29-640: [REDACTED] Look up pingouin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Pingouin is a French vernacular term for two species of auks , the lesser auk and the great auk ; it is used colloquially to designate penguins . In English, it may refer to: Places [ edit ] 6790 Pingouin , an asteroid Île des Pingouins (French: Penguin Island ), Crozet Archipelago, south Indian Ocean Transportation and vehicles [ edit ] Nord Pingouin ,
58-618: A French monoplane Aerodynos JA 177 Pingouin , a homebuilt kit monoplane ultralight Pingouin , a French tugboat originally built in 1945 as USS YTL 556 by Everett-Pacific Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company Le Pinguoin , former name of the racing sailing yacht IMOCA 60 Whirlpool 2 Other uses [ edit ] Pingouins de Morzine-Avoriaz , an ice hockey team based in Morzine See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "pingouin" or "pingouins" on Misplaced Pages. Pengouin ,
87-600: A French ship wrecked in February 1881 All pages with titles beginning with Pingouin All pages with titles containing Pingouins All pages with titles containing Pingouin Penguin (disambiguation) Pinguin (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pingouin . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
116-826: A group of birds of the family Alcidae in the order Charadriiformes . The alcid family includes the murres , guillemots , auklets , puffins , and murrelets . The family contains 25 extant or recently extinct species that are divided into 11 genera. Auks are found throughout the Northern Hemisphere . Apart from the extinct great auk , all auks can fly, and are excellent swimmers and divers (appearing to "fly" in water), but their walking appears clumsy. Several species have different English names in Europe and North America. The two species known as "murres" in North America are called "guillemots" in Europe, and
145-458: A later arctic expansion, whereas most other auk lineages form clades with a continuous range in the Pacific, from arctic to subtropical waters. These birds breed in large colonies on coastal cliffs, laying single elongated conical eggs directly on cliff ledges. They move south in winter to keep in ice-free waters. They dive for food from the surface, swimming underwater and being among
174-550: A long lifespan and slow reproduction. The earliest unequivocal fossils of auks are from the late Eocene , some 35 Mya. The genus Miocepphus , (from the Miocene , 15 Mya) is the earliest known from good specimens. Two very fragmentary fossils are often assigned to the Alcidae, although this may not be correct: Hydrotherikornis (Late Eocene ) and Petralca (Late Oligocene ). Most extant genera are known to exist since
203-589: A single egg, and they use the nesting site year after year. Some species, such as the Uria guillemots (murres), nest in large colonies on cliff edges; others, such as the Cepphus guillemots, breed in small groups on rocky coasts; and the puffins , auklets, and some murrelets nest in burrows. All species except the Brachyramphus murrelets are colonial. Traditionally, the auks were believed to be one of
232-689: Is interesting insofar as it is the only known occurrence of the Alcini tribe in the temperate to subtropical Pacific , except for the very fringe of the range of U. aalge . It suggests that the Uria species, which are the sister taxon to all the other Alcini, and like them are usually believed to have evolved in the Atlantic, may have evolved in the Caribbean or possibly close to the Isthmus of Panama . The modern Pacific distribution would then be part of
261-508: The Synthliboramphus murrelets should be split into a distinct tribe, as they appear more closely related to the Alcini; in any case, assumption of a closer relationship between the former and the true guillemots was only weakly supported by earlier studies. Of the genera, only a few species are placed in each. This is probably a product of the rather small geographic range of the family (the most limited of any seabird family), and
290-540: The Lari suborder, which otherwise contains gulls and similar birds. Judging from genetic data, their closest living relatives appear to be the skuas , with these two lineages separating about 30 million years ago (Mya). Alternatively, auks may have split off far earlier from the rest of the Lari and undergone strong morphological, but slow genetic evolution, which would require a very high evolutionary pressure , coupled with
319-409: The least auklet , at 85 g (3 oz) and 15 cm (5.9 in), to the thick-billed murre , at 1 kg (2.2 lb) and 45 cm (18 in). Due to their short wings, auks have to flap their wings very quickly to fly. Although not to the extent of penguins, auks have largely sacrificed flight, and also mobility on land, in exchange for swimming ability; their wings are a compromise between
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#1732797539598348-543: The Atlantic during the Pliocene. Auks also tend to be restricted to continental-shelf waters and breed on few oceanic islands. Hydotherikornis oregonus (Described by Miller in 1931), the oldest purported alcid from the Eocene of California, is actually a petrel (as reviewed by Chandler in 1990) and is reassigned to the tubenoses (Procellariiformes). A 2003 paper, "The Earliest North American Record of Auk (Aves: Alcidae) From
377-744: The Atlantic existed), with later movements across the Arctic Ocean. The flightless subfamily Mancallinae , which was apparently restricted to the Pacific Coast of southern North America and became extinct in the Early Pleistocene , is sometimes included in the family Alcidae under some definitions. One species, Miomancalla howardae , is the largest charadriiform of all time. The family contains 25 extant or recently extinct species that are divided into 11 genera. The extant auks (subfamily Alcinae) are broken up into two main groups -
406-594: The Late Eocene of Central Georgia", reports a Late Eocene, wing-propelled, diving auk from the Priabonain stage of the Late Eocene. These sediments have been dated through Chandronian NALMA {North American Land Mammal Age}, at an estimate of 34.5 to 35.5 million years on the Eocene time scale for fossil-bearing sediments of the Clinchfield Formation, Gordon, Wilkinson County, Georgia. Furthermore,
435-558: The Late Miocene or Early Pliocene (about 5 Mya). Miocene fossils have been found in both California and Maryland , but the greater diversity of fossils and tribes in the Pacific leads most scientists to conclude they first evolved there, and in the Miocene Pacific, the first fossils of extant genera are found. Early movement between the Pacific and the Atlantic probably happened to the south (since no northern opening to
