Pipistrel d.o.o Ajdovščina is a Slovenian light aircraft manufacturer established in 1989 by Ivo Boscarol and based in Ajdovščina . Its facilities are located in Ajdovščina, Slovenia, and near Gorizia , Italy. By March 2019, Pipistrel had produced more than 2000 aircraft.
91-686: In April 2022, the company was purchased by Textron . Due to legal restrictions imposed by the Yugoslavian government during the 1980s, Pipistrel's first aircraft was flown secretly in the evening between dusk and dark. The flying times and triangular shape of the hang-glider style wings earned the aircraft the nickname "bats," which was adopted by the company naming themselves after the Italian word for bat, pipistrello . Initially, Pipistrel produced only powered hang gliders designed by Ivo Boscarol , who produced experimental ultralight trikes with
182-549: A DLR hydrogen fuel cell powertrain to fly as the HY4, with hydrogen tanks and batteries in the fuselages, fuel cells and motor in the central nacelle . Partners are German motor and inverter developer Compact Dynamics , Ulm University , TU Delft , Politecnico di Milano and University of Maribor . Ground and flight tests should follow those of the hybrid Panthera a couple of months later. The HY4 flew in April 2022. In June 2019,
273-709: A brand and retain its existing headquarters and operations in Slovenia and Italy. Textron will invest in the division to hasten future aircraft development and production. Pipistrel's founder and CEO, Ivo Boscarol, will stay on as a minority shareholder and also as the Chairman Emeritus . The purchase was completed in April 2022, for a price of US$ 235M. Textron Systems is an aerospace and defense development and manufacturing firm headquartered in Providence, Rhode Island. The company reported 2012 annual sales in
364-639: A calque , such as Canale della Manica in Italian or the Ärmelkanal in German, or a direct borrowing , such as Canal de la Mancha in Spanish. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the English Channel as: The Strait of Dover (French: Pas de Calais ), at the Channel's eastern end, is its narrowest point, while its widest point lies between Lyme Bay and
455-523: A 1,000 nmi (1,900 km) range. Batteries would be used for short takeoffs, down to 800 m (2,620 ft), with 2 MW (2,700 hp) of installed power. It would use technology from EU-funded MAHEPA and UNIFIER19 programmes, and three different configurations are evaluated while the composite wing and fuselage are fixed. Pipistrel targets a 1,500 aircraft market and 40% lower operating costs than current commuter aircraft. In March 2022, Textron entered into an agreement to buy Pipistrel and form
546-543: A 25 kilometres (16 mi) stretch of light steel netting called the Dover Barrage , which it was hoped would ensnare submerged submarines. After initial success, the Germans learned how to pass through the barrage, aided by the unreliability of British mines. On 31 January 1917, the Germans resumed unrestricted submarine warfare leading to dire Admiralty predictions that submarines would defeat Britain by November,
637-460: A Manhattan federal court against the former head of a now-defunct London-based company, Xcalibur Aerospace Ltd., for making a fraudulent bid to buy Textron for $ 13.8 billion. The Department of Justice and the SEC claimed that Xcalibur Aerospace was never in a position to complete a tender offer for Textron and lacked the finances to do so. On May 28, 2024, Textron publicly announced the completion of
728-527: A conglomerate almost as big as itself. Later on, James Hardymon took over as CEO. This $ 1.4 billion acquisition included the parent of Paul Revere Insurance Company (through 1996, when they sold it). James Hardymon brought in Lewis B. Campbell , who became CEO in 1998. Starting in 2000, Campbell led a company-wide restructuring program. The share price fell to as low as $ 13/share in March ;2003 after
819-575: A group of his friends as a private enterprise starting in the mid 1980s. The first serially-built ultralight trike, the Basic , was built in 1989, so the company counts this as the official beginning of Pipistrel, although the first mention of the brand name appeared in 1987. Thirty-two examples of the Basic were sold. The Plus was added to the line in 1990, the Spider in 1992, and Twister in 1998. The Spider
910-417: A new division for electric aircraft development, to be called Textron eAviation . Pipistrel will continue as a brand and retain its existing headquarters and operations in Slovenia and Italy. Textron will invest in the division to hasten future aircraft development and production. Pipistrel's founder and CEO, Ivo Boscarol, will stay on as a minority shareholder and also as the Chairman Emeritus . The purchase
1001-513: A protected World Heritage Site coastline. The ship had been damaged and was en route to Portland Harbour . The English Channel, despite being a busy shipping lane, remains in part a haven for wildlife. Atlantic oceanic species are more common in the westernmost parts of the channel, particularly to the west of Start Point, Devon , but can sometimes be found further east towards Dorset and the Isle of Wight. Seal sightings are becoming more common along
