A javelin is a light spear designed primarily to be thrown, historically as a ranged weapon . Today, the javelin is predominantly used for sporting purposes such as the javelin throw . The javelin is nearly always thrown by hand, unlike the sling , bow , and crossbow , which launch projectiles with the aid of a hand-held mechanism. However, devices do exist to assist the javelin thrower in achieving greater distances, such as spear-throwers or the amentum .
66-507: The pilum ( Latin: [ˈpiːɫʊ̃] ; pl. : pila ) was a javelin commonly used by the Roman army in ancient times. It was generally about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long overall, consisting of an iron shank about 7 mm (0.28 in) in diameter and 600 mm (24 in) long with a pyramidal head, attached to a wooden shaft by either a socket or a flat tang . The pilum may have originated from an Italic tribe known as
132-460: A comprehensive reform of their army and changed the basic tactical formation from the Greek-style phalanx armed with the hasta spear and the clipeus round shield to a more flexible three-line formation. The hastati stood in the first line, the principes in the second line and the triarii in the third line. While the triarii were still armed with hastae , the hastati and
198-417: A flat tang . A pilum usually weighed between 0.9 and 2.3 kilograms (2.0 and 5.1 lb), with the versions produced during the empire being somewhat lighter. Pictorial evidence suggests that some versions of the weapon were weighted with a lead ball at the base of the shank in order to increase penetrative power, but no archaeological specimens have been found. Recent experiments have shown pila to have
264-430: A half long and a triangular head of iron nine inches [230 mm] long. This was formerly called the pilum, but now it is known by the name of spiculum. The soldiers were particularly exercised in the use of this weapon, because when thrown with force and skill it often penetrated the shields of the foot and the cuirasses of the horse. Arguably, a short iron shaft has very few confirmations from archaeology. Vegetius wrote about
330-498: A javelin or spear called Gungnir. It was created by a group of dwarves known as the Sons of Ivaldi who also fashioned the ship of Freyr called Skidbladnir and the golden hair of Sif . It had the property of always finding its mark ("the spear never stopped in its thrust"). During the final conflict of Ragnarok between the gods and giants , Odin will use Gungnir to attack the wolf Fenrir before being devoured by him. During
396-422: A lack of experience in figurative representation, in organic structure and a naive idiom that remains detached from the classical current". By the 20th century, the monument was reduced to a mound of stone and mortar , with a large number of the original bas-reliefs scattered around. The present edifice is a reconstruction dating from 1977. The nearby museum contains many archaeological objects, including parts of
462-420: A one-foot iron shaft because at his time, the pilum had disappeared and been replaced by similar shorter weapons such as the plumbata and spiculum . Due in part to experimental archaeology , the design of the pilum is believed to have evolved to be armour-piercing; the pyramidal head would punch a small hole through an enemy shield, allowing the thin shank to pass through and penetrate far enough to wound
528-442: A quiver and/or bow case. Beyond its military purpose, the javelin was likely also a hunting instrument, for food and sport. The peltasts , usually serving as skirmishers , were armed with several javelins, often with throwing straps to increase stand-off power. The peltasts hurled their javelins at the enemy's heavier troops, the hoplite phalanx , in order to break their lines so that their own army's hoplites could destroy
594-621: A range of about 30 metres (98.4 ft), although the effective range is only 15 and 20 metres (49.2 and 65.6 ft). Pila were sometimes referred to as "javelins", but the archaic term for the javelin was " verutum ". From the third century BC, the Roman legion added a skirmisher type of soldier to its tactical formation. The velites were light infantry armed with short swords (the gladius or pugio ), small round shields, and several small javelins. These javelins were called " veruta " (singular verutum ). The velites typically drew near
660-489: A spear called the hyssoí . This may have been the pilum . The precursor to the pilum was the hasta . It is unclear how soon it was replaced by the pilum . Polybius mentioned that it was an important contributor to the Roman victory at the Battle of Telamon in 225 BCE. Use of the pilum was discontinued by Roman military in the second century. A pilum had a total weight between 1 and 2.5 kg (2 and 5 lb), with
