Misplaced Pages

#633366

58-524: It is located in the east of the Shandong Peninsula (Jiaodong Peninsula) , the heart of peninsula. It borders Yantai and Weifang , and it has an area of 3,166 km (1,222 sq mi) and a population of 1,191,348 people in 2020. The administrative divisions of Pingdu have undergone a relatively large number of changes in the past thirty years. As of 2016, Pingdu had five subdistricts , 12 towns and one other area: As 2016, this city

116-662: A Confucian and a nationalist, was against the iconoclasm of the May Fourth Movement. As an anti-imperialist, he was skeptical of Western culture. He criticized these May Fourth intellectuals for corrupting the morals of youth. When the Nationalist party came to power under Chiang's rule, it carried out the opposite agenda. The New Life Movement promoted Confucianism, and the Kuomintang purged China's education system of western ideas, introducing Confucianism into

174-466: A degree of traction among Chinese intellectuals. Still, after Versailles, which was viewed as a betrayal of China's interests, it lost much of its attractiveness. Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points , despite being rooted in moralism , were seen as Western-centric and hypocritical. Many Chinese intellectuals believed that the United States had done little to convince the other nations to adhere to

232-740: A group of Chinese students began protesting the contents of the Paris Peace Conference. Under the pressure, the Chinese delegation refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles. The original participants of the May Fourth Movement were students in Paris and Beijing. They joined forces to strike or took to the streets to strike crudely to express their dissatisfaction with the government. Later, some advanced students in Shanghai and Guangzhou joined

290-480: A heavy emphasis on direct political actions and radical attitudes, characteristics associated with the emerging Chinese Communist Party (CCP). On the other hand, two of the CCP's founding members, Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu , were leaders of the movement. The CCP viewed it more favorably, although remaining suspicious of the early phase which emphasized the role of enlightened intellectuals, not revolution. } Li and Chen were

348-826: A monsoon climate with four distinct seasons (Köppen: Cwa / Dwa ). Due to maritime influence, the climate is relatively mild, in both summer and winter. The Shandong Peninsula is fictionalized as the "Chinese Peninsula" in the Japanese manga and anime series, Fire Force . 37°N 121°E  /  37°N 121°E  / 37; 121 May Fourth Movement Hong Kong (pro-democracy) Hong Kong (centrist) Hong Kong (pro-ROC) Hong Kong (localist) Macau Republic of China (Taiwan) (groups of pro-Chinese identity) Hong Kong (pro-democracy) Hong Kong (pro-ROC) Hong Kong (localist) Republic of China (Taiwan) (groups of pro-Chinese identity) Current Former The May Fourth Movement

406-620: A new culture. As a continuation of the New Culture movement , the May Fourth Movement greatly influenced the cultural field. The slogans of "democracy" and "science" advocated in the New Culture Movement were designed to attack the old culture and promote the new culture. This purpose can be summed up in a sentence from David Wang: "It was the turning point in China's search for literary modernity." As historian Wang Gungwu notes,

464-463: A shift towards political mobilization away from cultural activities, and a move towards a populist base, away from traditional intellectual and political elites. The May Fourth demonstrations marked a turning point in a broader anti-traditional New Culture Movement (1915–1921) that sought to replace traditional Confucian values and was itself a continuation of late Qing reforms . Even after 1919, these educated "new youths" still defined their role with

522-417: A traditional model in which the educated elite took responsibility for both cultural and political affairs. They opposed traditional culture but looked abroad for cosmopolitan inspiration in the name of nationalism and were an overwhelmingly urban movement that espoused populism in an overwhelmingly rural country. Many political and social leaders of the next five decades emerged at this time, including those of

580-729: Is a peninsula in Shandong in eastern China , between the Bohai Sea to the north and the Yellow Sea to the south. The latter name refers to the east and Jiaozhou . The waters bordering the peninsula are Laizhou Bay to the northwest, which opens into the Bohai Sea to the north, which in turn passes through the Bohai Strait to the northeast into the Yellow Sea to the east and south. The peninsula's territory comprises three prefecture-level cities of Shandong : Qingdao in

