Piolenc ( French pronunciation: [pjɔlɛ̃k] ; Occitan : Puegoulen ) is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France .
41-461: Piolenc is located 6 km (3.7 mi) north of Orange , and about 27 km (17 mi) north of Avignon . Piolenc was the site of a Cluniac priory. Wine is the main activity of this city, but the dominant besides of the agricultural production is the "French Provence garlic ", as such the "garlic cultural festival" takes place every summer in August, during the last week-end. Piolenc
82-639: A Late Antique original. It covers Europe (without the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles ), North Africa , and parts of Asia , including the Middle East , Persia , and the Indian subcontinent . According to one hypothesis, the existing map is based on a document of the 4th or 5th century that contained a copy of the world map originally prepared by Agrippa during the reign of
123-641: A German humanist and antiquarian in Augsburg , after whom the map is named. The Peutinger family kept possession of the map for more than two hundred years until it was sold in 1714. It then was passed repeatedly between several royal and elite families until it was purchased by Prince Eugene of Savoy for 100 ducats ; upon his death in 1737, it was purchased for the Habsburg Imperial Court Library in Vienna ( Hofbibliothek ). It
164-614: A date during the reign of emperor Augustus. The arch also contains an inscription dedicated to emperor Tiberius in AD 27, when it was reconstructed to celebrate the victories of Germanicus over the German tribes in Rhineland. The arch, theatre, and surroundings were listed in 1981 by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . The Musée (Museum) displays the biggest (7.56 x 5.90 m) cadastral Roman maps ever recovered, etched on marble. They cover
205-411: A fifth century revision to Levi and Levi. The presence of certain cities of Germania Inferior that were destroyed in the mid-fifth century provides a terminus ante quem (a map's latest plausible creation date), though Emily Albu suggests that this information could have been preserved in the textual, not cartographic, form. The map also mentions Francia , a state that came into existence only in
246-520: A residential bishopric , Arausio, as it is called in Latin, is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see . It hosted two important synods , in 441 and 529. The Second Council of Orange was of importance in condemning what later came to be called Semipelagianism . The sovereign Carolingian counts of Orange had their origin in the eighth century; they passed into the family of
287-456: A rough similarity to the coordinates of Ptolemy 's earth-mapping gives some writers hope that some terrestrial representation was intended by the unknown original compilers. The stages and cities are represented by hundreds of functional place symbols, used with discrimination from the simplest icon of a building with two towers to the elaborate individualized "portraits" of the three great cities. The editors Annalina and Mario Levi concluded that
328-452: Is cognate with the name of other ancient settlements, including Arausa , Arausia , Arausona ( Dalmatia ) and the nearby Oraison ( Alpes-de-Haute-Provence ). Roman Orange was founded in 35 BC by veterans of the second legion as Arausio (after the local Celtic water god), or Colonia Julia Firma Secundanorum Arausio in full, "the Julian colony of Arausio established by
369-496: Is twinned with: Orange forms the Union of Orange Cities together with Breda, Diest and Dillenburg. Orange features a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ), with just too much rainfall in summer to have a ' Mediterranean ' ( Csa ) classification. Summers are hot and relatively dry. Most rainfall occurs in spring and autumn, though with gentle temperatures. Winters are mild, but harsh frost and snow are not unheard of. On 28 June 2019
410-664: Is today conserved at the Austrian National Library at the Hofburg palace in Vienna, and due to its fragility is housed away from any public display. The map is considered by several scholars to have come into Celtes's possession by means of theft. Celtes, Peutinger, and their emperor tended to target artifacts that connected their empire (the Holy Roman Empire ) to the ancient Roman Empire. Celtes and Peutinger took pains to eliminate clues related to
451-683: The League of the South (LS). Orange was home to the French Foreign Legion 's armored First Foreign Cavalry Regiment until 11 July 2014, when the regiment officially moved to the Camp de Carpiagne in the 9th arrondissement of Marseille in the Massif des Calanques . On 1 January 2017, together with a number of neighbouring communes, it was transferred from the arrondissement of Avignon to
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#1732802072452492-646: The Orange Free State in South Africa . The city remained part of scattered Nassau holdings until it was repeatedly captured by the forces of Louis XIV during his wars of the late 17th century. The city was occupied by France in 1673, 1679, 1690, 1697 and 1702–1713 before it was finally ceded to France in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht . Following the French Revolution in 1789, Orange
533-654: The Porticus Vipsania in the Campus Agrippae area in Rome, close to the Ara Pacis building. The early imperial dating for the archetype of the map is supported by American historian Glen Bowersock , based on numerous details of Roman Arabia anachronistic for a 4th century map. Bowersock concluded that the original source is likely the map made by Vipsanius Agrippa. This dating is also consistent with
574-712: The Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France . It is about 21 km (13 mi) north of Avignon , on the departmental border with Gard , which follows the Rhône and also constitutes the regional border with Occitania . Orange is the second-most populated city in Vaucluse, after Avignon. The settlement is attested as Arausio and Arausion in