726-437: A specific regiment. Javelins were carried by Egyptian light infantry, as a main weapon, and as an alternative to a bow or spear , generally along with a shield . They also carried a curved sword, club , or hatchet as a sidearm . An important part in battles is often assigned to javelin-men, "whose weapons seem to inflict death at every blow". Multiple javelins were also sometimes carried by Egyptian war-chariots , in
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#1732787953845792-644: A sword, and a shield. They were proficient at skirmishing and rapid maneuver, and played an important role in Arabic mounted warfare throughout the Reconquista until the sixteenth century. These units were widespread among the Italian infantrymen of the fifteenth century. The Welsh , particularly those of North Wales , used the javelin as one of their main weapons. During the Norman and later English invasions ,
858-427: A target or ground"; rather, human intervention such as improper removal of a pilum stuck in a target is responsible in some way, and Caesar's writings should be interpreted as the pilum bending when soldiers tried to remove them. Since the pyramidal tip of a pilum was wider than the rest of the shank, once it had penetrated a shield, it left behind a hole larger than the rest of the shank, and it could move through
924-522: Is identified as a "god of the javelin". Tropaeum Traiani The Tropaeum Traiani or Trajan's Trophy lies 1.4 km northeast of the Roman city of Civitas Tropaensium (near the modern Adamclisi , Romania ). It was built in AD 109 in then Moesia Inferior , to commemorate Roman Emperor Trajan 's victory over the Dacians in 106, including the victory at the Battle of Adamclisi nearby in 102. It
990-407: Is such that once wedged inside a shield, it is difficult to remove; a shield thus penetrated by a pilum became very awkward to wield, and was usually discarded. This resulted in the aforementioned gaps in the protective shield wall, which could then favour the short gladius in tight hand-to-hand mêlées. Pila could also be used in hand-to-hand combat; one documented instance of this occurred at
1056-496: Is to pierce through layers of armour. That the pilum needed to pierce layers of armour (through the shield, into body armour and past clothing) necessitated a lengthy shank, which was prone to bending. M.C. Bishop wrote that the momentum of the pilum caused the shank to bend upon impact, and although unintended, that proved a useful characteristic of the weapon. However, a newer work by M. C. Bishop states that pila are "unlikely to bend under their own weight when thrown and striking
1122-573: Is unlikely plumbatae were viewed by the Romans as the killing blow, but more as a means of stalling the enemy at ranges greater than previously provided by the heavier and shorter ranged pilum. The Gallic cavalry used to hurl several javelin volleys to soften the enemy before a frontal attack. The Gallic cavalry used their javelins in a tactic similar to that of horse archers ' Parthian shot . The Gauls knew how to turn on horseback to throw javelins backwards while appearing to retreat. The Hispanic cavalry
1188-750: Is up to 15–20 m (50–65 ft). The earliest known examples of heavy pila have barbed heads and their tangs have a figure-eight shape. Romans also used the pilum as a melee weapon in close-quarters combat. Note pictorial depictions from the Tropaeum Traiani monument, descriptions of Caesar 's troops using javelins as pikes against the Gauls in Caesar's Gallic War , Book VII, and descriptions of Caesar's men using javelins to stab at Pompey's cavalry in Plutarch 's Life of Caesar . The angon
1254-422: The Battle of Adamclisi nearby in the winter of 101–102. The altar had a rectangular shape, 12 m long and 6 m high. In the vicinity fragments of 1.3 x 0.9 m slabs covered with inscriptions were discovered with a dedication, but the name of the emperor was not preserved the names of about 4,000 soldiers were written on it. Several hypotheses for the soldiers and general commemorated have been put forward, including
1320-589: The Carthaginian Army and played a key role in assisting both Hannibal and Scipio during the Second Punic War . There is some literary and archeological evidence that the Norse were familiar with and used the javelin for hunting and warfare, but they commonly used a spear designed for both throwing and thrusting. The Old Norse word for javelin was frakka . The Anglo-Saxon term for javelin
1386-634: The Samnites . It also may have been influenced by Celtiberian and Etruscan weapons. The pilum may have derived from a Celtiberian weapon known as the falarica . Archaeological excavations have disclosed pila in tombs at the Etruscan city of Tarquinia . The oldest finds of pila are from the Etruscan settlements of Vulci and Talamone . The first identified written reference to the pilum comes from The Histories of Polybius . According to Polybius, more heavily armed Roman military soldiers used
