74-644: Pinjore is a town in Panchkula district in the Indian state of Haryana . This residential 'township', located close to Panchkula , Chandigarh , is set over 1,800 feet above the sea level in a valley, overlooking the Sivalik Hills . Pinjore is known for Pinjore Gardens , Asia's best 17th Century Mughal garden , and the Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT) factory. The town is named after
148-497: A blue sky. The stylishly arched balconies and shining fountains, luxuriant green lawns and murmuring watercourse, limpid pools, shady walks and colorful flowerbeds, unusual descending terraces and monumental gateways - all are carefully planned to give the magic effect. Besides the greenery and nature, one can find other attractions within Yadavindra Gardens, like a mini zoo, historic places, Japanese garden, nursery, and
222-675: A configuration to express central ideas of Hinduism. All three ideas from Āgamas are richly expressed in Khajuraho temples – Avyakta , Vyaktavyakta and Vyakta. The Beejamandal temple is under excavation. It has been identified with the Vaidyanath temple mentioned in the Grahpati Kokalla inscription . Of all temples, the Matangeshvara temple remains an active site of worship. It is another square grid temple, with
296-560: A dozen Hindu temples with a thousand worshipping brahmins. In 1022 CE, Khajuraho was mentioned by Abu Rihan-al-Biruni , the Persian historian who accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni in his raid of Kalinjar; he mentions Khajuraho as the capital of Jajahuti. The raid was unsuccessful, and a peace accord was reached when the Hindu king agreed to pay a ransom to Mahmud of Ghazni to end the attack and leave. Khajuraho temples were in active use through
370-472: A few erotic sculptures . Most Khajuraho temples were built between 885 CE and 1000 CE by the Chandela dynasty. Historical records note that the Khajuraho temple site had 85 temples by the 12th century, spread over 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi). Of these, only about 25 temples have survived, spread over six square kilometres (2.3 sq mi). Of the surviving temples,
444-544: A granite foundation that is almost concealed from view. The builders didn't use mortar: the stones were put together with mortise and tenon joints and they were held in place by gravity. This form of construction requires very precise joints. The columns and architraves were built with megaliths that weighed up to 20 tons. Some repair work in the 19th Century was done with brick and mortar; however, these have aged faster than original materials and darkened with time, thereby seeming out of place. The Khajuraho and Kalinjar region
518-410: A great admiration for the beauty engulfed in the garden and used to visit the place frequently. Amar Singh is credited with to improve the garden manifold. In 1966, Haryana was declared as an independent state and Pinjore Garden was handed over to it. Today, the garden continues to be one of the prime attractions of Haryana. Pinjore Garden is built in the typical Mughal style. It has a sloping ground and
592-601: A grid style that is observed to varying degrees in Hindu temples in Angkor Wat, Parambaran and South India. The largest surviving Shiva temple is Khandarya Mahadeva, while the largest surviving Vaishnava group includes Chaturbhuja and Ramachandra. Kandariya Mahadeva Temple plan is 109 ft in length by 60 ft, and rises 116 ft above ground and 88 ft above its own floor. The central padas are surrounded by three rows of sculptured figures, with over 870 statues, most being half life size (2.5 to 3 feet). The spire
666-672: A jaw denoting that the ancient people , who were intelligent hominins dating as far back as 150,000 ybp Acheulean period, lived in Pinjore region near Chandigarh . Quartzite tools of lower Paleolithic period were excavated in this region extending from Pinjore in Haryana to Nalagarh ( Solan district in Himachal Pradesh. Some parts of current Pinjore town are situated atop an early medieval era mound. Artifacts belonging to 9th century CE to 12th century CE, which show
740-422: A large 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) high and 1.1 metres (3.6 ft) diameter lingam, placed on a 7.6 metres (25 ft) diameter platform. The most visited temple, Kandariya Mahadev, has an area of about 6,500 square feet and a shikhara (spire) that rises 116 feet. The Jain temples are located on east-southeast region of Khajuraho monuments. The Eastern Group consists of four major Digambara Jaina temples:
814-444: A long period when they were left in neglect. In 1495 CE, for example, Sikandar Lodi 's campaign of temple destruction included Khajuraho. The remoteness and isolation of Khajuraho protected the Hindu and Jain temples from continued destruction by Muslims. Over the centuries, vegetation and forests overgrew the temples. In the 1830s, local Hindus guided a British surveyor, T.S. Burt, to the temples and they were thus rediscovered by
