Misplaced Pages

#312687

112-497: The color pink is named after the flowers, pinks , flowering plants in the genus Dianthus , and derives from the frilled edge of the flowers. The verb "to pink" dates from the 14th century and means "to decorate with a perforated or punched pattern" (possibly from German picken , "to peck"). It has survived to the current day in pinking shears , hand-held scissors that cut a zig-zagged line to prevent fraying. The color pink has been described in literature since ancient times. In

224-645: A "welcome embrace" in India and masculinity in Japan. Toys aimed at girls often display pink prominently on packaging and the toy themselves. This is a relatively recent trend, with toys from the 1920s to the 1960s not being gendered by color (though they were gendered by a focus on domesticity and nurturing). The current color-based gendering of toys can be traced back to the deregulation of children's television programs. This allowed toy companies to produce shows that were designed specifically to sell their products, and gender

336-658: A New York gallery and found many admirers but no purchasers. She was also dismayed at the lack of paintings to study while staying at her summer residence. Cassatt even considered giving up art, as she was determined to make an independent living. She wrote in a letter of July 1871, "I have given up my studio & torn up my father's portrait, & have not touched a brush for six weeks nor ever will again until I see some prospect of getting back to Europe. I am very anxious to go out west next fall & get some employment, but I have not yet decided where." Cassatt traveled to Chicago to try her luck, but lost some of her early paintings in

448-520: A fine picture again". With Emily Sartain , a fellow artist from a well-regarded artistic family from Philadelphia, Cassatt set out for Europe again. Within months of her return to Europe in the autumn of 1871, Cassatt's prospects had brightened. Her painting Two Women Throwing Flowers During Carnival was well received in the Salon of 1872, and was purchased. She attracted much favorable notice in Parma and

560-470: A five-minute stroll apart, and Degas developed the habit of looking in at Cassatt's studio and offering her advice and helping her gain models. They had much in common: they shared similar tastes in art and literature, came from affluent backgrounds, had studied painting in Italy, and both were independent, never marrying. The degree of intimacy between them cannot be assessed now, as no letters survive, but it

672-477: A highly regarded teacher known for his hyper-realistic technique and his depiction of exotic subjects. (A few months later Gérôme also accepted Eakins as a student. ) Cassatt augmented her artistic training with daily copying in the Louvre , obtaining the required permit, which was necessary to control the "copyists", usually low-paid women, who daily filled the museum to paint copies for sale. The museum also served as

784-483: A large apartment on the fifth floor of 13, Avenue Trudaine, ( 48°52′54″N 2°20′41″E  /  48.8816°N 2.3446°E  / 48.8816; 2.3446 ). Mary valued their companionship, as neither she nor Lydia had married. A case was made that Mary had narcissistic disturbance, never completing the recognition of herself as a person outside of the orbit of her mother. Mary had decided early in life that marriage would be incompatible with her career. Lydia, who

896-459: A mural at an exposition that was to do so much to focus the world's attention on the status of women. Following the world's fair, the mural came into Bertha Palmer's possession, where it remained as late as 1911, but it disappeared after Palmer's death in 1918. Cassatt made several studies and paintings on themes similar to those in the mural, so it is possible to see her development of those ideas and images. Cassatt also exhibited other paintings in

1008-571: A new chapter to the history of graphic arts...technically, as color prints, they have never been surpassed". Also in 1891, Chicago socialite Bertha Palmer approached Cassatt to paint a 12' × 58' mural about "Modern Woman" for the Women's Building for the World's Columbian Exposition to be held in 1893. Cassatt completed the project over the next two years while living in France with her mother. The mural

1120-407: A pink carotenoid pigment called astaxanthin . Their shells, naturally blue-green, turn pink or red when cooked. The flesh of the salmon also contains astaxanthin, which makes it pink. Farm-bred salmon are sometimes fed these pigments to improve their pinkness, and it is sometimes also used to enhance the color of egg yolks . Pink is one of the most common colors of flowers; it serves to attract

1232-404: A portrait in oils of Cassatt, Mary Cassatt Seated, Holding Cards . A Self-Portrait ( c.  1880 ) by Cassatt depicts her in the identical hat and dress, leading art historian Griselda Pollock to speculate they were executed in a joint painting session in the early years of their acquaintance. Cassatt and Degas worked most closely together in the fall and winter of 1879–80 when Cassatt

SECTION 10

#1732757296313

1344-425: A preference for pink; three percent of women chose pink as their favorite color, compared with less than one percent of men. Many of the men surveyed were unable to even identify pink correctly, confusing it with mauve . Pink was also more popular with older people than younger. In Japan, pink is the color most commonly associated with springtime due to the blooming cherry blossoms. This is different from surveys in

1456-459: A print, In the Opera Box , in a large edition of fifty impressions, no doubt destined for the journal. Although Cassatt's warm feelings for Degas were to last her entire life, she never again worked with him as closely as she had over the prints journal. Mathews notes that she ceased executing her theater scenes at this time. Degas was forthright in his views, as was Cassatt. They clashed over

1568-428: A realistically colored train, while boys in the 1950s did not want to be seen playing with a pink train. However, today it is a valuable collector's item. As noted above, pink combined with black or violet is commonly associated with eroticism and seduction. Pink is often used as a symbolic color by groups involved in issues important to women, as well as to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. The word pink