638-683: Is divided to 5 subdistricts, 12 towns and 1 other. The Pingdu Olympic Sports Centre Stadium , which has a capacity of 15,000, is the largest sports venue by capacity in Pingdu. Pingdu West railway station opened in 2015 on the Haitian−Qingdao railway . There are two departures and two arrivals per day. A second station, Pingdu railway station , opened with the Weifang–Laixi high-speed railway in 2020. Shandong Peninsula The Shandong (Shantung) Peninsula or Jiaodong (Chiaotung) Peninsula

SECTION 10

#1732771909634

696-519: Is now celebrated as Youth Day in China and as Literary Day in Taiwan. The domination of Confucian ideologies shaped gender inequalities in Chinese culture, labeling and treating women as second-class citizens. The May Fourth Movement played a crucial role in women's emancipation in China, representing a social and cultural shift toward societal transformation. Women in the May Fourth Movement were often restricted to indoor speeches and debates, lacking

754-518: The Chinese Communist Party (CCP). In the words of Oxford University historian Rana Mitter , "The atmosphere and political mood that emerged around 1919 are at the center of a set of ideas that has shaped China's momentous twentieth century." The Qing dynasty had disintegrated in 1911, marking the end of thousands of years of imperial rule in China, and theoretically ushered a new era in which political power rested nominally with

812-782: The Korean Peninsula and the Liaodong Peninsula , but was split starting around 27 Ma ago, resulting in the formation of the Yellow Sea . In the Paleolithic , the Shandong Peninsula area was covered by forest. In the Neolithic , about 7,000 years ago, a large number of Dongyi people inhabited the peninsula. The Dongyi had their own kingdom called the State of Lai . The peninsula later belonged to

870-571: The State of Qi . The Qi built the Great Wall of Qi , which is partially on the peninsula. During the Han dynasty , the peninsula belonged to the feudatory Jiaodong Kingdom . The Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory was a leased territory of the German Empire from 1898 to 1914 located around Jiaozhou Bay , where the village of Qingdao (Tsingtao) developed into a major seaport. Japan seized

928-549: The sinicization of Marxism and provided a basis for the birth of the CCP and socialism with Chinese characteristics . The legacy of the May Fourth Movement is embraced both by the CCP and its critics, who express different understandings of the movement and its importance. Kuomintang members such as Luo Jialun , Shao Lizi and Duan Xipeng played an active role in the Movement, and some Kuomintang leaders claimed that their party and its founder Sun Yat-sen were active in leading

986-498: The Allied betrayal of China, denounced the government's spineless inability to protect Chinese interests, and called for a boycott of Japanese products . Demonstrators insisted on the resignation of three Chinese officials they accused of being collaborators with the Japanese. After burning the residences of these officials and beating some of their servants, student protesters were arrested, jailed, and severely beaten. On May 4, 1919,

1044-499: The Chinese government put forth the following requests: The Western allies dominated the meeting at Versailles, and paid little heed to Chinese demands. The European delegations, led by French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau , were primarily interested in punishing Germany. Although the American delegation promoted Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points and the ideals of self-determination , they were unable to advance these ideals in

1102-528: The Chinese public when it was leaked to the press, and sparked a student protest movement that laid the groundwork for the May Fourth Movement. The March 1st Movement in Korea in 1919, the Russian Revolution of 1917, continued defeats by foreign powers and the presence of spheres of influence further inflamed Chinese nationalism among the emerging middle class and cultural leaders. Leaders of

1160-848: The Fourteen Points and observed that the United States had declined to join the League of Nations . As a result, they turned away from the Western liberal democratic model. With the October Revolution in Russia in 1917, Marxism began to take hold in Chinese intellectual thought, particularly among those already on the Left. Chinese intellectuals such as Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao began serious study of Marxist doctrine. The May Fourth Movement focused on opposing Confucian culture and promoting

1218-641: The Japanese. Nevertheless, students continued to express their protest against the content of the Versailles Peace Treaty by organizing rallies and other events at that time, and organized the National Student Union. Finally, Chinese representatives in Paris refused to sign the Versailles Treaty: the May Fourth Movement won an initial victory which was primarily symbolic, since Japan for the moment retained control of

SECTION 20

#1732771909634

1276-423: The May Fourth Movement became subsequently identified as the predecessor and inspiration for the later Cultural Revolution . Participants at the time, such as Hu Shih , referred to this era as the "Chinese Renaissance", because there was an intense focus on science and experimentation. In Chinese literature , the May Fourth Movement is regarded as the watershed after which the modern Chinese literature began and