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#1732772969369888-790: A mini zoo, historic places, Japanese garden, nursery and a number of picnic spots. According to the Hindu Mythology, the Pandava Brothers rested here during their exile. Early in the 17th century, Nawab Fidai Khan, a reputed architect and the cousin of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, made the design for the Pinjore Gardens. At that time, the Nawab was the Governor of the Province and during one of his tours, he happened to visit
962-414: A number of picnic spots. The gardens are brightly illuminated at night. There is a Jalmahal within the garden, which is presently used as a restaurant. The garden is open from 7am to 10pm. The entry ticket for the garden is Rs.25 per head. Special programs are organized in the garden during the festivals, like Baisakhi and Mango Festival, which attract visitors from every corner of the country. Kaushalya Dam
1036-435: A population density of 622 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,610/sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 19.32%. Panchkula has a sex ratio of 870 females for every 1,000 males, and a literacy rate of 83.4%. 55.81% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes made up 18.14% of the population. Languages of Panchkula district (2011) At the 2011 Census of India , 82.13% of
1110-401: A population of 35,912. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Pinjore has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 72%. In Pinjore, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. The nearest international airport is Chandigarh Airport and Indira Gandhi International Airport , New Delhi. Chandigarh
1184-431: A third each. Archaeological studies suggest all three types of temples were under construction at about the same time in the late 10th century, and in use simultaneously. Will Durant states that this aspect of Khajuraho temples illustrates the tolerance and respect for different religious viewpoints in the Hindu and Jain traditions. In each group of Khajuraho temples, there were major temples surrounded by smaller temples –
1258-659: Is a 50-minute flight from Delhi. Pinjore can be reached by road from Delhi via the Sonepat Bypass. Volvo Coach, Deluxe, Semi-Deluxe and Express buses are also available from Inter-State Bus Terminal (ISBT), New Delhi to Chandigarh and vice versa every hour from 05:00 hrs to midnight. Ordinary buses ply every 10 minutes. The Chandigarh/Kalka train stops in Kalka , and is a 4-hour journey from New Delhi. Schools in Pinjore city are: List of films , Chandrawal , Jagat Jakhar ) Panchkula district Panchkula district
1332-514: Is a self-repeating fractal structure. The Khajuraho temples feature a variety of artwork, of which 10% is sexual or erotic art outside and inside the temples. Some of the temples that have two layers of walls have small erotic carvings on the outside of the inner wall. Some scholars suggest these to be tantric sexual practices. Other scholars state that the erotic arts are part of the Hindu tradition of treating kama as an essential and proper part of human life, and its symbolic or explicit display
1406-430: Is adorned with fountains and grand pavilions. However, it differs from the other Mughal Gardens in respect that the seven terraces at Pinjore, instead of ascending, descend into a distance, creating a magical sight. The garden is full of varied species of beautiful, aromatic flowering plants, big trees, mango orchards, litchi orchards and several shrubs. The garden presents cool, shady walks and flagged pathways, which run to
1480-453: Is an earth-filled barrage dam on Kaushalya river in Pinjore. It is an important wetland that is home of many endangered migratory birds. The average temperatures for summers and winters are 35 and 18 degree Celsius respectively, with rainfall concentrated over the summer months of July, August and September. The Indian Flying Fox can be seen at the Yadavindra Gardens enclosure and entrance. Hundreds of these bats can be seen roosting during
1554-572: Is common in Hindu temples. James McConnachie, in his history of the Kamasutra , describes the sexual-themed Khajuraho sculptures as "the apogee of erotic art": Twisting, broad-hipped and high breasted nymphs display their generously contoured and bejewelled bodies on exquisitely worked exterior wall panels. These fleshy apsaras run riot across the surface of the stone, putting on make-up, washing their hair, playing games, dancing, and endlessly knotting and unknotting their girdles. ... Beside
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#17327729693691628-607: Is connected to the state capital Bhopal by the SW-NE running National Highway 86 . The 10th-century Bhand Deva Temple in Rajasthan was built in the style of the Khajuraho monuments and is often referred to as 'Little Khajuraho'. The Khajuraho group of monuments was built during the rule of the Chandela dynasty. The building activity started almost immediately after the rise of their power, throughout their kingdom to be later known as Bundelkhand . Most temples were built during
