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95-592: The city is surrounded by, on the east the deep ravine of the Anthius River which flows into Lake Eğirdir , with the Sultan Mountains to the northeast, Mount Karakuş to the north, Kızıldağ (Red Mountain) to the southeast, Kirişli Mountain and the northern shore of Lake Eğirdir to the southwest. Although very close to the Mediterranean on a map, the warm climate of the south cannot pass

190-440: A Roman colonia an outpost established in conquered territory to secure it, lost its strategic importance and, as it was off the main trade route, it started to lose importance more generally. Amid the remains of ancient Antioch, beneath a ruined Byzantine church, which claims to mark the location of Paul's synagogue sermon, archaeologists have uncovered a first-century building that may have been that synagogue. As capital of

285-525: A close relationship between Armenian and Phrygian, despite saying that the two languages do share some features. Phrygian is now classified as a centum language more closely related to Greek than Armenian, whereas Armenian is mostly satem . During the 8th century BC, the Phrygian kingdom with its capital at Gordium in the upper Sakarya River valley expanded into an empire dominating most of central and western Anatolia and encroaching upon

380-547: A great stir among the citizens, but the ensuing conflict with the Jews led to the expulsion of the two Christian missionaries from the city. They returned later and appointed elders for the Christian community there. Paul also visited the region in both his second and his third journeys. Paul's "persecutions and sufferings" at Antioch are spoken of in 2 Timothy 3:11 . In the 6th century the city of Antioch, which had been ranked as

475-571: A low of US$ 50,526 in 2008 and a high of US$ 3,001,920 in 1977. The most profitable period was the decade from 1975 to 1985, when the annual yield ranged from $ 2–3 million USD. The most important fish species have historically been the Eurasian carp and the pike perch, while crayfish were the most important species overall between 1975 and 1985. Several native fish species such as V. vimba , C. pestai , and P. handlirschi were never economically significant. Predation and overfishing have threatened

570-636: A military base to control the Galatian attacks, because it was on the border of the regions of Pisidia and Phrygia . The foundation of Antioch indicates a date of the last quarter of the 3rd century BC, but archeological finds at the Sanctuary of Men Askaenos in the northeast date back to the 4th century BC. This indicates that there had been earlier classical cultures in the area. While the Hellenistic Kingdoms (the inheritors of Alexander

665-762: A related group of northwest Anatolian cultures seems the most likely explanation for the confusion over whether Phrygians , Bebryces and Anatolian Mygdones were or were not the same people. Phrygian continued to be spoken until the 6th century AD, though its distinctive alphabet was lost earlier than those of most Anatolian cultures. One of the Homeric Hymns describes the Phrygian language as not mutually intelligible with that of Troy , and inscriptions found at Gordium make clear that Phrygians spoke an Indo-European language with at least some vocabulary similar to Greek . Phrygian clearly did not belong to

760-881: A sign of the importance of the city as a military and cultural base of Rome in Asia. (One of the copies, in Greek and Latin , is in Ankara , the other, in Greek, in Apollonia -Uluborlu). Paul the Apostle and Barnabas , as recounted in the Acts of the Apostles , visited Antioch of Pisidia in the course of Paul's first missionary journey, and Paul's sermon in the Jewish synagogue there caused

855-467: A total volume of 4,000 cubic hectometres (140  billion cubic feet ), of which 1,000 cubic hectometres (35 billion cubic feet) is drawn off for irrigation, drinking water, or other human uses. Approximately 45,000 hectares are irrigated by waters drawn from the lake. There is no thermal stratification in the lake. A strait called the Hoyran Boğazı divides Lake Eğirdir into two parts:

950-520: A truce by that time. This Midas appears to have had good relations and close trade ties with the Greeks, and reputedly married an Aeolian Greek princess. A system of writing in the Phrygian language developed and flourished in Gordium during this period, using a Phoenician-derived alphabet similar to the Greek one. A distinctive Phrygian pottery called Polished Ware appears during this period. However,

1045-786: Is 90 x 320 m long. The other. the Cardo Maximus, is 400 m. long and starts from the Nympheum, crossing the Decumanus c. 70 m south of the Tiberia Platea . On both sides of the streets are ruins dating back to the 1st–2nd centuries AD. The name Platea is used for large areas of street-squares surrounded by shops and porticos. In the eastern Roman provinces, the platea became colonnaded streets. The discovery of monumental buildings and especially of several nympheums on both sides of these two colonnaded main streets prove that this