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#17327879538451452-467: The Siege of Alesia , and another during Mark Antony's Parthian campaign. Additionally, pila could be employed as a thrusting implement and a barrier against cavalry charges. Some pila had small hand-guards, to protect the wielder if he intended to use it as a mêlée weapon, but apparently this was common. The Roman writer Vegetius , in his work De re militari , wrote: As to the missile weapons of
1518-445: The pilum more suitable as a close-quarters melee weapon and also making it usable by enemy soldiers. Although the bending of its shank is commonly seen as an integral part of the weapon's design and as an intentional feature, little evidence suggests that. The most commonly found artifacts suggest that the pilum was constructed to use the weight of the weapon to cause damage, most likely to be able to impale through armour and reach
1584-425: The principes were rearmed with short swords and heavy javelins. Each soldier from the hastati and principes lines carried two javelins. This heavy javelin, known as a pilum (plural pila ), was about two metres long overall, consisting of an iron shank, about 7 mm in diameter and 60 cm long, with pyramidal head, secured to a wooden shaft. The iron shank was either socketed or, more usually, widened to
1650-532: The war (and subsequent alliance) between the Aesir and Vanir at the dawn of time, Odin hurled a javelin over the enemy host which, according to custom, was thought to bring good fortune or victory to the thrower. Odin also wounded himself with a spear while hanging from Yggdrasil , the World Tree , in his ritual quest for knowledge but in neither case is the weapon referred to specifically as Gungnir. When
1716-494: The Spartans down, eventually routing them and killing just under half. This marked the first recorded occasion in ancient Greek military history in which a force entirely made up of peltasts had defeated a force of hoplites. The thureophoroi and thorakitai , who gradually replaced the peltasts, carried javelins in addition to a long thrusting spear and a short sword . Javelins were often used as an effective hunting weapon,
1782-626: The altar and contained the grave of a Roman officer killed in the battle in Adamclisi, possibly Oppius Sabinus. In 1837, four Prussian officers, hired by the Ottoman Empire to study the Dobruja strategic situation, performed the first excavations. The monument was researched between 1882–1895, George Murnu in 1909, Vasile Parvan in 1911, Paul Nicorescu studied the site between 1935–1945, Gheorghe Stefan and Ioan Barnea in 1945. From 1968
1848-440: The angles. A strap or tasseled head was situated at the lower end of the javelin: it allowed the javelin thrower to recover his javelin after throwing it. Egyptian military trained from a young age in special military schools. Focusing on gymnastics to gain strength, hardiness, and endurance in childhood, they learned to throw the javelin – along with practicing archery and the battle-axe – when they grew older, before entering
1914-620: The best. The Numidians were indigenous tribes of northwest Africa . The Numidian cavalry was a light cavalry usually operating as skirmishers. The Numidian horseman was armed with a small shield and several javelins. The Numidians had a reputation as swift horsemen, cunning soldiers and excellent javelin throwers. It is said that Jugurtha , the Numidian king "...took part in the national pursuits of riding, javelin throwing and competed with other young men in running." [Sallust The Jugurthine War: 6]. The Numidian Cavalry served as mercenaries in
1980-588: The emperor, son of the divine Nerva , Nerva Trajan Augustus, Germanicus , Dacicus , Pontifex Maximus , Plebeian tribune for the 13th time, [proclaimed] Emperor [by the army] for the 6th time, Consul for the 5th time, Father of the Fatherland , Conquered the Dacian and Sarmatian armies ... The altar was raised in 102 to honour the soldiers who died "fighting for the Republic" perhaps at
2046-499: The enemy soldier's body. The combination of the weapon's weight and the aforementioned pyramidal tip (the design of which was seen in the Middle Ages in the form of bodkin arrow tips), made the pilum a formidable armour-piercing weapon. If the weapon was meant to be used against armour and to use its mass (as opposed to its speed) to cause damage, the bending of the shank seems to be a beneficial result of its intended use, which
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2112-405: The enemy, hurled javelins against their formation, and then retreated behind the legion's heavier infantry. The velites were considered highly effective in turning back war elephants , on account of discharging a hail of javelins at some range and not presenting a "block" that could be trampled on or otherwise smashed – unlike the close-order infantry behind them. At the Battle of Zama in 202 BC,
2178-414: The fighting. Zhmodikov has also argued that Roman battle tactics sometimes consisted of exchanging projectile weapons such as the pilum. Sam Koon argues against the idea that Roman tactics primarily consisted of projectile combat. The effect of the pilum throw was to disrupt the enemy formation by attrition and by causing gaps to appear in any protective shield wall. The design of the pilum ' s tip