1680-491: A role model for young American artists who sought her advice. Among them was Lucy A. Bacon , whom Cassatt introduced to Camille Pissarro . Though the Impressionist group disbanded, Cassatt still had contact with some of the members, including Renoir, Monet, and Pissarro. In 1891, she exhibited a series of highly original colored drypoint and aquatint prints, including Woman Bathing and The Coiffure , inspired by

1792-471: A shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye. At sunrise and sunset , when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange, red and pink light. The remaining pinkish sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give

1904-510: A social place for Frenchmen and American female students, who, like Cassatt, were not allowed to attend cafes where the avant-garde socialized. In this manner, fellow artist and friend Elizabeth Jane Gardner met and married famed academic painter William-Adolphe Bouguereau . Toward the end of 1866, she joined a painting class taught by Charles Joshua Chaplin , a genre artist . In 1868, Cassatt also studied with artist Thomas Couture , whose subjects were mostly romantic and urban. On trips to

2016-467: Is a cherry-pink synthetic. It is usually listed on package labels as E-127. Another common red or pink (particularly in the United States where erythrosine is less frequently used) is Allura Red AC (E-129), also known as Red No. 40. Some products use a natural red or pink food coloring, Cochineal , also called carmine , made with crushed insects of the family Dactylopius coccus . In Europe and

2128-405: Is a green cylindrical tube about 2 centimetres (0.79 in) long, with reddish teeth. The flowers are radially symmetric, hermaphrodite , gathered in scapes of 3–5 flowers, with 10 stamens . They have five pink petals, 10–15 millimetres (0.39–0.59 in) long, with fringed margins. The flowering period extends from May through August. The fruits are capsules with a few seeds. This species

2240-410: Is entirely too slashing, snubs all modern art, disdains the Salon pictures of Cabanel , Bonnat , all the names we are used to revere". Cassatt saw that works by female artists were often dismissed with contempt unless the artist had a friend or protector on the jury, and she would not flirt with jurors to curry favor. Her cynicism grew when one of the two pictures she submitted in 1875 was refused by

2352-402: Is generally considered a tint of red, the colors of most tints of pink are slightly bluish, and lie between red and magenta . A few variations of pink, such as salmon color, lean toward orange. As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles . This is called Rayleigh scattering . Colors with

SECTION 20

#1732757296313

2464-549: Is in the Romantic style of Corot and Couture, and is one of only two paintings from the first decade of her career that is documented today. The French art scene was in a process of change, as radical artists such as Courbet and Édouard Manet tried to break away from accepted Academic tradition, and the Impressionists were in their formative years. Cassatt's friend Eliza Haldeman wrote home that artists "are leaving

2576-419: Is less red; when heated, it changes from pinkish-red to less pink to tan or white. Ham , though it contains myoglobins like beef, undergoes a different transformation. Traditional hams, such as prosciutto , are made by taking the hind leg or thigh of a pig, covering it with sea salt, which removes the moisture content, and then letting it dry or cure for as long as two years. The salt ( sodium nitrate ) permits

2688-626: Is made from the loveliest and lightest sinopia that is found and is mixed and mulled with St. John's white, as it is called in Florence; and this white is made from thoroughly white and thoroughly purified lime. And when these two pigments have been thoroughly mulled together (that is, two parts cinabrese and the third white), make little loaves of them like half walnuts and leave them to dry. When you need some, take however much of it seems appropriate. And this pigment does you great credit if you use it for painting faces, hands, and nudes on walls..." Pink

2800-574: Is native to Austria , Croatia , and Slovenia , and naturalized in Italy , Germany , and the United Kingdom . In the United States it is known to grow invasively in Alabama , South Carolina , North Carolina , Virginia , Pennsylvania , Indiana , Illinois , Missouri , Wisconsin , Michigan , New York State , New Hampshire , Vermont , Maine , and California . While the origin of

2912-587: Is not used for any tincture (color) in heraldry, but there are two fairly uncommon tinctures which are both close to pink: Pink is used for the newsprint paper of several important newspapers devoted to business and sports, and the color is also connected with the press aimed at the LGBTQIA community . Since 1893 the London Financial Times newspaper has used a distinctive salmon pink color for its newsprint, originally because pink dyed paper

3024-457: Is one of her best regarded. Cassatt's style then evolved, and she moved away from Impressionism to a simpler, more straightforward approach. She began to exhibit her works in New York galleries as well. After 1886, Cassatt no longer identified herself with any art movement and experimented with a variety of techniques. Cassatt and her contemporaries enjoyed the wave of feminism that occurred in

3136-690: Is presenting a pink flower to the Virgin Mary . The pink was a symbol of marriage, showing a spiritual marriage between the mother and child. During the Renaissance, pink was mainly used for the flesh color of white faces and hands. The pigment commonly used for this was called light cinabrese; it was a mixture of the red earth pigment called sinopia , or Venetian red , and a white pigment called Bianco San Genovese , or lime white. In his famous 15th century manual on painting, Il Libro Dell'Arte , Cennino Cennini described it this way: "This pigment

3248-512: Is unlikely they were in a relationship given their conservative social backgrounds and strong moral principles. Several of Vincent van Gogh 's letters attest to Degas' sexual self-constraint. Degas introduced Cassatt to pastel and engraving, both of which Cassatt quickly mastered, while for her part Cassatt was instrumental in helping Degas sell his paintings and promoting his reputation in America. Both regarded themselves as figure painters, and