1702-506: Is distinctive in its own way. The relative placement of the images are not random but together they express ideas, just like connected words form sentences and paragraphs to compose ideas. This fractal pattern that is common in Hindu temples. Various statues and panels have inscriptions. Many of the inscriptions on the temple walls are poems with double meanings, something that the complex structure of Sanskrit allows in creative compositions. All Khajuraho temples, except one, face sunrise, and
1776-803: Is home to superior quality of sandstone, which can be carved precisely. The surviving sculpture reflect fine details such as strands of hair, manicured nails, and intricate jewelry. While recording the television show Lost Worlds (History Channel) at Khajuraho, Alex Evans recreated a stone sculpture under four feet that took about 60 days to carve in an attempt to develop a rough idea of how much work must have been involved. Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehner also conducted experiments to quarry limestone which took 12 quarrymen 22 days to quarry about 400 tons of stone. They concluded that these temples would have required hundreds of highly trained sculptors. The Khajuraho group of temples belong to Vaishnavism school of Hinduism, Saivism school of Hinduism and Jainism – nearly
1850-456: Is named Bhima Devi Temple Site Museum . It consists of various erotic statues of ancient deities. The temple contains some statues of Lord Shiva in his Nataraja form. The temple has been made into an open air museum acceccible to public. No ticket is required for entering the temple. It was constructed between 8th and 12th century AD. It is under protection of Haryana government. Pinjore Gardens, also called Yadavindra Gardens, represent one of
1924-479: Is served by Civil Aerodrome Khajuraho (IATA Code: HJR), with services to Delhi, Agra , Varanasi and Mumbai . The site is also linked by the Indian Railways service, with the railway station located approximately six kilometres from the entrance to the monuments. The monuments are about ten kilometres off the east-west National Highway 75 , and about 50 kilometres from the city of Chhatarpur , which
1998-494: Is surrounded by an ambulatory for the pilgrim to walk around and ritually circumambulate the Purusa and the main deity. The pillars, walls, and ceilings around the space, as well as outside have highly ornate carvings or images of the four just and necessary pursuits of life – kama, artha, dharma, and moksa. This clockwise walk around is called pradakshina . Larger Khajuraho temples also have pillared halls called mandapa. One near
2072-709: The Bhima Devi Temple , the old temple was destroyed by the Islamic invaders and the present 8-11th CE temple is likely built on the same place under the old name, and the nearby ancient baoli still has old Hindu pillars. The excavation of the ancient temple in 1974 was a historic discovery linking the antiquarian finds to the establishment of the temple to the period between 8th and 12th centuries of Gurjar Pratihara School of Art . The excavations have revealed five ancient plinths or pedestals and over 100 beautiful sculptures. The direction of these plinths indicate that
2146-598: The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple is decorated with a profusion of sculptures with intricate details, symbolism, and expressiveness of ancient Indian art. The temple complex was forgotten and overgrown by the jungle until 1838 when Captain T.S. Burt, a British engineer, visited the complex and reported his findings in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. When these monuments were built,
2220-783: The Tabakhat-i-Nasiri . Timur sacked Pinjore on his return from Delhi. After Timur's invasion, Panchkula fell out of central control until 1450, when Bahlol Lodhi , then governor of Punjab, restored central control over the region as Sultan. Panchkula remained in Lodhi hands until Babur crushed the Lodhis at the Battle of Panipat and set up the Mughal Empire. Panchkula was part of the Sirhind Sarkar of Delhi Subah . During
2294-458: The Jaina community. Chausath yogini temple features 64 yogini, while Ghantai temple features bells sculptured on its pillars. Khajuraho temples, almost all Hindu temple designs, follow a grid geometrical design called vastu-purusha-mandala . This design plan has three important components – Mandala means circle, Purusha is universal essence at the core of Hindu tradition, while Vastu means
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2368-492: The Moslems, live a number of yogis whose matted locks have grown as long as their bodies. And on account of extreme asceticism they are all yellow in colour. Many Moslems attend these men in order to take lessons (yoga) from them. The central Indian region, where Khajuraho temples are, was controlled by various Muslim dynasties from the 13th century through the 18th century. In this period, some temples were desecrated, followed by
