critics considered it a breach of the right to privacy , and politically motivated because of a dispute between her and the Clarín newspaper. The Noble siblings tests in 2011 were negative, and
11342-432: Was the candidate for the Front for Victory alliance, becoming president in the 2007 presidential election . Her first term of office started with a conflict with the agricultural sector , and her proposed taxation system was rejected. After this she nationalised private pension funds, and fired the president of the Central Bank . The price of public services remained subsidised and she renationalised energy firm YPF as
11449-530: Was unable to afford the costs to exploit the oil at the site, and the rights to drill at Vaca Muerta were sold to the Chevron Corporation . The costs of energy imports increased the trade deficit and the inflation rate, and power outages became frequent. Outages usually took place on the hottest days of the summer season, as the use of air conditioning increased electricity consumption to peak levels. In March 2008, Fernández de Kirchner introduced
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