3360-556: The Odyssey , written in approximately 800 BCE, Homer wrote "Then, when the child of morning, rosy-fingered dawn appeared..." Roman poets also described the color. Roseus is the Latin word meaning " rosy " or "pink." Lucretius used the word to describe the dawn in his epic poem On the Nature of Things ( De rerum natura ). Pink was not a common color in the fashion of

3472-547: The Dreyfus affair (early in her career she had executed a portrait of the art collector Moyse Dreyfus, a relative of the court-martialled lieutenant at the center of the affair). Cassatt later expressed satisfaction at the irony of Lousine Havermeyer's 1915 joint exhibition of hers and Degas' work being held in aid of women's suffrage , equally capable of affectionately repeating Degas' antifemale comments as being estranged by them (when viewing her Two Women Picking Fruit for

Pink - Misplaced Pages Continue

3584-542: The Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Shortly afterward, her work attracted the attention of Roman Catholic Bishop Michael Domenec of Pittsburgh, who commissioned her to paint two copies of paintings by Correggio in Parma , Italy, advancing her enough money to cover her travel expenses and part of her stay. In her excitement she wrote, "O how wild I am to get to work, my fingers farely itch & my eyes water to see

3696-528: The Madonna and Child . After 1900, she concentrated almost exclusively on mother-and-child subjects, such as Woman with a Sunflower . Viewers may be surprised to find that despite her focus on portraying mother-child pairs in her portraits, "Cassatt rejected the idea of becoming a wife and mother..." The 1890s were Cassatt's busiest and most creative period. She had matured considerably and became more diplomatic and less blunt in her opinions. She also became

3808-633: The Philadelphia area, where she started her schooling at the age of six. Cassatt grew up in an environment that viewed travel as an integral part of a well-rounded education; she spent five years in Europe and visited many of the capitals, including London, Paris, and Berlin. While abroad she learned German and French and had her first lessons in drawing and music. It is likely that her first exposure to French artists Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres , Eugène Delacroix , Camille Corot , and Gustave Courbet

3920-551: The greens (p.  38), and specifies several admixtures of greenish colors made with pink—e.g. "Grasse-green is made of Pink and Bice, it is shadowed with Indigo and Pink … French-green of Pink and Indico [shadowed with] Indico" (pp. 38–40). In William Salmon 's Polygraphice (1673), "Pink yellow" is mentioned amongst the chief yellow pigments (p. 96), and the reader is instructed to mix it with either Saffron or Ceruse for "sad" or "light" shades thereof, respectively. According to public opinion surveys in Europe and

4032-405: The right to vote in the 1910s. Mary Cassatt depicted the " New Woman " of the 19th century from the woman's perspective. As a successful, highly trained woman artist who never married, Cassatt—like Ellen Day Hale , Elizabeth Coffin , Elizabeth Nourse and Cecilia Beaux —personified the "New Woman". She "initiated the profound beginnings in recreating the image of the 'new' women", drawn from

4144-464: The 1840s, allowing them access to educational institutions at newly coed colleges and universities, such as Oberlin and the University of Michigan . Likewise, women's colleges such as Vassar , Smith and Wellesley opened their doors during this time. Cassatt was an outspoken advocate for women's equality , campaigning with her friends for equal travel scholarships for students in the 1860s, and

4256-510: The 1930s and 40s. In the 1920s, some groups had described pink as a masculine color, an equivalent to red, which was considered for men but lighter for boys. But stores nonetheless found that people were increasingly choosing to buy pink for girls, and blue for boys, until this became an accepted norm in the 1940s. In optics, the word "pink" can refer to any of the pale shades of colors between bluish red to red in hue, of medium to high lightness, and of low to moderate saturation . Although pink

4368-716: The Academy style and each seeking a new way, consequently just now everything is Chaos." Cassatt, on the other hand, continued to work in the traditional manner, submitting works to the Salon for over ten years, with increasing frustration. Returning to the United States in the late summer of 1870—as the Franco-Prussian War was starting —Cassatt lived with her family in Altoona . Her father continued to resist her chosen vocation, and paid for her basic needs, but not her art supplies. Cassatt placed two of her paintings in

4480-594: The Artist (self-portrait), Little Girl in a Blue Armchair , and Reading Le Figaro (portrait of her mother). Degas had considerable influence on Cassatt. Both were highly experimental in their use of materials, trying distemper and metallic paints in many works, such as Woman Standing Holding a Fan , 1878–79 ( Amon Carter Museum of American Art ). She became extremely proficient in the use of pastels , eventually creating many of her most important works in this medium. Degas also introduced her to etching , of which he

4592-602: The Exposition. As the new century arrived, Cassatt served as an advisor to several major art collectors and stipulated that they eventually donate their purchases to American art museums. In recognition of her contributions to the arts, France awarded her the Légion d'honneur in 1904. Although instrumental in advising American collectors, recognition of her art came more slowly in the United States. Even among her family members back in America, she received little recognition and

Pink - Misplaced Pages Continue

4704-484: The Impressionists, Cassatt would go on to exhibit in half of the group's later exhibitions Cassatt admired Degas, whose pastels had made a powerful impression on her when she encountered them in an art dealer's window in 1875. "I used to go and flatten my nose against that window and absorb all I could of his art," she later recalled. "It changed my life. I saw art then as I wanted to see it." She accepted Degas' invitation with enthusiasm and began preparing paintings for