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1140-541: Is a lake in the Lakes Region of Turkey . The town of Eğirdir lies near its southern end, 107 kilometers (66 miles) north of Antalya . With an area of 482 square kilometres (186 sq mi) it is the fourth largest lake in Turkey, and the second largest freshwater lake. The town and the lake were formerly called Eğridir , a Turkish pronunciation of the town's old Greek name Akrotiri . Eğridir means "it

1235-527: Is commercially harvested. It is not native to the lake, but when exactly it was introduced is unknown. From 1970 to 1985, Lake Eğirdir accounted for 75% of Turkey's annual crayfish catch. In 1986, however, the lake's crayfish population "collapsed" due to crayfish plague and crayfish harvesting stopped. Its population later recovered somewhat and commercial harvesting was resumed in 1999; however, catch numbers have never recovered to pre-plague levels (harvests are "1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than those in

1330-511: Is crooked" in Turkish, so to remove the negative connotations, in the mid-1980s the "i" and the "r" were transposed in a new official name, thus creating Eğirdir , a name that evokes spinning and flowers, although many people in Turkey still call both the town and the lake by its former name. Lake Eğirdir must have existed in ancient times, since coins from the nearby city of Parlaos have been found with ships on them, but no clear references to

1425-531: Is evidence that Prostanna and Atenia were also suffragans of Antioch. In the Notitia Episcopatuum attributed to Leo V the Wise , Neapolis, which had become a metropolitan see, Philomelium, and Justinianopolis have been removed from the list of suffragans of the suffragans of Antioch, but Binda , Conana, Parlais , Malus, Siniandus , and Tityassus are added. Michel LeQuinn lists 30 known bishops for

1520-773: Is not a result of Phrygian influence: the idea of a Mother Goddess dates back to the Neolithic age as is shown by idols and figurines exhibited in Yalvaç Museum . After the death of Alexander the Great , Seleucus I Nicator , founder of the Seleucid Dynasty, took control of Pisidia. Captured places were Hellenised and, in order to protect the population, fortified cities were founded at strategically important places, usually on an acropolis . Seleucus I Nicator founded nearly 60 cities and gave to 16 of them

1615-401: Is of uncertain origin but is native to the area, and 1 is of unknown status but likely an exotic species. Introduction of invasive species since the 1950s, along with overfishing , has caused significant disruption in the local ecosystem. The first major change came in 1955, when the non-native pike perch , which preys on other fish , was intentionally introduced to the lake. The reason

1710-454: Is part of the centum group of Indo-European languages. However, between the 19th and the first half of the 20th century Phrygian was mostly considered a satəm language, and thus closer to Armenian and Thracian , while today it is commonly considered to be a centum language and thus closer to Greek. The reason that in the past Phrygian had the guise of a satəm language was due to two secondary processes that affected it. Namely, Phrygian merged

1805-1054: Is recent alluvial sedimentary deposits from Quaternary times, especially visible in areas around Eğirdir and Barla as well as around Lake Kovada. This region is very seismically active; for example, in March 2007, a magnitude 5.1 earthquake happened on the lake's eastern shore, along the Esinyurt Fault; it was followed by 93 smaller aftershocks over a period of 4 days. Phrygia Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European In classical antiquity , Phrygia ( / ˈ f r ɪ dʒ i ə / FRIJ -ee-ə ; Ancient Greek : Φρυγία , Phrygía )

1900-417: Is situated in an area of hills and columns of volcanic tuff . To the south again, central Phrygia includes the cities of Afyonkarahisar (ancient Akroinon) with its marble quarries at nearby Docimium (İscehisar), and the town of Synnada . At the western end of Phrygia stood the towns of Aizanoi (modern Çavdarhisar ) and Acmonia . From here to the southwest lies the hilly area of Phrygia that contrasts to

1995-601: Is the second biggest in Isparta province with an area of 14,000 km The population in the centre is 35,000, the total is c. 100,000. The town is 230 km from Antalya , 180 km from Konya , 105 km from Isparta and 50 km from Akşehir , via the main road. According to tradition the city dates back to the 3rd century BCE, founded by the Seleucid Dynasty , one of the Hellenistic kingdoms. But

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2090-532: Is to the west of the Nympheum and is in good condition. On the way to the Great Basilica, which can be seen from any high point of the city, one can see the small valley created by the horseshoe shaped Stadion. The tour ends back at the Western Gate. Facing the valley in the west, the Western Gate is most probably the main entrance to the city as a number of ancient roads meet here. It is supported by

2185-406: Is unknown, but it is widely accepted that it was somewhere near Yalvaç. Sultan Kılıçarslan won the battle against Manuel I Comnenus . The Turks settled in the valley instead of on the acropolis. Because they controlled the whole of central Anatolia , they did not need defensive walls, and the valley was very suitable for agriculture. They did not change the names of most of the captured cities, but