2244-450: The flag of Eswatini there is a shield and two javelins, which symbolize the protection from the country's enemies. The Zulu warriors used a long version of the assegai javelin as their primary weapon. The Zulu legendary leader Shaka initiated military reforms in which a short stabbing spear, with a long, swordlike spearhead named iklwa , had become the Zulu warrior's main weapon and
2310-447: The form of the typical Roman pilum as it is known today. Legionaries of the late Republic and early Empire often carried two pila , with one sometimes being lighter than the other. Standard tactics called for Roman soldiers to throw one of them (both if time permitted) at the enemy, just before charging to engage with the gladius ; however, Alexander Zhmodikov has argued that the Roman infantry could use pila at any stage in
2376-420: The front end of the wooden shaft. The frontal centre of gravity suggests that these weapons were used as javelins. A fossilized horse shoulder blade with a projectile wound, dated to 500,000 years ago, was revealed in a gravel quarry in the village of Boxgrove , England. Studies suggested that the wound was probably caused by a javelin. In History of Ancient Egypt : Volume 1 (1882), George Rawlinson depicts
2442-461: The god Baldr began to have prophetic dreams of his own death, his mother Frigg extracted an oath from all things in nature not to harm him. However, she neglected the mistletoe , thinking it was too young to make, let alone respect, such a solemn vow. When Loki learned of this weakness, he had a javelin or dart made from one of its branches and tricked Hod , the blind god, into hurling it at Baldr and causing his death. The god Runesocesius
2508-412: The infantry, they were javelins headed with a triangular sharp iron, eleven inches [279 mm] or a foot long, and were called piles. When once fixed in the shield it was impossible to draw them out, and when thrown with force and skill, they penetrated the cuirass without difficulty. And later in the same work: They had likewise two other javelins, the largest of which was composed of a staff five feet and
2574-539: The javelin as an offensive weapon used by the Ancient Egyptian military . It was lighter in weight than that used by other nations. He describes the Ancient Egyptian javelin's features: It consisted of a long thin shaft, sometimes merely pointed, but generally armed with a head, which was either leaf-shaped, or like the head of a spear, or else four-sided, and attached to the shaft by projections at
2640-471: The javelin-throwing velites proved their worth and were no doubt critical in helping to herd Hannibal's war elephants through the formation to be slaughtered. The velites would slowly have been either disbanded or re-equipped as more-heavily armed legionaries from the time when Gaius Marius and other Roman generals reorganised the army in the late second and early first centuries BC. Their role would most likely have been taken by irregular auxiliary troops as
2706-403: The large oval or round shields used at the time. Massed troops would unclip and hurl plumbatae as the enemy neared, hopefully stalling their movement and morale by making them clump together and huddle under their shields. With the enemy deprived of rapid movement and their visibility impaired by their own raised shields, the Roman troops were then better placed to exploit the tactical situation. It
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2772-473: The last phase of the Lower Paleolithic . Seven spear-like objects were found in a coal mine in the city of Schöningen , Germany. Stratigraphic dating indicates that the weapons are about 400,000 years old. The excavated items were made of spruce (Picea) trunk and were between 1.83 and 2.25 metres (6.0 and 7.4 ft) long. They were manufactured with the maximum thickness and weight situated at
2838-429: The man behind it. The thick wooden shaft provided the weight behind the punch. In one description, one of the two iron nails that held the iron shaft in place was replaced with a weak wooden pin that would break on impact, causing the shaft to twist sideways. Gaius Marius is sometimes given credit for that modification. Archaeological evidence from the 80s BC through to the early imperial era show that this redesign
2904-563: The more heavily armoured galloglass . Various kingdoms and dynasties in China have used javelins, such as the iron-headed javelin of the Qing dynasty . Qi Jiguang 's anti-pirate army included javelin throwers with shields. Many African kingdoms have used the javelin as their main weapon since ancient times. Typical African warfare was based on ritualized stand-off encounters involving throwing javelins without advancing for close combat. In