SECTION 10
#17327975653521092-523: Is a designer and manufacturer of light transportation vehicles for golf courses, planned communities, campuses, and other uses. Products include electric and internal combustion golf carts, low speed vehicles and other multipurpose utility vehicles under the E-Z-Go, Cushman and Bad Boy Buggy brands. Greenlee Textron is an industrial and electrical tool company headquartered in Rockford, Illinois . It
1183-563: Is a government contractor based in Newport News , Virginia . On March 6, 2017, Textron acquired Arctic Cat for US$ 247M. Arctic Cat is a manufacturer of snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles, and side-by-sides . Textron operates Arctic Cat as a subsidiary of Textron Specialized Vehicles. Bell Textron is an American helicopter and rotorcraft manufacturer headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas . Acquired by Textron in 1960, E-Z-GO
1274-413: Is a supplier to the automotive industry . The company produces plastic fuel systems , selective catalytic reduction systems, windshield and headlamp washer systems, and other products. In August 2019, Textron Inc. was looking to spin off or sell this division to focus on higher-margin parts of their business. Textron AirLand, LLC is a joint venture between Textron Inc. and AirLand Enterprises, LLC that
1365-486: Is about 560 kilometres (300 nautical miles; 350 statute miles) long and varies in width from 240 km (130 nmi; 150 mi) at its widest to 34 km (18 nmi; 21 mi) at its narrowest in the Strait of Dover . It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe, covering an area of some 75,000 square kilometres (22,000 square nautical miles; 29,000 square miles). The Channel aided
1456-631: Is currently developing the Textron AirLand Scorpion aircraft as a private venture. Textron Aviation is a new venture formed in March 2014 from Beechcraft and Cessna, retaining the Beechcraft, Cessna and Hawker aircraft type names as brands. In March 2022 Textron agreed to buy Slovenian aircraft builder Pipistrel and form a new division for electric aircraft development, called Textron eAviation . Pipistrel will continue as
1547-434: Is followed by Mahepa project from 2017, EU-funded over four years. Panthera ground testing is planned for 2019 before flight tests in 2020. On 29 September 2016, the world's first four-seat passenger aircraft powered by a zero-emission hydrogen fuel cell propulsion system accomplished a successful first public flight. Pipistrel was one of the partners in the "HY4" project. The dual-fuselage, battery-powered Taurus G4 received
1638-460: The Battle of Britain featured German air attacks on Channel shipping and ports; despite these early successes against shipping the Germans did not win the air supremacy necessary for Operation Sealion , the projected cross-Channel invasion. The Channel subsequently became the stage for an intensive coastal war, featuring submarines, minesweepers , and Fast Attack Craft . The narrow waters of
1729-755: The Bell 525 Relentless , Bell V-280 Valor tiltrotor, Cessna Citation Longitude , Cessna Citation Hemisphere , Beechcraft Denali single-engine turboprop, the Cessna SkyCourier twin cargo hauler and the Textron Scorpion close support jet after the certification of the Bell 505 Jet Ranger X . In March 2022, Textron agreed to acquire Pipistrel , an electrically powered aircraft manufacturer based in Italy and Slovenia. On April 5, 2022, U.S. authorities announced criminal as well as civil charges in
1820-661: The Glorious Revolution of 1688, while the concentration of excellent harbours in the Western Channel on Britain's south coast made possible the largest amphibious invasion in history, the Normandy Landings in 1944. Channel naval battles include the Battle of the Downs (1639), Battle of Dover (1652), the Battle of Portland (1653) and the Battle of La Hougue (1692). In more peaceful times,
1911-636: The Indian Ministry of Defence to supply 194 Pipistrel Virus SW 80 trainers to the Indian Air Force , Indian Navy and National Cadet Corps . By June 2016, Pipistrel had produced 800 examples from the Sinus and Virus series. By May 2018 this number had increased to more than 900. The 1000th aircraft of the Virus and Sinus family was delivered by March 2019. In 2007, an electric version of
SECTION 20
#17327975653522002-586: The Neolithic front in southern Europe to the Mesolithic peoples of northern Europe." The Ferriby Boats , Hanson Log Boats and the later Dover Bronze Age Boat could carry a substantial cross-Channel cargo. Diodorus Siculus and Pliny both suggest trade between the rebel Celtic tribes of Armorica and Iron Age Britain flourished. In 55 BC Julius Caesar invaded, claiming that the Britons had aided