4816-664: The Japanese masters shown in Paris the year before. (See Japonism ) Cassatt was attracted to the simplicity and clarity of Japanese design, and the skillful use of blocks of color. In her interpretation, she used primarily light, delicate pastel colors and avoided black (a "forbidden" color among the Impressionists). Adelyn D. Breeskin , the author of two catalogue raisonnés of Cassatt's work, comments that these colored prints, "now stand as her most original contribution... adding

4928-487: The Louvre studying artworks together. Degas produced two prints, notable for their technical innovation, depicting Cassatt at the Louvre looking at artworks while Lydia reads a guidebook. These were destined for a prints journal planned by Degas (together with Camille Pissarro and others), which never came to fruition. Cassatt frequently posed for Degas, notably for his millinery series trying on hats. Around 1884, Degas made

5040-480: The Louvre. She treasured his friendship but learned not to expect too much from his fickle and temperamental nature after a project they were collaborating on at the time, a proposed journal devoted to prints, was abruptly dropped by him. The sophisticated and well-dressed Degas, then forty-five, was a welcome dinner guest at the Cassatt residence, and likewise they at his soirées . The Impressionist exhibit of 1879

5152-619: The Middle Ages; nobles usually preferred brighter reds, such as crimson. However, it did appear in women's fashion and religious art. In the 13th and 14th centuries, in works by Cimabue and Duccio , the Christ child was sometimes portrayed dressed in pink, the color associated with the body of Christ. In the high Renaissance painting the Madonna of the Pinks by Raphael , the Christ child

5264-939: The United States and Europe where green is the color most associated with springtime. In many languages, the word for the color pink is based on the name of the rose flower; like rose in French; roze in Dutch; rosa in German, Latin, Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish, Italian, Swedish and Norwegian ( Nynorsk and Bokmål ); rozovyy/розовый in Russian; różowy in Polish; ורוד ( varód ) in Hebrew; গোলাপি ( golapi ) in Bangla; and गुलाबी ( gulābee ) in Hindi. In English "rose", too, often refers to both

5376-414: The United States, are often colored blue as well). The drink Tab was packaged in pink cans, presumably to subconsciously convey a sweet taste. The pink color in most packaged and processed foods, ice creams, candies and pastries is made with artificial food coloring . The most common pink food coloring is erythrosine , also known as Red No. 3, an organoiodine compound , a derivative of fluorone , which

5488-490: The United States, pink is often associated with girls, while blue is associated with boys. These colors were first used as gender markers just prior to World War I (for either girls or boys), and pink was first established as a female gender indicators in the 1940s. In the 20th century, the practice in Europe varied from country to country, with some assigning colors based on the baby's complexion, and others assigning pink sometimes to boys and sometimes to girls. Many have noted

5600-424: The United States, pink is the color most associated with charm, politeness, sensitivity, tenderness, sweetness, softness, childhood, the feminine, and the romantic. Although it did not have any strong negative associations in these surveys, few respondents chose pink as their favorite color. Pink was the favorite color of only two percent of respondents. There was a notable difference between men and women in regards to

5712-655: The application of vibrant color in separate strokes with little pre-mixing, which allows the eye to merge the results in an "impressionistic" manner. The Impressionists had been receiving the wrath of the critics for several years. Henry Bacon, a friend of the Cassatts, thought that the Impressionists were so radical that they were "afflicted with some hitherto unknown disease of the eye". They already had one female member, artist Berthe Morisot , who became Cassatt's friend and colleague. The only American officially associated with

SECTION 50

#1732757296313

5824-535: The art historian George Shackelford suggests they were influenced by the art critic Louis Edmond Duranty 's appeal in his pamphlet The New Painting for a revitalization in figure painting: "Let us take leave of the stylized human body, which is treated like a vase. What we need is the characteristic modern person in his clothes, in the midst of his social surroundings, at home or out in the street." After Cassatt's parents and sister Lydia joined Cassatt in Paris in 1877, Degas, Cassatt, and Lydia were often to be seen at

5936-566: The basis of imagined innate characteristics. As of 2008 various feminist groups and the Breast Cancer Awareness Month use the color pink to convey empowerment of women. Breast cancer charities around the world have used the color to symbolize support for people with breast cancer and promote awareness of the disease. A key tactic of these charities is encouraging women and men to wear pink to show their support for breast cancer awareness and research. Pink has symbolized

6048-495: The bohemian behavior of some of the male students. As such, Cassatt and her network of friends were lifelong advocates of equal rights for the sexes. Although about 20% of the students were female, most viewed art as a socially valuable skill; few of them were determined, as Cassatt was, to make art their career. She continued her studies from 1861 through 1865, the duration of the American Civil War . Thomas Eakins

6160-425: The clothing for children in the 19th century was almost always white, since, before the invention of chemical dyes, clothing of any color would quickly fade when washed in boiling water. Queen Victoria was painted in 1850 with her seventh child and third son, Prince Arthur, who wore white and pink. In late nineteenth-century France, Impressionist painters working in a pastel color palette sometimes depicted women wearing