2970-767: The original Roman monument. The monument was dedicated with a large inscription to Mars Ultor (the avenger). The inscription has been preserved fragmentarily from two sides of the trophy hexagon, and has been reconstructed as follows: MARTI ULTOR[I] IM[P(erator)CAES]AR DIVI NERVA[E] F(ILIUS) N[E]RVA TRA]IANUS [AUG(USTUS) GERM(ANICUS)] DAC]I[CU]S PONT(IFEX) MAX(IMUS) TRIB(UNICIA) POTEST(ATE) XIII IMP(ERATOR) VI CO(N)S(UL) V P(ater) P(atriae) ?VICTO EXERC]ITU D[ACORUM] ?---- ET SARMATA]RUM ----]E 31. The inscription, which calls Trajan Germanicus from his previous victories in Germany and Dacicus for his new conquest of Dacia, can be translated: To Mars Ultor , Caesar
3036-401: The plumbata was fitted with an oval-shaped lead weight socketed around the shaft just forward of the center of balance , giving the weapon its name. Even so, plumbatae were much lighter than pila, and would not have had the armour penetration or shield transfixing capabilities of their earlier counterparts. Two or three plumbatae were typically clipped to a small wooden bracket on the inside of
3102-516: The primary Welsh tactic was to rain javelins on the tired, hungry, and heavily armoured English troops and then retreat into the mountains or woods before the English troops could pursue and attack them. This tactic was very successful, since it demoralized and damaged the English armies while the Welsh ranks suffered little. The kern of Ireland used javelins as their main weapon as they accompanied
3168-505: The republic expanded overseas. The verutum was a cheaper missile weapon than the pilum . The verutum was a short-range weapon, with a simply made head of soft iron. Legionaries of the late republic and early empire often carried two pila , with one sometimes being lighter than the other. Standard tactics called for a Roman soldier to throw his pilum (both if there was time) at the enemy just before charging to engage with his gladius . Some pila had small hand-guards, to protect
3234-416: The shaft, which made it easier to dig into the ground. The two versions of pila are heavy and light. Pictorial evidence suggests that some versions of the weapon were weighted by a lead ball to increase penetrative power, but archaeological specimens of that design variant are not (so far) known. Recent experiments have shown pila to have a range around 33 m (110 ft), although the effective range
3300-405: The shield with little resistance, stabbing the soldier behind. The length of the shank and its depth of penetration also made pulling it out of a shield more difficult, even if it failed to bend. If the bearer of the shield was charging and a pilum penetrated the shield, the end of the heavy shaft of the pilum would hit the ground, holding the shield in place. Some pila had a spike on the end of
3366-492: The soldiers of Oppius Sabinus , defeated somewhere nearby. The mention of the cohort II Batavorum and probably of the Legio XV Apollinaris , as well as the formula missici (instead of veterans) usual for the first century BC indicates that the war must be dated to the era of Domitian and probably in the year 86, the campaign led by M. Cornelius Nigrinus . The tumulus grave was also built in 102 shortly after
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#17327879538453432-595: The strap adding enough power to take down large game. Javelins were also used in the Ancient Olympics and other Panhellenic games . They were hurled in a certain direction and whoever hurled it the farthest, as long as it hit tip-first, won that game. In 387 BC, the Gauls invaded Italy, inflicted a crushing defeat on the Roman Republican army , and sacked Rome. After this defeat, the Romans undertook
3498-402: The versions produced during the earlier Republic being slightly heavier than those produced in the later Empire . The weapon had a hard pyramidal tip, but the shank was sometimes made of softer iron. The softness could cause the shank to bend after impact, thus rendering the weapon useless to the enemy. According to Davide Antonio Secci, the pilum was not meant to bend on impact, but instead
3564-539: The weakened enemy formation. In the battle of Lechaeum , the Athenian general Iphicrates took advantage of the fact that a Spartan hoplite phalanx operating near Corinth was moving in the open field without the protection of any missile-throwing troops. He decided to ambush it with his force of peltasts. By launching repeated hit-and-run attacks against the Spartan formation, Iphicrates and his men were able to wear
3630-462: The wielder if he intended to use it as a melee weapon, but it does not appear that this was common. In the late Roman Empire, the Roman infantry came to use a differently-shaped javelin from the earlier pilum . This javelin was lighter and had a greater range. Called a plumbata , it resembled a thick stocky arrow, fletched with leather vanes to provide stability and rotation in flight (which increased accuracy). To overcome its comparatively small mass,