2093-558: The Norman Conquest beginning with the Battle of Hastings , while retaining the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants. In 1204, during the reign of King John , mainland Normandy was taken from England by France under Philip II , while insular Normandy (the Channel Islands ) remained under English control. In 1259, Henry III of England recognised the legality of French possession of mainland Normandy under
2184-788: The North Sea to the Western Atlantic via the Strait of Dover is of geologically recent origin, having formed late in the Pleistocene period. The English Channel first developed as an arm of the Atlantic Ocean during the Pliocene period (5.3-2.6 million years ago) as a result of differential tectonic uplift along pre-existing tectonic weaknesses during the Oligocene and Miocene periods. During this early period,
2275-482: The Pipistrel Nuuva V300 and the smaller Pipistrel Nuuva V20 . Pipistrel is planning a liquid hydrogen fuel cell and battery-powered 19-seat hybrid “Miniliner” for a project launch in 2021, a first flight in 2028, and service entry in 2030 or 2031. A 8,500-9,000 kg (18,700-19,800 lb) maximum take-off weight , slightly above the hopefully relaxed 8,618 kg EASA CS-23 limit, would allow
2366-760: The Treaty of Paris . His successors, however, often fought to regain control of mainland Normandy. With the rise of William the Conqueror , the North Sea and Channel began to lose some of their importance. The new order oriented most of England and Scandinavia's trade south, toward the Mediterranean and the Orient. Although the British surrendered claims to mainland Normandy and other French possessions in 1801,
2457-491: The Treaty of Paris of 1259 , the surrender of French possessions in 1801, and the belief that the rights of succession to that title are subject to Salic Law which excludes inheritance through female heirs. French Normandy was occupied by English forces during the Hundred Years' War in 1346–1360 and again in 1415–1450. From the reign of Elizabeth I , English foreign policy concentrated on preventing invasion across
2548-614: The United Kingdom in becoming a naval superpower, serving as a natural defence to halt attempted invasions, such as in the Napoleonic Wars and in the Second World War . The northern, English coast of the Channel is more populous than the southern, French coast. The major languages spoken in this region are English and French . Roman sources as Oceanus Britannicus (or Mare Britannicum , meaning
2639-652: The Veneti against him the previous year. He was more successful in 54 BC , but Britain was not fully established as part of the Roman Empire until Aulus Plautius 's 43 AD invasion . A brisk and regular trade began between ports in Roman Gaul and those in Britain. This traffic continued until the end of Roman rule in Britain in 410 AD, after which the early Anglo-Saxons left less clear historical records. In
2730-615: The 17th century. The name is usually said to refer to the sleeve (French: la manche ) shape of the Channel. Folk etymology has derived it from a Celtic word meaning 'channel' that is also the source of the name for the Minch in Scotland, but this name is not attested before the 17th century, and French and British sources of that time are clear about its etymology. The name in French has been directly adapted in other languages as either
2821-577: The 2021 Fortune 500 of the largest United States corporations by revenue. Textron started as a textile company in 1923, when 27-year-old Royal Little founded the Special Yarns Corporation in Boston, Massachusetts . The company manufactured synthetic yarns , a niche product at the time. By the start of World War II , the company was known as Atlantic Rayon Corporation and manufactured parachutes . As war production wound down,
Pipistrel - Misplaced Pages Continue
2912-555: The 400th Cessna Citation Latitude business jet at its manufacturing facility in Wichita , Kansas. Scheduled for delivery later this year, the significant achievement was marked by a celebratory event held by employees at the company's Wichita headquarters. Able Aerospace Services is an international business and $ 70 million aerospace enterprise that is performing more than 2,800 proprietary FAA -approved repairs on aircraft and components. Airborne Tactical Advantage Company (ATAC)
3003-465: The Atlantic. The flooding destroyed the ridge that connected Britain to continental Europe , although a land connection across the southern North Sea would have existed intermittently at later times when periods of glaciation resulted in lowering of sea levels. During interglacial periods (when sea levels were high) between the initial flooding 450,000 years ago until around 180,000 years ago,
3094-590: The Channel by ensuring no major European power controlled the potential Dutch and Flemish invasion ports. Her climb to the pre-eminent sea power of the world began in 1588 as the attempted invasion of the Spanish Armada was defeated by the combination of outstanding naval tactics by the English and the Dutch under command of Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham with Sir Francis Drake second in command, and