615-519: The Welser family and relative of Peutinger). According to Welser, who wrote a commentary on the map (the Praefatio ), it was the description of the humanist Beatus Rhenanus that "aroused an intense desire in many people to inspect it." During the time it was lost, Peutinger and Welser attempted to create a facsimile edition of the map from the sketches they kept. These sketches were published in 1591 and
656-476: The arrondissement of Carpentras . With 28,922 residents (as of 2018), Orange is the second-largest commune of Vaucluse by population after Avignon and just before Carpentras . The town is renowned for its Roman architecture ; its Roman theatre is described as the most impressive still existing in Europe. The Triumphal Arch is of uncertain age, but current research accepts the inscription as evidence of
697-575: The lords of Baux . From the 12th century, Orange was raised to a minor principality, the Principality of Orange , as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire . During this period, the town and the principality of Orange belonged to the administration and province of Dauphiné . When William the Silent , count of Nassau , with estates in the Netherlands, inherited the title Prince of Orange in 1544,
738-415: The 16th century German antiquarian Konrad Peutinger, the map has been conserved at the Austrian National Library (the former Imperial Court Library) in Vienna since 1738. The Tabula is thought to be a distant descendant of a map prepared under the direction of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa , a Roman general, architect, and a confidant to the emperor Augustus ; it was engraved in stone and put on display in
779-524: The 5th century. The Tabula Peutingeriana is thought to be the only known surviving map of the Roman cursus publicus , the state-run road network. It has been proposed that the surviving copy was created by a monk in Colmar in 1265, but this is disputed. The map consists of an enormous scroll measuring 6.75 metres long and 0.35 metres high, assembled from eleven sections, a medieval reproduction of
820-508: The above-mentioned Praefatio was the work's introduction. In 2007, the map was placed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register , and in recognition of this, it was displayed to the public for a single day on 26 November 2007. Because of its fragile condition, it is not usually on public display. The map was copied for Brabantian cartographer Abraham Ortelius and published shortly after his death in 1598. A partial first edition
861-436: The area between Orange, Nîmes , and Montélimar . In 1869, the Roman theatre was restored and has been the site of a music festival. The festival, given the name Chorégies d'Orange in 1902, has been held annually ever since, and is now famous as an international opera festival. In 1971, the "New Chorégies" were started and became an overnight, international success. Many top international opera singers have performed in
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#1732802072452902-437: The distances between points along the routes are indicated. Travelers would not have possessed anything so sophisticated as a modern map, but they needed to know what lay ahead of them on the road and how far. The Peutinger Table represents these roads as a series of stepped lines along which destinations have been marked in order of travel. The shape of the parchment pages accounts for the conventional rectangular layout. However,
943-492: The emperor Augustus (27 BC – AD 14). However, Emily Albu has suggested that the existing map could instead be based on an original from the Carolingian period. According to Albu, the map was likely stolen by the humanist Conrad Celtes , who bequeathed it to his friend, the economist and archaeologist Konrad Peutinger , who gave it to Emperor Maximilian I as part of a large-scale book stealing scheme. Named after
984-548: The first and second centuries AD, then as civitas Arausione in the fourth century, civitas Arausicae in 517 (via a Germanized form * Arausinga ), Aurengia civitatis in 1136, and as Orenga in 1205. The name Arausio can be explained as the Gaulish ar-aus(i)o - ('temple, cheek'), itself derived from an earlier Proto-Celtic * far-aws(y)o -, which literally means 'in front of the ear' (cf. Old Irish ara , arae ; Ancient Greek pareiaí , parauai < * par-ausiā ). It
1025-679: The help of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt , solidified the independence of the Dutch republic. The United Provinces survived to become the Netherlands, which is still ruled by the House of Orange-Nassau. William, Prince of Orange, great grandson of William the Silent, ruled England as William III . Orange gave its name to other Dutch-influenced parts of the world, such as the Oranges ( West Orange , South Orange , East Orange , Orange ) in New Jersey and
1066-519: The map's inclusion of the Roman town of Pompeii near modern-day Naples , which was never rebuilt after its destruction in an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. The original Roman map, of which this may be the only surviving copy, was last revised in the 4th or early 5th century. It shows the city of Constantinople , founded in 328, and the prominence of Ravenna , seat of the Western Roman Empire from 402 to 476, which suggests
1107-412: The map's original whereabouts and thus knowledge about its first three hundred years is likely lost. Unger opines that continuing to call this map "Peutinger" means honoring the pilfering. An early scholar who accused Celtes of the theft was the theologian Johann Eck . When Celtes gave the map to Peutinger, he left instructions that later would influence its subsequent history and finally lead to