6272-498: The color is called bleikur , originally meaning "pale". In the Japanese language, the traditional word for pink, momo-iro ( ももいろ ) , takes its name from the peach blossom. There is a separate word for the color of the cherry blossom: sakura-iro . In recent times a word based on the English version, pinku ( ピンク ) , has begun to be used. In Chinese, the color pink is named with a compound noun 粉紅色, meaning "powder red" where

6384-519: The color pink to appear exotic or to attract attention. According to surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most associated with sweet foods and beverages. Pink is also one of the few colors to be strongly associated with a particular aroma, that of roses. Many strawberry and raspberry -flavored foods are colored pink and light red as well, sometimes to distinguish them from cherry -flavored foods that are more commonly colored dark red (although raspberry-flavored foods, particularly in

6496-405: The color pink, such as Edgar Degas ' image of ballet dancers or Mary Cassatt 's images of women and children. A dress parade, held in 1949, at the famous Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York, caused a stir among attendees due to the vibrant pink tones in the dresses and garments. The journalists and critics of the time, seeking to know Mexican designer Ramón Valdiosera's inspiration, asked him about

6608-566: The complexities of gender relations in her work. The piece "In the Loge"(1878) is a good example of this, as it depicts a young women watching the opera while a male admirer gawks at her from afar, the viewer is then also included into the voyeuristic objectification of the unaware model exposing the social dynamics of the time. By choosing to depict more humble feminine environments Cassatt effectively raised scenes of women, their labor, friendships, and personal life to be celebrated as high art. She

6720-467: The contrary association of pink with boys in 20th-century America. An article in the trade publication Earnshaw's Infants' Department in June 1918 said: The generally accepted rule is pink for the boys, and blue for the girls. The reason is that pink, being a more decided and stronger color, is more suitable for the boy, while blue, which is more delicate and dainty, is prettier for the girl. One reason for

6832-469: The countryside, the students drew from life, particularly the peasants going about their daily activities. In 1868, one of her paintings, A Mandoline Player , was accepted for the first time by the selection jury for the Paris Salon . With Elizabeth Jane Gardner , whose work was also accepted by the jury that year, Cassatt was one of two American women to first exhibit in the Salon. A Mandoline Player

SECTION 60

#1732757296313

6944-495: The decision to take up residence in France. She was joined by her sister Lydia who shared an apartment with her. Cassatt opened a studio in Paris . Louisa May Alcott 's sister, Abigail May Alcott , was then an art student in Paris and visited Cassatt. Cassatt continued to express criticism of the politics of the Salon and the conventional taste that prevailed there. She was blunt in her comments, as reported by Sartain, who wrote: "she

7056-445: The family Caryophyllaceae . Dianthus plumarius is a compact evergreen perennial reaching on average 30–60 centimetres (12–24 in) in height. The stem is green, erect, glabrous and branched on the top. The leaves are opposite, simple, linear and sessile , more or less erect and flexuous , with a sheath embracing the stem. They are about 3 millimetres (0.12 in) wide and about 10 centimetres (3.9 in) long. The calyx

7168-668: The first Impressionist exhibition in the US, organized by art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel . Her friend Louisine Elder married Harry Havemeyer in 1883, and with Cassatt as advisor, the couple began collecting the Impressionists on a grand scale. Much of their vast collection is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Cassatt also made several portraits of family members during that period, of which Portrait of Alexander Cassatt and His Son Robert Kelso (1885)

7280-540: The first time in seven years she had no works in the Salon. At this low point in her career she was invited by Edgar Degas to show her works with the Impressionists , a group that had begun their own series of independent exhibitions in 1874 with much attendant notoriety. The Impressionists (also known as the "Independents" or "Intransigents") had no formal manifesto and varied considerably in subject matter and technique. They tended to prefer plein air painting and

7392-432: The first time, he had commented "No woman has the right to draw like that"). From the 1890s onwards their relationship took on a decidedly commercial aspect, as in general had Cassatt's other relations with the Impressionist circle; nevertheless they continued to visit each other until Degas died in 1917. Cassatt's reputation is based on an extensive series of rigorously drawn and tenderly observed paintings and prints on

7504-862: The flower and the color. In Danish, Faroese and Finnish, the color pink is described as a lighter shade of red: lyserød in Danish, ljósareyður in Faroese and vaaleanpunainen in Finnish, all meaning "light red". Similarly, some Celtic languages use a term meaning "whitish red": gwynnrudh in Cornish, bándearg in Irish, bane-yiarg in Manx, bàn-dhearg in Scottish Gaelic (which also uses liath-dhearg "greyish/pale red" and pinc from English). In Icelandic,

7616-611: The future mistress of Admiral Horatio Nelson , in the late 18th century, it had the completely opposite meaning in the portrait of Sarah Barrett Moulton painted by Thomas Lawrence in 1794. In this painting, it symbolized childhood, innocence and tenderness. Sarah Moulton was just eleven years of age when the picture was painted, and died the following year. In 19th century England, pink ribbons or decorations were often worn by young boys; boys were simply considered small men, and while men in England wore red uniforms, boys wore pink. In fact

7728-407: The ham to retain its original pink color, even when dried out. Supermarket hams are made by a different and faster process; they are brined, or infused with a salt-water solution, containing sodium nitrite , which transfers nitric oxide , which bonds with the myoglobin to form the traditional pink cured ham color. The shells and flesh of crustaceans such as crabs , lobsters and shrimp contain