1334-507: The New Culture Movement believed that traditional Confucian values were responsible for the political weakness of the nation. Chinese nationalists called for a rejection of traditional values and the adoption of Western ideals of "Mr. Science" ( 賽先生 ; 赛先生 ; Sài xiānsheng ) and "Mr. Democracy" ( 德先生 ; Dé xiānsheng ) in place of "Mr. Confucius" in order to strengthen the new nation. These iconoclastic and anti-traditional views and programs have shaped China's politics and culture through to

1392-574: The Northeast "return" to the Shandong Peninsula. After the People's Republic of China established diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, a large number of South Korean companies also set up factories in the region. There are more than 200,000 Koreans living in the Shandong Peninsula. South Korea has a consulate-general in Qingdao. Shandong Peninsula is surrounded by sea on three sides and has

1450-516: The Shandong Peninsula and the islands in the Pacific. Even the partial success of the movement exhibited the ability of China's social classes across the country to successfully collaborate given proper motivation and leadership. Eastward spread of Western learning Scholars rank the New Culture and May Fourth Movements as significant turning points, as David Der-wei Wang said, "it was

1508-561: The afternoon of May 4, over 4,000 students of Yenching University , Peking University and other schools marched from many points to gather in front of Tiananmen . They shouted such slogans as "struggle for the sovereignty externally, get rid of the national traitors at home", "Give Qingdao back to us!", "do away with the Twenty-One Demands", and "don't sign the Versailles Treaty". Protestors voiced their anger at

1566-430: The confirmation of Japan's seizure of German ports in China's Shandong province. In early 1915, Japan's submission of the twenty-one demands were revealed to the Chinese public, causing an increase in political tension and frustration towards Japan. In light of these revelations, the Chinese press became very critical towards Japan, and Chinese citizens' views of Japan soured. The twenty-one demands ultimately added fuel to

1624-423: The country. The Chinese working class entered the political arena through the May Fourth Movement. With the emergence of working-class support, the May Fourth Movement developed to a new stage. The center of the movement shifted from Beijing to Shanghai, and the working class replaced students as the main force of the movement. The Shanghai working class staged a strike of an unprecedented scale. The growing scale of

1682-458: The death of President Yuan Shikai in 1916, China became a fragmented nation dominated by warlords more concerned with political power and rival regional armies. The government in Beijing focused on suppressing internal dissent and could do little to counter foreign influence and control. Chinese Premier Duan Qirui 's signing of the secret Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement in 1918 enraged

1740-490: The development and expansion of the May Fourth Movement. Benjamin I. Schwartz added, "Nationalism which was, of course, a dominant passion of the May Fourth experience was not so much a separate ideology as a common disposition." On May 5, students in Beijing as a whole went on strike and in the larger cities across China, students, patriotic merchants, and workers joined protests. The demonstrators skillfully appealed to

1798-576: The face of stubborn resistance by David Lloyd George and Clemenceau. American advocacy of self-determination at the League of Nations was attractive to Chinese intellectuals, but their failure to follow through was seen as a betrayal. This failure of diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference created what became known as the "Shandong Problem". On the morning of May 4, 1919, student representatives from thirteen different local universities met in Beijing and drafted five resolutions: On

Pingdu - Misplaced Pages Continue

1856-529: The left as the 1920s saw China become increasingly turbulent. In 1939, Mao Zedong claimed that the May Fourth Movement was a stage leading toward the fulfillment of the Chinese Communist Revolution: The May Fourth Movement twenty years ago marked a new stage in China's bourgeois-democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism. The cultural reform movement which grew out of the May Fourth Movement

1914-643: The most influential promoters of Marxism in China during the May Fourth period. In its broader sense, the May Fourth Movement led to the establishment of radical intellectuals who went on to mobilize peasants and workers into the CCP and gain the organizational strength that would solidify the success of the Chinese Communist Revolution . During the May Fourth Movement, the group of intellectuals with communist ideas grew steadily, such as Chen Tanqiu , Zhou Enlai , Chen Duxiu, and others, who gradually appreciated Marxism's power. This promoted

1972-627: The movement. However, Kuomintang influence on the Movement was minimal. In British Malaya , May Fourth-influenced riots in Penang and Singapore involving Kuomintang teachers and sympathetic students led the British to pass the Registration of Schools Ordinance, an attempt to remove Kuomintang influence from local education. From 1922, the British also instituted a ban on the Kuomintang itself. [REDACTED] China portal For many years,