2442-412: The Pinjore valley. He was so enchanted with the beauty of the place that he thought of making a beautiful garden there and this is how the concept of the gardens came into being. The Nawab designed the garden as per the classical Charbagh pattern and introduced a central waterway in the area. He planned both sides of the waterway to be planted with the patches of green bordered with flowers, along with cover
2516-412: The boys in the place lived in hermitages , by being brahmacharyas (bachelors) until they attained manhood and these sculptures helped them to learn about the worldly role of 'householder'. The Khajuraho group of temples were built together but were dedicated to two religions, Hinduism and Jainism , suggesting a tradition of acceptance and respect for diverse religious views among Hindus and Jains in
2590-656: The day in the taller trees in the compound. At the border which divides Kalka -Pinjore Indian peafowl can be seen in the woods during monsoon season. Bir Shikargah Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary present in Pinjore spread over an area of 767.30 hectares (1,896.0 acres). It also houses Vulture Conservation and Breeding Centre. It contain a number of animals including Indian leopard , Asiatic elephant , Chital (spotted deer), Sambar deer , Wild boar , Rhesus macaque , Gray langur , Striped hyena , Indian jackal , Jungle cat , Indian gray mongoose , Indian fox and Indian jackal . As of 2011 India census , Pinjore had
2664-608: The development and diversity of Hinduism and Jainism , were excavated from here. These include ornamental structural pieces, pillars, sculptures and inscriptions, ; two figures of Ayudha Puras, fragments of a colossal image of Vishnu , statue of Shiva , another four armed Shiva, large head of Bhairava (Hindu tantric deity), Kubera , seated Ganesha , head of Surya (sun god), Shakti images of Saivi (feminine form of Shiva), Durga , Parvati , Chamunda , standing Tirthankaras , another headless Tirthankara statue and other minor sculptures. Some of these have been displayed in
2738-540: The district is 319,398 out of which 173,557 are males and 145,841 are females. At the 2011 Census of India , it was the least populous district of Haryana. Panchkula city is the headquarters of this district. Chandimandir Cantonment is located in this district, adjoining the Panchkula Urban Estate. The primary languages spoken in the district are Hindi and Puadhi dialect of Punjabi. While both languages are widely used in urban and rural settings,
2812-500: The dramatic hill formation in Kalinjar area. The center of this region is Khajuraho, set midst local hills and rivers. The temple complex reflects the ancient Hindu tradition of building temples where gods love to pray. The temples are clustered near water, another typical feature of Hindu temples. The current water bodies include Sib Sagar , Khajur Sagar (also called Ninora Tal) and Khudar Nadi (river). Local legends state that
2886-482: The dwelling structure. The design lays out a Hindu temple in a symmetrical, concentrically layered, self-repeating structure around the core of the temple called garbhagriya, where the abstract principle Purusha and the primary deity of the temple dwell. The shikhara, or spire, of the temple rises above the garbhagriya. This symmetry and structure in design is derived from central beliefs, myths, cardinality and mathematical principles. The circle of mandala circumscribe
2960-728: The end of the 12th century. This changed in the 13th century; after the army of Delhi Sultanate , under the command of the Muslim Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aibak , attacked and seized the Chandela kingdom. About a century later, Ibn Battuta , the Moroccan traveller in his memoirs about his stay in India from 1335 to 1342 CE, mentioned visiting Khajuraho temples, calling them "Kajarra" as follows: ...near (Khajuraho) temples, which contain idols that have been mutilated by
3034-441: The entire place with a number of trees, like traditional palm, cypress and magnolia. While Pinjore Gardens were still being created, goiter struck the women of the place. The courtiers of the Nawab immediately left the place, which forced him to quit as well. The palace later fell first under the reign of Raja of Sirmaur and finally, in 1775 AD, under Maharaja Amar Singh of Patiala. The latter consolidated Pinjore to his lands. He had
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3108-407: The entrance for the devotee is this east side. Above the vastu-purusha-mandala of each temple is a superstructure with a dome called Shikhara (or Vimana , Spire). Variations in spire design come from variation in degrees turned for the squares. The temple Shikhara, in some literature, is linked to mount Kailash or Meru, the mythical abode of the gods. In each temple, the central space typically