464-514: The Pliocene. See the genus accounts for prehistoric species. Uria Uria aalge Uria lomvia Uria is a genus of seabirds in the auk family known in Europe as guillemots , in most of North America as murres , and in Newfoundland and Labrador as turr . These are medium-sized birds with mainly brown or black plumage in the breeding season. They breed on the coasts of
493-413: The best possible design for diving and the bare minimum needed for flying. This varies by subfamily, with the Uria guillemots (including the razorbill ) and murrelets being the most efficient under the water, whereas the puffins and auklets are better adapted for flying and walking. The feeding behaviour of auks is often compared to that of penguins; both groups are wing -propelled, pursuit divers. In
522-512: The call of the common guillemot. Uria auks are relatives of the razorbill , little auk and the extinct great auk and together make up the tribe Alcini. Despite the similar British common names, they are not so closely related to the Cepphus guillemots, which form the tribe Cepphini. The genus contains two species: [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Some prehistoric Uria species are also known: Uria brodkorbi
551-507: The case of Uria guillemots, 40 m (130 ft) for the Cepphus guillemots and 30 m (98 ft) for the auklets. Auks are pelagic birds, spending the majority of their adult lives on the open sea and going ashore only for breeding, although some species, such as the common guillemot , spend a great part of the year defending their nesting spot from others. Auks are monogamous, and tend to form lifelong pairs. They typically lay
580-406: The deepest divers of all birds, using their stubby wings to routinely dive to more than 100 meters, and feeding on fish and crustaceans , also some molluscs , insects and plant material. Adult birds are black or brown on the head, neck, back and wings with white underparts. The bill is long and pointed. They have a small rounded black tail. The lower face becomes white in winter. The flight
609-463: The earliest distinct charadriiform lineages due to their characteristic morphology , but genetic analyses have demonstrated that these peculiarities are the product of strong natural selection, instead; as opposed to, for example, plovers (a much older charadriiform lineage), auks radically changed from a wading shorebird to a diving seabird lifestyle. Thus today, the auks are no longer separated in their own suborder (Alcae), but are considered part of
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#1732797539598638-423: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pingouin&oldid=1255441204 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing French-language text Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Auks Auks or alcids are
667-557: The northern Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The genus Uria was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the common murre ( Uria aalge ) as the type species . The genus name is from Ancient Greek ouria , a waterbird mentioned by Athenaeus . The English "guillemot" is from French guillemot probably derived from Guillaume , "William". "Murre" is of uncertain origins, but may imitate
696-443: The periods of glacial advance and retreat that have kept the populations on the move in a narrow band of subarctic ocean. Today, as in the past, the auks are restricted to cooler northern waters. Their ability to spread further south is restricted as their prey hunting method, pursuit diving, becomes less efficient in warmer waters. The speed at which small fish (which along with krill are the auk's principal prey) can swim doubles as
725-407: The region where auks live, their only seabird competition are cormorants (which are dive-powered by their strong feet). In areas where the two groups feed on the same prey, the auks tend to feed further offshore. Strong-swimming murres hunt faster, schooling fish, whereas auklets take slower-moving krill. Time depth recorders on auks have shown that they can dive as deep as 100 m (330 ft) in
754-931: The sediments containing this unabraded portion of a left humerus (43.7 mm long) are tropical or subtropical as evidenced by a wealth of warm-water shark teeth, palaeophied snake vertebrae, and turtles. Rhinoceros auklet Tufted puffin Horned puffin Atlantic puffin Cassin's auklet Least auklet Parakeet auklet Whiskered auklet Crested auklet Ancient murrelet Japanese murrelet Craveri's murrelet Guadalupe murrelet Scripps's murrelet Long-billed murrelet Marbled murrelet Kittlitz's murrelet Black guillemot Spectacled guillemot Pigeon guillemot Thick-billed murre Common murre Little auk † Great auk Razorbill Biodiversity of auks seems to have been markedly higher during
783-834: The species called little auk in Europe is referred to as dovekie in North America. The word "auk" / ɔː k / is derived from Icelandic álka and Norwegian alka or alke from Old Norse ālka from Proto-Germanic * alkǭ (sea-bird, auk). The family name Alcidae comes from the genus Alca given by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for the razorbill ( Alca torda ) from the Norwegian word alke . Auks are superficially similar to penguins , having black-and-white colours, upright posture, and some of their habits. Nevertheless, they are not closely related to penguins, but rather are believed to be an example of moderate convergent evolution . Auks are monomorphic (males and females are similar in appearance). Extant auks range in size from
812-490: The temperature increases from 5 to 15 °C (41 to 59 °F), with no corresponding increase in speed for the bird. The southernmost auks, in California and Mexico, can survive there because of cold upwellings . The current paucity of auks in the Atlantic (six species), compared to the Pacific (19–20 species) is considered to be because of extinctions to the Atlantic auks; the fossil record shows many more species were in
841-413: The usually high-billed puffins (tribe Fraterculini) and auklets (tribe Aethiini), as opposed to the more slender-billed murres and true auks (tribe Alcini), and the murrelets and guillemots (tribes Brachyramphini and Cepphini). The tribal arrangement was originally based on analyses of morphology and ecology . mtDNA cytochrome b sequences , and allozyme studies confirm these findings except that
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