7840-400: The increased use of pink for girls and blue for boys was the invention of new chemical dyes, which meant that children's clothing could be mass-produced and washed in hot water without fading. Prior to this time, most small children of both sexes wore white, which could be frequently washed. Another factor was the popularity of blue and white sailor suits for young boys, a fashion that started in

7952-522: The influence of her intelligent and active mother, Katherine Cassatt, who believed in educating women to be knowledgeable and socially active. She is depicted in Reading 'Le Figaro' (1878). Cassatt's independence and choice to not marry as a "New Women" could also be seen as a reaction to the strict institutionalized misogamy of the art world at the time, as marriage could have been seen as unserious and incompatible with any serious artistic career that she

8064-459: The insects and birds necessary for pollination and perhaps also to deter predators. The color comes from natural pigments called anthocyanins , which also provide the pink in raspberries . In the 17th century, the word pink or pinke was also used to describe a yellowish pigment, which was mixed with blue colors to yield greenish colors. Thomas Jenner 's A Book of Drawing, Limning, Washing (1652) categorises "Pink & blew bice " amongst

8176-508: The jury, only to be accepted the following year after she darkened the background. She had quarrels with Sartain, who thought Cassatt too outspoken and self-centered, and eventually they parted. Out of her distress and self-criticism, Cassatt decided that she needed to move away from genre paintings and onto more fashionable subjects, in order to attract portrait commissions from American socialites abroad, but that attempt bore little fruit at first. In 1877, both her entries were rejected, and for

8288-671: The late 19th century. Blue was also the usual color of school uniforms, for boys and girls. Blue was associated with seriousness and study, while pink was associated with childhood and softness. By the 1950s, pink was strongly associated with femininity, but to an extent that was "neither rigid nor universal" as it later became. One study by two neuroscientists in Current Biology examined color preferences across British and Chinese cultures and found significant differences between male and female responses. Both groups favored blues over other hues, but women had more favorable responses to

8400-410: The name "pink" is uncertain, within two decades of its 1570 appearance in the written record, that flower's name was being used to refer to the pastel red known as pink in English today. Whether the pinking shear shares a common origin, or is named after the flower, is uncertain. Mary Cassatt Mary Stevenson Cassatt ( / k ə ˈ s æ t / ; May 22, 1844 – June 14, 1926)

8512-407: The new pinks. In Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, inmates of Nazi concentration camps who were accused of homosexuality were forced to wear a pink triangle . Because of this, the pink triangle has become a symbol of the modern gay rights movement . The transition to pink as a sexually differentiating color for girls occurred gradually, through the selective process of the marketplace, in

8624-531: The next Impressionist show, planned for 1878, which (after a postponement because of the World's Fair) took place on April 10, 1879. She felt comfortable with the Impressionists and joined their cause enthusiastically, declaring: "we are carrying on a despairing fight & need all our forces". Unable to attend cafes with them without attracting unfavorable attention, she met with them privately and at exhibitions. She now hoped for commercial success selling paintings to

8736-415: The only artists who distinguish themselves... and who offer some attraction and some excuse in the pretentious show of window dressing and infantile daubing". Cassatt displayed eleven works, including Lydia in a Loge, Wearing a Pearl Necklace, (Woman in a Loge) . Although critics claimed that Cassatt's colors were too bright and that her portraits were too accurate to be flattering to the subjects, her work

8848-464: The origin of the color. The artist simply replied that that pink was already part of Mexican culture, which the New York fashion critic Perle Mesta then described as Mexican Pink. The First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953), when Eisenhower's wife Mamie Eisenhower wore a pink dress as her inaugural gown, is thought to have been a key turning point in the association of pink as a color associated with girls. Mamie's strong liking of pink led to

8960-411: The other Impressionist of the time that often focused on street scenes and landscapes, Cassatt's focus leaned towards a women centric gaze, motivated to paint the everyday life of women and focusing on domestic labors associated with the home. This was unusual at the time as while women were sometimes the focus of Impressionist pieces, it was limited to a passive object for the viewer. Cassatt notably made

9072-465: The powder refers to substances used for women's make-up. The Thai word for the color, ชมพู ( chom-puu ), derives ultimately from Sanskrit जम्बू ( jambū ) " rose apple ". Early pink buildings were usually built of brick or sandstone , which takes its pale red color from hematite, or iron ore. In the 18th century - the golden age of pink and other pastel colors - pink mansions and churches were built all across Europe. More modern pink buildings usually use

9184-493: The privilege of knowing Mary Cassatt's mother would know at once that it was from her and her alone that [Mary] inherited her ability." A distant cousin of artist Robert Henri , Cassatt was one of seven children, of whom two died in infancy. One brother, Alexander Johnston Cassatt , later became president of the Pennsylvania Railroad . The family moved eastward, first moving to Lancaster, Pennsylvania , then to

9296-495: The public association with pink being a color that "ladylike women wear." The 1957 American musical Funny Face also played a role in cementing the color's association with women. In the 20th century, pinks became bolder, brighter, and more assertive, partly because of the invention of chemical dyes that did not fade. The pioneer in the creation of the new wave of pinks was the Italian designer Elsa Schiaparelli (1890-1973), who