2030-400: The national strike and the increasing number of its participants led to a paralysis of the country's economic life and posed a serious threat to the government in Beijing. The working class took the place of the students to stand up and resist. The support for this movement throughout the country reflected the enthusiasm for nationalism and national rejuvenation, which was also the foundation for

2088-439: The newspapers and sent representatives to carry the word across the country. On the morning of May 6, students from Shanghai gathered at Fudan University in response to the events in Beijing. By the evening, meetings and special committees were held at various campuses in Shanghai, and telegrams were sent to the Beijing government in the name of the 33 representatives of different campuses in Shanghai to express their protest. Over

2146-402: The next few days, the movement grew in size. Students in Shanghai began striking at the end of May. During this time, disagreements arose within the protesters about the intensity of the protests, but the protests as a whole were seen to be intensifying. On June 3, police in Beijing arrested a large number of students. To express their disapproval to it, businessmen and workers in Shanghai joined

2204-482: The orthodox view in the People's Republic of China was that after the demonstrations of 1919 and their subsequent suppression, the discussion of possible policy changes became more and more politically realistic. Influential leaders such as Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao shifted to the left and became founders of the CCP in 1921, while other intellectuals became more sympathetic. Originally voluntarist or nihilist figures like Li Shicen and Zhu Qianzhi made similar turns to

2262-459: The outlook of China's new youth." After the May Fourth Movement, the Chinese modern female literature developed a literature with modern humanistic spirit, taking women as the subject of experience, thinking, aesthetics, and speech. Instead of the formerly euphemistic language for sex, May Fourth reformers used the broader, more explicit term xing . In honor of the May Fourth Movement, May 4

2320-521: The people. With imperialist China coming to an end, the direction of Chinese political life was full of uncertainties. The previously dominant ideology, Confucianism, had a profound influence on social and political relations. These ideals promoted ethical and moral principles in governance, and emphasized the importance of wise rule for the good of society. Following the demise of the Qing dynasty, these principles started to depart from political practices. After

2378-535: The present day. The twenty-one demands were a set of proposals presented by the Ōkuma Shigenobu government to the Yuan Shikai administration in hopes of expanding Japanese affairs in China. The demands consisted of a variety of economic, territorial and power-hungry provisions. An important component of these demands were in regards to Chinese territory. These included intentions for expanding Japanese interests in southern Manchuria, eastern Mongolia, in addition to

Pingdu - Misplaced Pages Continue

2436-443: The protest movement, gradually forming a wave of mass student strikes across China. Until June, the Beijing government carried out the "June 3" arrests, arresting nearly 1,000 students one after another, but this did not suppress the patriotic student movement but angered the Chinese public and increasing revolutionary sentiment. Shanghai workers went on strike, and businessmen went on strike to support students' patriotic movement across

2494-450: The rapid development of China's national economy. However, they were not successful in doing so, as the strike in Shanghai that occurred later in June caused the Chinese economy to experience a lot of damage, and the Chinese economy at that point was hopeless. One of the main reasons for the weaken Chinese economy, was shop owners were not willing to open their shops during the strike, despite

2552-806: The rising tensions between the two countries, playing an important role in triggering the impending May Fourth Movement. China had entered World War I on the side of the Triple Entente in 1917. Although that year, 140,000 Chinese laborers were sent to the Western Front as a part of the Chinese Labor Corps , the Treaty of Versailles ratified in April 1919 awarded rights to the German territories in Shandong to Japan. The representatives of

2610-447: The same freedom of movement as their male counterparts. Although most activists and protesters were male, male intellectuals believed women's liberation was essential for a stronger and unified China. They argued that Confucian family structures hindered China's development. Stating that "Women's liberation had to be achieved to save China from disarray and humiliation." Many supported the movement as they believed that women's emancipation

2668-477: The short story One Day ( 一日 ) in an overseas student quarterly ( 留美学生季报 )—a year before the publication of Lu Xun 's Diary of a Madman and The True Story of Ah Q (not published until 1921), which has often been incorrectly credited as the first vernacular Chinese fiction. More ordinary people also began to try to get in touch with new cultures and learn from foreign cultures. Joseph Chen said: "This intellectual ferment had already had an effect in altering