3696-497: Was france . In Anglo-Saxon warfare , soldiers usually formed a shield wall and used heavy weapons like Danish axes , swords and spears . Javelins, including barbed angons , were used as an offensive weapon from behind the shield wall or by warriors who left the protective formation and attacked the enemy as skirmishers . Designed to be difficult to remove from either flesh or wood, the Angon javelin used by Anglo-Saxon warriors
3762-489: Was a light cavalry armed with falcatas and several light javelins. The Cantabri tribes invented a military tactic to maximize the advantages of the combination between horse and javelin. In this tactic the horsemen rode around in circles, toward and away from the enemy, continually hurling javelins. The tactic was usually employed against heavy infantry. The constant movement of the horsemen gave them an advantage against slow infantry and made them hard to target. The maneuver
3828-552: Was a similar weapon used in late Roman and post-Roman times. The origin of the design of the pilum is a matter of contention. Arguments have been proposed which suggest that the design stemmed from ancient Italian tribes or from the Iberian Peninsula. Considering that two versions of the pilum are known (the heavy and the light), the Roman pilum may be descended two different weapons, perhaps from different cultural groups. The two weapons designs may have coalesced into
3894-434: Was an effective means of disabling an opponent or his shield , thus having the potential to disrupt opposing shield-walls. The Almogavars were a class of Aragonese infantrymen armed with a short sword, a shield and two heavy javelins, known as azcona. The equipment resembled that of a Roman legionary and the use of the heavy javelins was much the same. The Jinetes were Arabic light horsemen armed with several javelins,
3960-514: Was designed to harass and taunt the enemy forces, disrupting close formations. This was commonly used against enemy infantry, especially the heavily armed and slow moving legions of the Romans. This tactic came to be known as the Cantabrian circle . In the late Republic various auxiliary cavalry completely replaced the Italian cavalry contingents and the Hispanic auxiliary cavalry was considered
4026-569: Was inspired by the Augustus mausoleum , and was dedicated to Mars Ultor . It is a cylindrical building, with steps at the base, of diameter 40 m. Around the side were 54 metopes , showing Romans fighting Decebalus's allies, of which 48 are in the local museum and 1 is in Istanbul. The reliefs were framed by friezes and separated by decorative pilasters. The upper part was festooned with 27 battlements, each one showing prisoners. The cone-shaped roof
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#17327879538454092-564: Was made of stone slabs and the trophy itself was placed on top of two superposed prisms, framed by two sitting women and a standing man with his hands held behind. The monument was perhaps a warning to the tribes outside this newly conquered province. Compared to Trajan's Column in Rome, erected to celebrate the same victories and a "product of Roman metropolitan art", the sculpted metopes have been described as in "barbarian provincial taste", carved by "sculptors of provincial training, reveal[ing]
4158-416: Was meant to break. If a pilum struck a shield, it might embed itself, and the bending of the shank would force the enemy to discard his shield as unusable without removing the pilum , or carry around the shield burdened by the weight of the pilum . Even if the shank did not bend, the pyramidal tip still made it difficult to pull out. Many cases occurred, though, in which the whole shank was hardened, making
4224-476: Was not adopted. Javelin A warrior or soldier armed primarily with one or more javelins is a javelineer . The word javelin comes from Middle English and it derives from Old French javelin , a diminutive of javelot , which meant spear. The word javelot probably originated from one of the Celtic languages . There is archaeological evidence that javelins and throwing sticks were already in use by
4290-497: Was part of a monumental complex comprising the trophy monument, the tumulus grave behind it and the commemorative altar, raised in 102 AD for soldiers fallen in the battles of this region. The complex forms a triangular plan, the base being marked by the monument and the funerary tumulus while the upper point is the altar. The trophy monument was built, according to the inscription, between 106 and 109 AD probably by Apollodorus of Damascus , Trajan's favoured architect and engineer. It
4356-418: Was used as a mêlée weapon. The assegai was not discarded, but was used for an initial missile assault. With the larger shields, introduced by Shaka to the Zulu army, the short spears used as stabbing swords and the opening phase of javelin attack; the Zulu regiments were quite similar to the Roman legion with its Scutum , Gladius and Pilum tactical combination. In Norse mythology, Odin, the chief god, carried
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