3185-532: The Channel did not connect to the North Sea, with Britain and Ireland remaining part of continental Europe , linked by an unbroken Weald–Artois anticline , a ridge running between the Dover and Calais regions. During Pleistocene glacial periods this ridge acted as a natural dam holding back a large freshwater pro-glacial lake in the Doggerland region, now submerged under the North Sea . During this period,
3276-455: The Channel for several weeks, but was thwarted following the British naval victory at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759 and was unsuccessful (The last French landing on English soil being in 1690 with a raid on Teignmouth, although the last French raid on British soil was a raid on Fishguard, Wales in 1797). Another significant challenge to British domination of the seas came during the Napoleonic Wars . The Battle of Trafalgar took place off
3367-670: The Channel served as a link joining shared cultures and political structures, particularly the huge Angevin Empire from 1135 to 1217. For nearly a thousand years, the Channel also provided a link between the Modern Celtic regions and languages of Cornwall and Brittany . Brittany was founded by Britons who fled Cornwall and Devon after Anglo-Saxon encroachment. In Brittany, there is a region known as " Cornouaille " (Cornwall) in French and "Kernev" in Breton . In ancient times there
3458-598: The Channel would still have been separated from the North Sea by a landbridge to the north of the Strait of Dover (the Strait of Dover at this time formed part of a estuary fed by the Thames and Scheldt ), restricting interchange of marine fauna between the Channel and the North Sea (except perhaps by occasional overtopping). During the Last Interglacial/Eemian (115–130,000 years ago) the connection between
3549-597: The Dynadyn 60-kilowatt (80 hp) motor used in the Alpha Electro trainer, warned Pipistrel that it should not use its motors for overwater flights, just as Pipistrel was about to launch a historic electric-powered flight across the English Channel and back. As it turns out, Airbus was preparing exactly the same Louis Blériot -like exploit, with a plane powered by a motor also provided by Siemens, and it
3640-608: The English Channel, with both Grey Seal and Harbour Seal recorded frequently. The Channel is thought to have prevented Neanderthals from colonising Britain during the Last Interglacial/Eemian, though they returned to Britain during the Last Glacial Period when sea levels were lower. The Channel has in historic times been both an easy entry for seafaring people and a key natural defence, halting invading armies while in conjunction with control of
3731-520: The English coast, and the Channel Islands , British Crown Dependencies off the coast of France. The coastline, particularly on the French shore, is deeply indented, with several small islands close to the coastline, including Chausey and Mont-Saint-Michel . The Cotentin Peninsula on the French coast juts out into the Channel, with the wide Bay of the Seine (French: Baie de Seine ) to its east. On
Pipistrel - Misplaced Pages Continue
3822-601: The English side there is a small parallel strait , the Solent , between the Isle of Wight and the mainland. The Celtic Sea is to the west of the Channel. The Channel acts as a funnel that amplifies the tidal range from less than a metre at sea in eastern places to more than 6 metres in the Channel Islands , the west coast of the Cotentin Peninsula and the north coast of Brittany in monthly spring tides . The time difference of about six hours between high water at
3913-586: The Gulf of Saint Malo , near its midpoint. Well on the continental shelf, it has an average depth of about 120 m (390 ft) at its widest; yet averages about 45 m (148 ft) between Dover and Calais , its notable sandbank hazard being Goodwin Sands . Eastwards from there the adjoining North Sea reduces to about 26 m (85 ft) across the Broad Fourteens (14 fathoms) where it lies over
4004-451: The North Sea allowing Britain to blockade the continent. The most significant failed invasion threats came when the Dutch and Belgian ports were held by a major continental power, e.g. from the Spanish Armada in 1588, Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars , and Nazi Germany during World War II . Successful invasions include the Roman conquest of Britain , the Norman Conquest in 1066 and
4095-579: The North Sea and almost all of the British Isles were covered by ice. The lake was fed by meltwater from the Baltic and from the Caledonian and Scandinavian ice sheets that joined to the north, blocking its exit. The sea level was about 120 m (390 ft) lower than it is today. Then, between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago, at least two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods breached