2726-521: The southwest, Yantai in the north and centre, and Weihai at the eastern tip. Shandong Peninsula is the largest peninsula in China. Stretching into the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, it is 290 kilometers long from east to west, 190 kilometers wide from north to south, and 50 kilometers narrow. The total area of Shandong Peninsula is 73,000 square kilometers. Geologically it was once connected to

2784-443: The strike. The center of the movement shifted from Beijing to Shanghai. Chancellors from thirteen universities arranged for the release of student prisoners, and Cai Yuanpei, the principal of Peking University resigned in protest. Although at this point the event was defined as a multi-class protest action, overall it was still a student-led movement. Newspapers, magazines, citizen societies, and chambers of commerce offered support for

2842-410: The students. Merchants threatened to withhold tax payments if China's government remained obstinate. In Shanghai, a general strike of merchants and workers nearly devastated the entire Chinese economy. On June 12, the general strike ended because under intense public pressure, the Beijing government dismissed Cao Rulin , Zhang Zongxiang and Lu Zongyu that had been accused of being collaborators with

2900-754: The territory from Germany in 1914 in the First World War . In the 1919 Treaty of Versailles , Germany lost Qingdao and its sphere of influence in Shandong. Instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area, the treaty transferred the leased territory to the Empire of Japan . This resulted in popular dissatisfaction in China with the outcome, known as the Shandong Problem , and led to the May Fourth Movement . Eventually, Shandong

2958-458: The turning point in China's search for literary modernity", along with the abolition of the civil service system in 1905 and the overthrow of the monarchy in 1911. The challenge to traditional Chinese values, however, was also met with strong opposition, especially from parts of the Kuomintang . From their perspective, the movement destroyed the positive elements of Chinese tradition and placed

SECTION 50

#1732771909634

3016-496: The use of written vernacular Chinese gained currency over Literary Chinese , eventually replacing it in formal works. Intellectuals were driven toward expressing themselves using the spoken tongue under the slogan "my hand writes what my mouth speaks" ( 我手寫我口 ), although the change was gradual: Hu had already argued for the use of the modern vernacular language in literature in his 1917 essay "Preliminary discussion on literary reform". In 1917, Chen Hengzhe published

3074-425: The use of police force. Although the movement was highly influential, many of the intellectuals at the time opposed the anti-traditional message and many political figures ignored it. "this limited May Fourth individualist enlightenment did not lead the individual against the collective of the nation-state, as full-scale, modern Western individualism would potentially do.". Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek , as

3132-544: The van. In these respects the May Fourth Movement went a step beyond the Revolution of 1911. Paul French argues that the only victor of the Treaty of Versailles in China was communism, as rising public anger led directly to the formation of the CCP. The Treaty also led to Japan pursuing its conquests with greater boldness, which Wellington Koo had predicted in 1919 would lead to the outbreak of war between China and Japan. Western-style liberal democracy had previously had

3190-562: Was a Chinese cultural and anti-imperialist political movement which grew out of student protests in Beijing on May 4, 1919. Students gathered in front of Tiananmen to protest the Chinese government 's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles decision to allow the Empire of Japan to retain territories in Shandong that had been surrendered by the German Empire after the Siege of Tsingtao in 1914. The demonstrations sparked nation-wide protests and spurred an upsurge in Chinese nationalism ,

3248-507: Was essential for a modern China. They saw it as intertwined with nationalism and new democratic values driven by the anti-imperialist movement. During the movement, anger against Japan erupted because the Paris peace Treaty gave it the right to occupy the Shandong Peninsula . Many elements of society and joined students to publicize the boycott of Japanese products. The wave of a boycotts led to hopes that when Japanese products were suppressed, China's national industry would develop and promote

3306-403: Was only one of the manifestations of this revolution. With the growth and development of new social forces in that period, a powerful camp made its appearance in the bourgeois-democratic revolution, a camp consisting of the working class, the student masses and the new national bourgeoisie. Around the time of the May Fourth Movement, hundreds of thousands of students courageously took their place in

3364-489: Was reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after mediation by the United States during the Washington Naval Conference . However, Japan retained economic influence in the area. Due to geographical reasons, the Shandong Peninsula is closely connected with Northeast China and South Korea . Historically, a large number of people migrated to the Northeast by boat, whereas in the present day many people from

#633366