1148-587: The map. The three most important cities of the Roman Empire at the time— Rome , Constantinople and Antioch —are represented with special iconic decoration. Besides the totality of the empire, the map also shows areas in the Near East , India and the Ganges, Sri Lanka ( Insula Taprobane ), and even an indication of China . It also shows a "Temple to Augustus " at Muziris (present-day Kodungallur ) on
1189-468: The modern-day Malabar Coast , one of the main ports for trade with the Roman Empire on the southwest coast of India . On the western end of the scroll, the absence of Morocco , the Iberian Peninsula , and the British Isles indicates that a twelfth original section has been lost in the surviving copy; the missing section was reconstructed in 1898 by Konrad Miller. The map appears to be based on "itineraries" , lists of destinations along Roman roads, as
1230-535: The original scroll. It is a very schematic map (similar to a modern transit map ), designed to give a practical overview of the road network, as opposed to an accurate representation of geographic features : the land masses shown are distorted, especially in the east–west direction. The map shows many Roman settlements, the roads connecting them, and the distances between them, as well as other features such as rivers, mountains, forests, and seas. In total, no fewer than 555 cities and 3,500 other place names are shown on
1271-738: The principality was incorporated into the holdings of what became the House of Orange-Nassau . This pitched it into the Protestant side in the Wars of Religion , during which the town was badly damaged. In 1568, the Eighty Years' War began with William as stadtholder leading the bid for independence from Spain. William the Silent was assassinated in Delft in 1584. His son, Maurice of Nassau (Prince of Orange after his elder brother died in 1618), with
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1312-519: The publication in 1598: "I bequeath to Mr. Dr. Conrad Peutinger the Itinerarium Antonii Pii . . . ; I wish, however, and request that after his death it should be turned over to public use, such as some library." However, when the map was in the possession of Peutinger and his sons, others could only gain access to it directly on rare occasions. The map then became lost and was only rediscovered in 1597 by Marcus Welser (a member of
1353-590: The scale of the buildings had been reduced – a smaller theater to accommodate a smaller population, for example." It is found in both the Tabula Peutingeriana and Le cadastre d'Orange maps. The town prospered, but was sacked by the Visigoths in 412. It had, by then, become largely Christianised, and from the end of the third century constituted the Ancient Diocese of Orange . No longer
1394-407: The semi-schematic, semi-pictorial symbols reproduce Roman cartographic conventions of the itineraria picta described by 4th century writer Vegetius , of which this is the sole known testimony. The map was discovered in a library in the city of Worms by German scholar Conrad Celtes in 1494, who was unable to publish his find before his death and bequeathed the map in 1508 to Konrad Peutinger ,
1435-535: The soldiers of the second legion." The name was originally unrelated to that of the orange fruit, but was later conflated with it. A previous Celtic settlement with that name existed in the same place; a major battle, which is generally known as the Battle of Arausio , had been fought in 105 BC between two Roman armies and the Cimbri and Teutones tribes. Arausio covered an area of some 70 ha (170 acres) and
1476-492: The temperature reached 41.0 °C. Tabula Peutingeriana Tabula Peutingeriana ( Latin for 'The Peutinger Map'), also referred to as Peutinger's Tabula , Peutinger tables or Peutinger Table , is an illustrated itinerarium (ancient Roman road map) showing the layout of the cursus publicus , the road network of the Roman Empire . The map is a parchment copy, dating from around 1200, of
1517-501: The theatre, such as Barbara Hendricks , Plácido Domingo , Montserrat Caballé , Roberto Alagna , René Pape and Inva Mula . Operas such as Tosca , Aida , Faust , and Carmine Karm Conte have been staged here, many with a sumptuous staging and also receiving outstanding acclaim. The Roman theatre is one of three heritage sites at which the Roman wall remains. The SNCF offers rail service north to Lyon and Paris , as well as south to Avignon and Marseille . Orange
1558-593: Was absorbed into the French department of Drôme , then Bouches-du-Rhône , then finally Vaucluse . However, the title remained with the Dutch princes of Orange. Orange attracted international attention in 1995 , when it elected a member of the National Front (FN), Jacques Bompard , as its mayor. Bompard left the FN in 2005 and became a member of the conservative Movement for France (MPF) until 2010, when he founded
1599-649: Was printed at Antwerp in 1591 (titled Fragmenta tabulæ antiquæ ) by Johannes Moretus , who would print the full Tabula in December 1598, also at Antwerp. Johannes Janssonius published another version in Amsterdam, c. 1652 . In 1753 Franz Christoph von Scheyb published a copy, and in 1872 Konrad Miller, a German professor, was allowed to copy the map. Several publishing houses in Europe then made copies. In 1892, publishers Williams and Norgate published
1640-469: Was the birthplace : The town is twinned with Kirchheim am Neckar , in Baden-Württemberg , Germany . This Vaucluse geographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Orange, Vaucluse Orange ( French pronunciation: [ɔʁɑ̃ʒ] ; Provençal : Aurenja ( classical norm ) or Aurenjo ( Mistralian norm ) ) is a commune in
1681-419: Was well-endowed with civic monuments; in addition to the theatre and arch, it had a monumental temple complex and a forum . It was the capital of a wide area of northern Provence , which was parcelled up into lots for the Roman colonists. "Orange of two thousand years ago was a miniature Rome, complete with many of the public buildings that would have been familiar to a citizen of the Roman Empire, except that