9408-510: The reddish-purple range of the spectrum and men had more favorable responses to the greenish-yellow middle of the spectrum. Despite the fact that the study used adults in mainstream cultures, and both groups preferred blues, and responses to the color pink were never even tested, the popular press represented the research as an indication of an innate preference by girls for pink. The misreading has been often repeated in market research, reinforcing American culture's association of pink with girls on

9520-420: The sky above the horizon a pink or reddish glow. Raw beef is red, because the muscles of vertebrate animals, such as cows and pigs, contain a protein called myoglobin , which binds oxygen and iron atoms. When beef is cooked, the myoglobin proteins undergo oxidation, and gradually turn from red to pink to brown; that is, from rare to medium to well-done. Pork contains less myoglobin than beef and therefore

9632-426: The sophisticated Parisians who preferred the avant-garde. Her style had gained a new spontaneity during the intervening two years. Previously a studio-bound artist, she had adopted the practice of carrying a sketchbook with her while out-of-doors or at the theater, and recording the scenes she saw. In 1877, Cassatt was joined in Paris by her father and mother, who returned with her sister Lydia, all eventually to share

9744-544: The theme of the mother and child. The earliest dated work on this subject is the drypoint Gardner Held by His Mother (an impression inscribed "Jan/88" is in the New York Public Library ), although she had painted a few earlier works on the theme. Some of these works depict her own relatives, friends, or clients, although in her later years she generally used professional models in compositions that are often reminiscent of Italian Renaissance depictions of

9856-479: The winner of Italy's most important bicycle race, the Giro d'Italia . (See #Sports ). Today's color dictate wasn't established until the 1940s due to Americans' preferences as interpreted by manufacturers and retailers. "It could have gone the other way" Dianthus plumarius Dianthus plumarius , also known as the common pink , garden pink , wild pink or simply pink , is a species of flowering plant in

9968-426: The women she painted active observers with real engagement in the environments she created, reflecting on her own time spent engaging with these women in their private intimate spaces, something that male artist would not have had the social ability to do at that time. This disconnect from what the two different genders were allowed to observe as an artist did not go unnoticed by Cassatt and she notably enjoyed observing

10080-790: Was anti-suffrage and who boycotted the show along with Philadelphia society in general. Cassatt responded by selling off her work that was otherwise destined for her heirs. In particular The Boating Party , thought to have been inspired by the birth of Eugenie's daughter Ellen Mary, was bought by the National Gallery, Washington, D.C. Cassatt and Degas had a long period of collaboration. The two painters had studios close together, Cassatt at 19, rue Laval ( 48°52′51″N 2°20′18″E  /  48.8808°N 2.3384°E  / 48.8808; 2.3384 ), Degas at 4, rue Frochot ( 48°52′52″N 2°20′16″E  /  48.8811°N 2.3377°E  / 48.8811; 2.3377 ), less than

10192-420: Was a recognized master. The two worked side by side for a while, and her draftsmanship gained considerable strength under his tutelage. One example of her thoughtful approach to the medium of drypoint as a mode for reflecting on her status as an artist is 'Reflection' of 1889–90, which has recently been interpreted as a self-portrait. Degas in turn depicted Cassatt in a series of etchings recording their trips to

10304-444: Was a successful stockbroker and land speculator. The ancestral name had been Cossart, with the family descended from French Huguenot Jacques Cossart, who came to New Amsterdam in 1662. Her mother, Katherine Kelso Johnston, came from a banking family. Katherine Cassatt, educated and well-read, had a profound influence on her daughter. To that effect, Cassatt's lifelong friend Louisine Havemeyer wrote in her memoirs: "Anyone who had

10416-406: Was aligned with the artists of the surrealist movement, including Jean Cocteau . In 1931 she created a new variety of the color, called shocking pink , made by mixing magenta with a small amount of white. She launched a perfume called Shocking, sold in a bottle in the shape of a woman's torso, said to be modelled on that of Mae West . Her fashions, co-designed with artists like Cocteau, featured

10528-402: Was among her fellow students; later Eakins was forced to resign as director of the academy. Impatient with the slow pace of instruction and the patronizing attitude of the male students and teachers, she decided to study the old masters on her own. She later said: "There was no teaching" at the academy. Female students could not use live models, until somewhat later, and the principal training

10640-457: Was an American painter and printmaker . She was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania (now part of Pittsburgh 's North Side ), and lived much of her adult life in France, where she befriended Edgar Degas and exhibited with the Impressionists . Cassatt often created images of the social and private lives of women, with particular emphasis on the intimate bonds between mothers and children. She

10752-415: Was an important differentiator of these shows and the toys they were advertising. In its 1957 catalog, Lionel Trains offered for sale a pink model freight train for girls. The steam locomotive and coal car were pink and the freight cars of the freight train were various pastel colors . The caboose was baby blue . It was a marketing failure because any girl who might want a model train would want

10864-684: Was at the Paris World's Fair of 1855. Also in the exhibition were Edgar Degas and Camille Pissarro , both of whom were later her colleagues and mentors. Though her family objected to her becoming a professional artist, Cassatt began studying painting at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia at the early age of 15. Part of her parents' concern may have been Cassatt's exposure to feminist ideas and