4186-417: The North Sea and the English Channel was fully open as it is today, resulting in Britain being an island during this interval, before lowered sea levels reconnected it to the continent during the Last Glacial Period . From the end of the Last Glacial Period, to the beginning of the Holocene rising sea levels again resulted in the unimpeded connection between the North Sea and the English Channel resuming due to
4277-440: The Ocean, or the Sea, of the Britons or Britannī ). Variations of this term were used by influential writers such as Ptolemy , and remained popular with British and continental authors well into the modern era. Other Latin names for the sea include Oceanus Gallicus (the Gaulish Ocean) which was used by Isidore of Seville in the sixth century. The term British Sea is still used by speakers of Cornish and Breton , with
4368-488: The Taurus was released, the world's first 2-seat fully electric aircraft and the first electric motor-glider to achieve serial production. In 2008, Popular Science magazine listed Taurus Electro among Ten Best Innovations of the year in the Aviation&Space category. The Taurus G4, developed in 2011, was the first all-electric four-seat aircraft. It used the most powerful electric motor in an all-electric airplane design at that time. In July 2015, Siemens , provider of
4459-401: The Textron Systems segment as $ 1.7 billion. Its operating units are: English Channel The English Channel , also known as the Channel , is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Southern England from northern France . It links to the southern part of the North Sea by the Strait of Dover at its northeastern end. It is the busiest shipping area in the world. It
4550-420: The Weald–Artois anticline. These contributed to creating some of the deepest parts of the channel such as Hurd's Deep . The first flood of 450,000 years ago would have lasted for several months, releasing as much as one million cubic metres of water per second. The flood started with large but localised waterfalls over the ridge, which excavated depressions now known as the Fosses Dangeard . The flow eroded
4641-434: The beginning of the Viking Age . For the next 250 years the Scandinavian raiders of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark dominated the North Sea, raiding monasteries, homes, and towns along the coast and along the rivers that ran inland. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle they began to settle in Britain in 851. They continued to settle in the British Isles and the continent until around 1050, with some raids recorded along
SECTION 50
#17327975653524732-401: The centre of the Straits of Dover and into the English Channel. It left streamlined islands, longitudinal erosional grooves, and other features characteristic of catastrophic megaflood events, still present on the sea floor and now revealed by high-resolution sonar. Through the scoured channel passed a river, the Channel River , which drained the combined Rhine and Thames westwards to
4823-439: The channel coast of England, including at Wareham, Portland, near Weymouth and along the river Teign in Devon. The fiefdom of Normandy was created for the Viking leader Rollo (also known as Robert of Normandy). Rollo had besieged Paris but in 911 entered vassalage to the king of the West Franks Charles the Simple through the Treaty of St.-Claire-sur-Epte . In exchange for his homage and fealty , Rollo legally gained
4914-408: The coast of Spain against a combined French and Spanish fleet and was won by Admiral Horatio Nelson , ending Napoleon 's plans for a cross-Channel invasion and securing British dominance of the seas for over a century. The exceptional strategic importance of the Channel as a tool for blockading was recognised by the First Sea Lord Admiral Fisher in the years before World War I . "Five keys lock up
5005-401: The company had formed a new R&D sister company, "Pipistrel Vertical Solutions," to develop the Pipistrel 801 electric VTOL aircraft. On 10 June 2020, the Pipistrel Velis Electro , the fully-electric version of the Virus SW 121, received the World's first type certificate for an electric aircraft from EASA . On 1 September 2020, the company introduced two cargo carrying electric drones,
5096-748: The company lost 75% of its value in the first ten years of Campbell's leadership, he managed to take home over $ 120 million in compensation. His salary in 2008 was $ 25 million, making him the highest-paid executive of a conglomerate. Campbell managed to sell over $ 40 million in Textron stock in April and May 2008, at prices over $ 60 per share. Scott C. Donnelly became CEO in December 2009. Textron acquired Mechtronix in Montreal, Quebec and OPINICUS in Tampa, Florida , in 2013. Donnelly combined these flight simulation companies, along with Textron's AAI Logistics & Technical Services, to form TRU Simulation & Training in 2014. On December 26, 2013, Textron agreed to purchase Beechcraft , including