3182-621: The entrance, on the east side, serves as the waiting room for pilgrims and devotees. The mandapas are also arranged by principles of symmetry, grids, and mathematical precision. This use of same underlying architectural principle is common in Hindu temples found all over India. Each Khajuraho temple is distinctly carved yet also repeating the central common principles in almost all Hindu temples, one which Susan Lewandowski refers to as "an organism of repeating cells". The temples are grouped into three geographical divisions: western, eastern and southern. The Khajuraho temples are made of sandstone, with
3256-406: The five Pandava brothers from Mahabharta , who during the time of their exile had stayed here for some time, hence the name Panchpura which later got corrupted to its current form, Pinjore. Panchpura baoli , a step well has an inscription. Alexander Cunningham , founding Director-general of ASI , decipher the worn out letters of Pinjore Baoli inscription, which mentions that the old name of
3330-520: The following decades. The Khajuraho temples were built about 35 miles from the medieval city of Mahoba , the capital of the Chandela dynasty, in the Kalinjar region. In ancient and medieval literature, their kingdom has been referred to as Jijhoti, Jejahoti, Chih-chi-to and Jejakabhukti. The first documented mention of Khajuraho was made in 641 by Xuanzang , a Chinese pilgrim who described encountering several dozen inactive Buddhist monasteries and
3404-620: The global audience. Alexander Cunningham later reported, few years after the rediscovery, that the temples were secretly in use by yogis and thousands of Hindus would arrive for pilgrimage during Shivaratri celebrated annually in February or March based on a lunar calendar. In 1852, F.C. Maisey prepared earliest drawings of the Khajuraho temples. The temple site is within Vindhya mountain range in central India. An ancient local legend held that Hindu deity Shiva and other gods enjoyed visiting
3478-400: The heavenly nymphs are serried ranks of griffins , guardian deities and, most notoriously, extravagantly interlocked maithunas , or lovemaking couples. The temples have several thousand statues and artworks, with Kandarya Mahadeva Temple alone decorated with over 870. Some 10% of these iconographic carvings contain sexual themes and various sexual poses. A common misconception is that, since
3552-585: The main deity at the temple may have been of Lord Shiva . In 1254 CE, Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish ) captured and plundered the area around Pinjore, as recorded in Minhaj-ud-din bin Siraj-ud-din 's Tabaqat-i Nasiri . In 1399 CE, Pinjore was once again plundered by the forces of Timur on his way back from Delhi. There is an ancient temple adjoining Pinjore gardens. The temple
3626-563: The most travelled excursions from Chandigarh. Located at Pinjore, in the state of Haryana, they fall at a distance of about 22 km from the 'City Beautiful', on the Chandigarh-Kalka Road. The gardens lie at the foothills of the lower Shivalik ranges and stands as an apt example of the Mughal Garden style. Spread over an area of 100 acres, Pinjore Garden serve as the venue of the annual Mango Festival. The gardens house
3700-512: The old structures with carvings in Khajuraho are temples, the carvings depict sex between deities; however, the kama arts represent diverse sexual expressions of different human beings. The vast majority of arts depict various aspects the everyday life, mythical stories as well as symbolic display of various secular and spiritual values important in Hindu tradition. For example, depictions show women putting on makeup, musicians making music, potters, farmers, and other folks in their daily life during
3774-497: The people to fight against the British. At the time of Partition in 1947, Panchkula, like the rest of Punjab, saw riots which forced its Muslim population to flee to Pakistan and their replacement by Hindu and Sikh refugees from Pakistan. In 1950, the city of Chandigarh was founded in the then-middle of Punjab, situated very close to Panchkula. In 1966, Punjab was trifurcated into Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Ambala district
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#17327729693693848-613: The place was Panchpura. This inscription in the Pinjore Baoli (‘Baoli’ means "step well") described this place as Panchpura (now known by the shorter name Pinjore). Neolithic Stone Age (7000 BCE - 5500 BCE) find were excavated from the banks of the stream (paleochannel of Saraswati river ) flowing through HMT complex, by the Guy Ellcock Pilgrim who was a British geologist and palaeontologist , who discovered 150,000 year old prehistoric human teeth and part of