10976-555: Was described by Gustave Geffroy as one of "les trois grandes dames" (the three great ladies) of Impressionism alongside Marie Bracquemond and Berthe Morisot . In 1879, Diego Martelli compared her to Degas, as they both sought to depict movement, light, and design in the most modern sense. Cassatt was born in Allegheny City , Pennsylvania , which is now part of Pittsburgh . She was born into an upper-middle-class family: Her father, Robert Simpson Cassat (later Cassatt),

11088-474: Was designed as a triptych . The central theme was titled Young Women Plucking the Fruits of Knowledge or Science . The left panel was Young Girls Pursuing Fame and the right panel Arts, Music, Dancing . The mural displays a community of women apart from their relation to men, as accomplished persons in their own right. Palmer considered Cassatt to be an American treasure and could think of no one better to paint

11200-418: Was fighting to be recognized for . Although Cassatt did not explicitly make political statements about women's rights in her work, her artistic portrayal of women was consistently done with dignity and the suggestion of a deeper, meaningful inner life. She also focused a large amount of her work on the mother and child and enjoyed highlighting this relationship, painting them with warmth and attention. Unlike

11312-421: Was followed by a crisis of creativity; not only had the trip exhausted her, but she declared herself "crushed by the strength of this Art", saying, "I fought against it but it conquered, it is surely the greatest Art the past has left us ... how are my feeble hands to ever paint the effect on me." Diagnosed with diabetes , rheumatism , neuralgia , and cataracts in 1911, she did not slow down, but after 1914 she

11424-463: Was frequently painted by her sister, had recurrent bouts of illness, and her death in 1882 left Cassatt temporarily unable to work. Cassatt's father insisted that her studio and supplies be covered by her sales, which were still meager. Afraid of having to paint " potboilers " to make ends meet, Cassatt applied herself to produce some quality paintings for the next Impressionist exhibition. Three of her most accomplished works from 1878 were Portrait of

11536-414: Was less expensive than bleached white paper. Today the color is used to distinguish the newspaper from competitors on a press kiosk or news stand. In some countries, the salmon press identifies economic newspapers or economics sections in "white" newspapers. Some sports newspapers, such as La Gazzetta dello Sport in Italy, also use pink paper to stand out from other newspapers. It awards a pink jersey to

11648-478: Was mastering her printmaking technique. Degas owned a small printing press, and by day she worked at his studio using his tools and press while in the evening she made studies for the etching plate the next day. However, in April 1880, Degas abruptly withdrew from the prints journal they had been collaborating on, and without his support the project folded. Degas' withdrawal piqued Cassatt who had worked hard at preparing

11760-459: Was no longer breaking new ground, and her Impressionist colleagues who once provided stimulation and criticism were dying. She was hostile to such new developments in art as post-Impressionism , Fauvism and Cubism . Two of her works appeared in the Armory Show of 1913 , both images of a mother and child. A trip to Egypt in 1910 impressed Cassatt with the beauty of its ancient art, but

11872-478: Was not savaged as was Monet 's, whose circumstances were the most desperate of all the Impressionists at that time. She used her share of the profits to purchase a work by Degas and one by Monet. She participated in the Impressionist Exhibitions that followed in 1880 and 1881, and she remained an active member of the Impressionist circle until 1886. In 1886, Cassatt provided two paintings for

11984-428: Was often critiqued for this preference and her art was considered too feminine as a repercussion. Cassatt objected to being stereotyped as a "woman artist", she supported women's suffrage , and in 1915 showed eighteen works in an exhibition supporting the movement organised by Louisine Havemeyer, a committed and active feminist. The exhibition brought her into conflict with her sister-in-law Eugenie Carter Cassatt , who

12096-463: Was particularly championed by Madame de Pompadour (1721–1764), the mistress of King Louis XV of France , who wore combinations of pale blue and pink, and had a particular tint of pink made for her by the Sevres porcelain factory, created by adding nuances of blue, black and yellow. While pink was quite evidently the color of seduction in the portraits made by George Romney of Emma, Lady Hamilton ,

12208-416: Was primarily drawing from casts. Cassatt decided to end her studies: At that time, no degree was granted. After overcoming her father's objections, she moved to Paris in 1866, with her mother and family friends acting as chaperones . Since women could not yet attend the École des Beaux-Arts , Cassatt applied to study privately with masters from the school and was accepted to study with Jean-Léon Gérôme ,

12320-514: Was supported and encouraged by the art community there: "All Parma is talking of Miss Cassatt and her picture, and everyone is anxious to know her". After completing her commission for the bishop, Cassatt traveled to Madrid and Seville , where she painted a group of paintings of Spanish subjects, including Spanish Dancer Wearing a Lace Mantilla (1873, in the National Museum of American Art , Smithsonian Institution ). In 1874, she made

12432-426: Was the most successful to date, despite the absence of Renoir , Sisley , Manet and Cézanne , who were attempting once again to gain recognition at the Salon. Through the efforts of Gustave Caillebotte , who organized and underwrote the show, the group made a profit and sold many works, although the criticism continued as harsh as ever. The Revue des Deux Mondes wrote, "M. Degas and Mlle. Cassatt are, nevertheless,

12544-418: Was totally overshadowed by her famous brother. Mary Cassatt's brother, Alexander Cassatt , was president of the Pennsylvania Railroad from 1899 until his death in 1906. She was shaken, as they had been close, but she continued to be very productive in the years leading up to 1910. An increasing sentimentality is apparent in her work of the 1900s; her work was popular with the public and the critics, but she

#312687