5187-405: The company started making civilian products as well and was renamed Textron : "Tex" for "textiles" and "tron" from synthetics such as "Lustron". The company was listed on the NYSE in 1947. Royal Little began the process of turning Textron into a conglomerate in 1953, with the purchase of Burkart Manufacturing Company (upholstery filling for the automotive industry) in September 1953, followed by
5278-412: The discontinued Hawker jet line, for $ 1.4 billion. The sale closed in March 2014. The company formed a new company called Textron Aviation to market the products of Beechcraft, Cessna and Hawker as individual brands . From 2013 to 2016, R&D investments were 4.3%, 4.0%, 4.6%, and 4.2% of its revenues ($ 13.78 billion in 2016) and totaled more than $ 2.2 billion as it developed seven aircraft:
5369-434: The eastern and western limits of the Channel is indicative of the tidal range being amplified further by resonance . Amphidromic points are the Bay of Biscay and varying more in precise location in the far south of the North Sea, meaning both those associated eastern coasts repel the tides effectively, leaving the Strait of Dover as every six hours the natural bottleneck short of its consequent gravity-induced repulsion of
5460-413: The economic downturn following the collapse of Internet companies and the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center . Diminished demand for helicopters and airplanes led to layoffs at Cessna and Bell Textron . In 2007, the Wall Street Journal reported that Campbell had received $ 494,700 in compensation in the form of his use of a corporate jet to travel between his home and office, which made him
5551-414: The end of the war and the project was abandoned. The naval blockade in the Channel and North Sea was one of the decisive factors in the German defeat in 1918. During the Second World War , naval activity in the European theatre was primarily limited to the Atlantic . During the Battle of France in May 1940, the German forces succeeded in capturing both Boulogne and Calais , thereby threatening
SECTION 60
#17327975653525642-443: The first manager. In the mid 1990s, when composite materials became more widely used, Pipistrel moved from the production of powered hang-gliders to ultralight aircraft that resemble full-sized airplanes. One of the early models, the Sinus , was the first serially-built ultralight made out of composite materials. In 2003, Pipistrel moved into a purpose-built facility next to the Ajdovščina Airport . In 2004, Pipistrel released
5733-454: The following stormy weather. Over the centuries the Royal Navy slowly grew to be the most powerful in the world. The building of the British Empire was possible only because the Royal Navy eventually managed to exercise unquestioned control over the seas around Europe, especially the Channel and the North Sea. During the Seven Years' War , France attempted to launch an invasion of Britain . To achieve this France needed to gain control of
5824-402: The frontier of Switzerland to the English Channel", they reached the coast at the North Sea. Much of the British war effort in Flanders was a bloody but successful strategy to prevent the Germans reaching the Channel coast. At the outset of the war, an attempt was made to block the path of U-boats through the Dover Strait with naval minefields . By February 1915, this had been augmented by
5915-423: The line of retreat for the British Expeditionary Force . By a combination of hard fighting and German indecision, the port of Dunkirk was kept open allowing 338,000 Allied troops to be evacuated in Operation Dynamo . More than 11,000 were evacuated from Le Havre during Operation Cycle and a further 192,000 were evacuated from ports further down the coast in Operation Aerial in June 1940. The early stages of
6006-430: The monarch of the United Kingdom retains the title Duke of Normandy in respect to the Channel Islands. The Channel Islands (except for Chausey ) are Crown Dependencies of the British Crown . Thus the Loyal toast in the Channel Islands is Le roi, notre Duc ("The King, our Duke"). The British monarch is understood to not be the Duke of Normandy in regards of the French region of Normandy described herein, by virtue of
6097-408: The most dangerous situation Britain faced in either world war. The Battle of Passchendaele in 1917 was fought to reduce the threat by capturing the submarine bases on the Belgian coast, though it was the introduction of convoys and not capture of the bases that averted defeat. In April 1918 the Dover Patrol carried out the Zeebrugge Raid against the U-boat bases. During 1917, the Dover Barrage
6188-427: The most expensive CEO in the country in terms of use of jet travel. Some shareholders have questioned whether it is a good use of shareholder dollars to pay for the personal lifestyle choice of the CEO to live in one state and work in another. Shares in Textron plummeted to as low as $ 10.09 per share in the aftermath of the 2008 economic downturn , driving its market capitalization down to just $ 3.17 billion. While