3922-821: The population in the district declared their first language to be Hindi , 9.48% Punjabi , 2.72% Haryanvi and 1.19% Pahari . List of films , Chandrawal , Jagat Jakhar ) 30°41′24″N 76°51′36″E / 30.69000°N 76.86000°E / 30.69000; 76.86000 Khajuraho Group of Monuments The Khajuraho Group of Monuments are a group of Hindu and Jain temples in Chhatarpur district , Madhya Pradesh , India . They are about 175 kilometres (109 mi) southeast of Jhansi , 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Khajwa , 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from Rajnagar , and 49 kilometres (30 mi) from district headquarter Chhatarpur . The temples are famous for their Nagara -style architectural symbolism and
3996-470: The prevalence of the Puadhi dialect is a defining characteristic of Panchkula district's rural culture. Panchkula takes its name from Panch khul , five natural springs in the area. The earlier main town in the region was Pinjore. Near the later part of the 7th century and early part of the 8th century, the district was part of the empires of Yasovarman of Kannauj and Lalitaditya Muktapida of Kashmir. It
4070-406: The reaches of the creeper-covered walls. Recently, the end structure of the doorway was made into a disc-like open-air theatre. The stiff outer wall of the garden is suggestive of the fort walls, which has now all around dieter pavilions housing the zoo. A watercourse traipsing from level to level sparkles in the sunlight, its pools reflecting white shining pavilions and balconies etched high against
4144-623: The region was dotted with various minor principalities such as Ramgarh, Raipur, Kotaha and Kizhirabad, which were practically independent. In 1755, Adina Beg defeated Qutub Khan, and in return was given the sarkar of Sirhind, included present Panchkula district. In 1753, Ahmed Shah Abdali invaded the region and took over the Sirhind Sarkar. Afghan rule was ended when the Sikhs killed Abdali's governor, Zain Khan Sirhindi , in 1763. Afterwards Panchkula district became part of various Sikh misls, and
4218-497: The region. Because of their outstanding architecture, diversity of temple forms, and testimony to the Chandela civilization, the monuments at Khajuraho were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1986. The name Khajuraho, or Kharjuravāhaka , is derived from ancient Sanskrit ( kharjura , खर्जूर means date palm , and vāhaka , वाहक means "one who carries" or bearer ). Local legends state that
4292-570: The reign of Aurangzeb , Fidai Khan Koka , his Master of Ordinance, constructed the Pinjore Gardens (now called Yadvindra Gardens) for use by Aurangzeb as a summer retreat. After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, Banda Singh Bahadur , a disciple of Guru Gobind Singh, ravaged erstwhile Ambala district, including Panchkula, but was defeated at the Battle of Sadhaura in 1710. In 1739, the region was plundered again by Nader Shah . After his retreat,
4366-570: The reigns of the Hindu kings Yashovarman and Dhanga . Yashovarman's legacy is best exhibited by the Lakshmana Temple . Vishvanatha temple best highlights King Dhanga's reign. The largest and currently most famous surviving temple is Kandariya Mahadeva built in the reign of King Vidyadhara . The temple inscriptions suggest many of the currently surviving temples were complete between 970 and 1030 CE, with further temples completed during
4440-573: The ruined Ghantai Temple, the Pārśvanātha Temple, the Ādinātha Temple, and the Śāntinātha Temple, along with several smaller Jaina shrines. Many of these shrines were built on the foundations of earlier structures or using materials from previous temples. There are numerous strong indications within the architecture of the Pārśvanātha and Ādinātha Temples that they were originally constructed as Hindu temples and later converted into Jaina temples by
4514-400: The square grid incorporated in the design of the spires. The primary deity or lingas are located in the grid's Brahma padas. The architecture is symbolic and reflects the central Hindu beliefs through its form, structure, and arrangement of its parts. The mandapas, as well as the arts, are arranged in the Khajuraho temples in a symmetric repeating patterns, even though each image or sculpture
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#17327729693694588-430: The square. The square is considered divine for its perfection and as a symbolic product of knowledge and human thought, while circle is considered earthly, human and observed in everyday life (moon, sun, horizon, water drop, rainbow). Each supports the other. The square is divided into perfect 64 sub-squares called padas. Most Khajuraho temples deploy the 8x8 (64) padas grid Manduka Vastupurushamandala, with pitha mandala
4662-475: The surviving temples, six are dedicated to Shiva, eight to Vishnu and his affinities, one to Ganesha, one to Sun god, three to Jain Tirthankars. For some ruins, there is insufficient evidence to assign the temple to specific deities with confidence. An overall examination of site suggests that the Hindu symbolic mandala design principle of square and circles is present each temple plan and design. Further,