6279-473: The name was popularly understood by English people. By the eighteenth century, the name English Channel was in common usage in England . Following the Acts of Union 1707 , this was replaced in official maps and documents with British Channel or British Sea for much of the next century. However, the term English Channel remained popular and was finally in official usage by the nineteenth century. The French name la Manche has been used since at least
6370-409: The power vacuum left by the retreating Romans, the Germanic Angles , Saxons , and Jutes began the next great migration across the North Sea. Having already been used as mercenaries in Britain by the Romans, many people from these tribes crossed during the Migration Period , conquering and perhaps displacing the native Celtic populations. The attack on Lindisfarne in 793 is generally considered
6461-491: The purchase of Dalmo-Victor (airborne Radar Antennae) and MB Manufacturing Company in early 1954. The push for diversification would see Textron purchase various other manufacturing companies. In 1960, the company also bought Bell Aerospace and E-Z-Go. The textile division was sold to Deering Milliken in 1963. Later CEOs included G. William Miller (1968–1977), Joseph Collinson (1977–1979) and Robert P. Straetz (1979–1986). In 1984, Textron took on more debt and bought Avco ,
6552-541: The retaining ridge, causing the rock dam to fail and releasing lake water into the Atlantic. After multiple episodes of changing sea level, during which the Fosses Dangeard were largely infilled by various layers of sediment, another catastrophic flood some 180,000 years ago carved a large bedrock-floored valley, the Lobourg Channel , some 500 m wide and 25 m deep, from the southern North Sea basin through
6643-555: The sea as Sūð-sǣ (South Sea), but this term fell out of favour, as later English authors followed the same conventions as their Latin and Norman contemporaries. One English name that did persist was the Narrow Seas , a collective term for the channel and North Sea . As England (followed by Great Britain and the United Kingdom) claimed sovereignty over the sea, a Royal Navy Admiral was appointed with maintaining duties in
6734-535: The sea as Britanicus Oceanus nunc Canalites Anglie (Ocean of the Britons but now English Channel). The map is possibly the first recorded use of the term English Channel and the description suggests the name had recently been adopted. In the sixteenth century, Dutch maps referred to the sea as the Engelse Kanaal (English Channel) and by the 1590s, William Shakespeare used the word Channel in his history plays of Henry VI , suggesting that by that time,
6825-578: The sea known to them as Mor Bretannek and Mor Breizh respectively. While it is likely that these names derive from the Latin term, it is possible that they predate the arrival of the Romans in the area. The modern Welsh is often given as Môr Udd (the Lord's or Prince's Sea); however, this name originally described both the Channel and the North Sea combined. Anglo-Saxon texts make reference to
6916-606: The sinking of Doggerland , with Britain again becoming an island. As a busy shipping lane, the Channel experiences environmental problems following accidents involving ships with toxic cargo and oil spills. Indeed, over 40% of the UK incidents threatening pollution occur in or very near the Channel. One occurrence was the MSC Napoli , which on 18 January 2007 was beached with nearly 1700 tonnes of dangerous cargo in Lyme Bay,
7007-525: The southern cusp of the former land bridge between East Anglia and the Low Countries . The North Sea reaches much greater depths east of northern Britain. The Channel descends briefly to 180 m (590 ft) in the submerged valley of Hurd's Deep , 48 km (30 mi) west-northwest of Guernsey . There are several major islands in the Channel, the most notable being the Isle of Wight off
7098-620: The southward tide (surge) of the North Sea (equally from the Atlantic). The Channel does not experience, but its existence is necessary to explain the extent of North Sea storm surges , such as necessitate the Thames Barrier , Delta Works , Zuiderzee works ( Afsluitdijk and other dams). In the UK Shipping Forecast the Channel is divided into the following areas, from the east: The full English Channel connecting
7189-700: The team at "General Aviation Technology" challenge. In August 2012, Pipistrel was hit by a week-long import ban issued by the Federal Aviation Administration . Pipistrel had opened a factory in Italy to benefit from the country's bilateral agreements with the United States. During a routine check, the FAA was unable to locate Pipistrel's Italian factory on Google Earth and banned the import of some of Pipistrel's products. On 12 October 2015, Pipistrel won an international tender issued by
7280-570: The territory he and his Viking allies had previously conquered. The name "Normandy" reflects Rollo's Viking (i.e. "Northman") origins. The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local Gallo-Romance language and intermarried with the area's inhabitants and became the Normans – a Norman French -speaking mixture of Scandinavians , Hiberno-Norse , Orcadians , Anglo-Danish , and indigenous Franks and Gauls . Rollo's descendant William, Duke of Normandy became king of England in 1066 in
7371-569: The two seas. The office was maintained until 1822, when several European nations (including the United Kingdom) adopted a three-mile (4.8 km) limit to territorial waters. The word channel was first recorded in Middle English in the 13th century and was borrowed from the Old French word chanel (a variant form of chenel 'canal'). By the middle of the fifteenth century, an Italian map based on Ptolemy 's description named
7462-635: The world! Singapore, the Cape, Alexandria , Gibraltar, Dover." However, on 25 July 1909 Louis Blériot made the first Channel crossing from Calais to Dover in an aeroplane. Blériot's crossing signalled a change in the function of the Channel as a barrier-moat for England against foreign enemies. Because the Kaiserliche Marine surface fleet could not match the British Grand Fleet, the Germans developed submarine warfare , which
7553-471: The world's first side-by-side 2-seat self-launching glider, the Pipistrel Taurus . In 2007 and 2008, Pipistrel claimed two consecutive victories at NASA Centennial Challenges . In the 2007 Personal Air Vehicle challenge, the modified Pipistrel Virus, owned by Vance Turner and piloted by Pipistrel's general distributor for USA, won most of the categories. In 2008, similar results were achieved by
7644-535: Was acquired by Textron in 1986. Greenlee produces various wire and cable installation tools that are used in a variety of fields. On April 18, 2018, Textron announced that it would sell its Greenlee brand to Emerson Electric . Textron purchased Jacobsen Manufacturing in June 1978 and continued to produce Jacobsen garden tractors into the 1990s. Today, Jacobsen sells various products used for turf care: maintenance equipment, vehicles, and other products. Kautex Textron
7735-459: Was also a " Domnonia " (Devon) in Brittany as well. In February 1684 , ice formed on the sea in a belt 4.8 km (3.0 mi) wide off the coast of Kent and 3.2 km (2.0 mi) wide on the French side. Remnants of a mesolithic boatyard have been found on the Isle of Wight . Wheat was traded across the Channel about 8,000 years ago. "... Sophisticated social networks linked
7826-690: Was completed in April 2022 at a price of US$ 235M. Textron Textron Inc. is an American industrial conglomerate based in Providence, Rhode Island . Textron's subsidiaries include Arctic Cat , Bell Textron , Textron Aviation (which itself includes the Beechcraft and Cessna brands), and Lycoming Engines . It was founded by Royal Little in 1923 as the Special Yarns Company . In 2020, Textron employed over 33,000 people in 25 countries. The company ranked 265th on
7917-460: Was founded in 1862 by brothers Robert and Ralph Greenlee to manufacture their invention, a drill surrounded by four chisel blades, used in making the pockets for a mortise and tenon joint for the furniture industry in Rockford. This device is still used in cabinetmaking. The brothers later diversified into a variety of hand woodworking tools as well as machinery for making wooden barrels. The company
8008-478: Was marketed in Europe in the early 2000s by Flight Team UG & Company AG of Ippesheim , Germany. During the company's first ten years in operation, the trike models were exported to more than 30 countries in Europe and Africa, with almost 600 units were produced. Trike production was discontinued in the early 2000s. On 18 November 1992, the company was officially registered as Pipistrel d.o.o. with Vida Lorbek as
8099-495: Was re-sited with improved mines and more effective nets, aided by regular patrols by small warships equipped with powerful searchlights. A German attack on these vessels resulted in the Battle of Dover Strait in 1917 . A much more ambitious attempt to improve the barrage, by installing eight massive concrete towers across the strait was called the Admiralty M-N Scheme but only two towers were nearing completion at
8190-526: Was speculated that Siemens was pressured by Airbus. In February 2016, Pipistrel ran the most powerful hybrid electric powertrain in aviation to date, as a part of the project HYPSTAIR. The EU funded the Hypstair program: a Pipistrel Panthera mockup received a serial hybrid -electric powertrain, ground testing a 200-kilowatt (270 hp) motor driven by batteries only, by a 100-kilowatt (130 hp) generator-only and by both combined. The Hypstair program
8281-587: Was to become a far greater threat to Britain. The Dover Patrol , set up just before the war started, escorted cross-Channel troopships and prevented submarines from sailing in the Channel, obliging them to travel to the Atlantic via the much longer route around Scotland. On land, the German army attempted to capture French Channel ports in the Race to the Sea but although the trenches are often said to have stretched "from
#351648