4736-518: The temple complex are adorned with statues Ashta-Dikpalas like, Indra , Agni , Vayu , Varun & Ishan in the cardinal directions. The idols of Hindu gods and goddesses such as Shiva , Parvati , Vishnu , Ganesha and Kartikeya have been unearthed and most of them are now displayed in the museum (spread over an area of 8 acres (3.2 ha)) here. From these findings, the Archaeological Department has conjectured that
4810-555: The temple complex had 64 water bodies, of which 56 have been physically identified by archeologists so far. All temples, except one (Chaturbhuja) face the sunrise – another symbolic feature that is predominant in Hindu temples. The relative layout of temples integrate masculine and feminine deities and symbols highlight the interdependence. The artworks symbolically highlight the four goals of life considered necessary and proper in Hinduism – dharma , kama , artha and moksha . Of
4884-400: The temple sculpture. Further, most erotic scene panels are neither prominent nor emphasized at the expense of the rest, rather they are in proportional balance with the non-sexual images. The viewer has to look closely to find them, or be directed by a guide. The arts cover numerous aspects of human life and values considered important in the Hindu pantheon. Further, the images are arranged in
4958-528: The temple was stylized to the Panchayatan group of temples, where the main shrine is surrounded by four subsidiary shrines, which is contemporaneous to the temples of Khajuraho and Bhubaneshwar . Erotic images of the Bhima Devi temple contemporary to Khajuraho temples , have earned it a nickname of Khajuraho of North India . In keeping with Hindu tradition of temple architecture, the outer walls of
5032-410: The temples had two golden date-palm trees as their gate (missing when they were rediscovered). Desai states that Kharjuravāhaka also means scorpion bearer, which is another symbolic name for deity Shiva (who wears snakes and scorpion garlands in his fierce form). Cunningham's nomenclature and systematic documentation work in 1850s and 1860s have been widely adopted and continue to be in use. He grouped
5106-540: The temples into the Western group around Lakshmana , Eastern group around Javeri , and Southern group around Duladeva . The Khajuraho monuments are located in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh , in Chatarpur district , about 620 kilometres (385 mi) southeast of New Delhi . The temples are located near a small town also known as Khajuraho , with a population of about 24,481 people (2011 Census). Khajuraho
5180-521: The territory is laid out in three triangles that converge to form a pentagon. Scholars suggest that this reflects the Hindu symbolism for three realms or trilokinatha , and five cosmic substances or panchbhuteshvara . The temple site highlights Shiva, the one who destroys and recycles life, thereby controlling the cosmic dance of time, evolution and dissolution. The temples have a rich display of intricately carved statues. While they are famous for their erotic sculpture, sexual themes cover less than 10% of
5254-491: Was formed as the 17th district of the Indian state of Haryana on 15 August 1995. It comprises two sub divisions and two tehsils : Panchkula and Kalka . It has 264 villages, out of which 12 are uninhabited and ten wholly merged with towns or treated as census towns according to the 1991 census. There are five towns in the district: Barwala , Kalka , Panchkula , Pinjore and Raipur Rani . The total population of
5328-636: Was incorporated into the Sikh Empire . In 1805, the British conquered the region from the Sikhs, and made it part of the Ambala district. The 1857 Rebellion had a nerve centre in nearby Ambala, and Panchkula played a role in supporting the rebels. After the suppression of the rebellion, the region was made part of the British Raj. Panchkula became part of the Ambala district. Ambala produced many freedom fighters such as Lala Muralidhar, who exhorted
5402-644: Was part of the empire of Mihir Bhoj of the Gujara-Pratihara dynasty. In the 10th century CE, the region was raided by Mahmud of Ghazni several times. However it was soon brought back to peace by the Chauhans of Delhi, until Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in 1192, when it became part of the Delhi Sultanate. In 1254, Nasiruddin Muhammad plundered Pinjore, an event recorded in
5476-546: Was split and part of it went to Punjab, while the Panchkula and Ambala areas came to Haryana. In the 1970s, the Haryana Government began the construction of Panchkula as a planned city. In 1995, the district was split off from Ambala district. According to the 2011 census of India, Panchkula district had a population of 561,293, This ranked it 537th in India out of a total of 640 districts . The district has
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