2280-582: The Achaeans . Phrygian power reached its peak in the late 8th century BC under another historical king, Midas, who dominated most of western and central Anatolia and rivaled Assyria and Urartu for power in eastern Anatolia. This later Midas was, however, also the last independent king of Phrygia before Cimmerians sacked the Phrygian capital , Gordium , around 695 BC. Phrygia then became subject to Lydia , and then successively to Persia , Alexander and his Hellenistic successors, Pergamon ,

2375-583: The Eğirdir-Kovada graben , a north–south depression that also includes Lake Kovada. Two distinct stages of geological deposits are visible on dry land. Deposits from the first stage are exposed above ground in the Yeşilköy area; this is called the Yeşilköy Formation. This may have been deposited by the prehistoric Gölcük Volcano , 50 km to the southwest near the city of Isparta. The second phase

2470-586: The Hittites . This interpretation finds some motivation in Greek legends about Phrygians participation in the Trojan War, as well as the founding myth of the Gordium . No one has conclusively identified which of the many subjects of the Hittites might have represented early Phrygians. According to a classical tradition, popularized by Josephus , Phrygia can be equated with the country called Togarmah by

2565-602: The Persians , who conquered Anatolia in the 6th century BC and attempted to rule the area by dividing it into satrapies , were unable to cope with constant uprisings and turmoil. The approach of some researchers who would like to connect the cult of Men Askaenos with the cult of the Phrygian Mother Goddess Cybele is controversial. The worship of Cybele , traces of which can be seen in Antioch,

2660-728: The Phrygians have been identified with the Bebryces , a people said to have warred with Mysia before the Trojan War and who had a king named Mygdon at roughly the same time as the Phrygians were said to have had a king named Mygdon. The classical historian Strabo groups Phrygians, Mygdones , Mysians , Bebryces and Bithynians together as peoples that migrated to Anatolia from the Balkans. This image of Phrygians as part of

2755-734: The Proto-Hittite , Hittite , Phrygian or Lydian civilisations, but we know from Hittite records that the region was named " Arzawa " and that independent communities flourished in the region. These people did not come under the yoke of the Hittites, but fought beside them against the Egyptians in the Battle of Kadesh . Over the ages, people were able to live independently in the Pisidian region because of its strategic position. Even

2850-657: The Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire . Over this time Phrygians became Christian and Greek-speaking, assimilating into the Byzantine state; after the Turkish conquest of Byzantine Anatolia in the late Middle Ages, the name "Phrygia" passed out of usage as a territorial designation. Phrygia describes an area on the western end of the high Anatolian plateau, an arid region quite unlike the forested lands to

2945-629: The Roman province of Pisidia , Antioch was a metropolitan see . The Notitia Episcopatuum of Pseudo-Epiphanius, composed during the rule of Byzantine Emperor Heraclius in about 640, lists as its suffragan sees: Philomelium , Sagalassos , Sozopolis in Pisidia , Apamea Cibotus , Tyriacum, Baris in Pisidia , Hadrianopolis in Pisidia , Limnae , Neapolis , Laodicea Combusta , Seleucia Ferrea , Adada, Zarzela, Tymbrias , Tymandus, Justinianopolis in Pisidia , Metropolis in Pisidia, and Pappa. There

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3040-487: The Sanctuary of Men Askaenos which is on Karakuyu Hill 5 km to the southeast of Antioch. The following year, excavations were made under the direction of Ramsay, supported by Princeton University . During these excavations up to 1914, some important buildings were discovered in and around the city. In 1914 one of the breathtaking finds of archaeology, the " Res Gestae Divi Augusti ", appeared as fragments in front of

3135-556: The Taurus Mountains and defeated them by the help of elephants, which the Galatians had never seen before. The historian Lucian reported the comment of Antiochos : "It's a great shame that we owe our liberation to 16 elephants". Anyway, Antiochos celebrated his victory when he returned to Syria and was given the title of "Soter" (Saviour). The most reasonable approach is that Antioch was founded by Antiochus I Soter as

3230-661: The 14th century, Ibn Batutta mentioned merchant shipping on the lake at Eğirdir (or Akrīdūr , as he called the city in Arabic). Lake Eğirdir is fed by about 40 different springs, some of which are intermittent, and also by rainfall within its 3,309-km drainage basin . The main streams which feed Lake Eğirdir are the Pupa, the Hoyran, the Yalvaç, and the Çay. Besides evaporation , water exits Lake Eğirdir either by flowing out through

3325-452: The Balkans and moved east with the Phrygians. However, an Armenian origin in the Balkans, although once widely accepted, has been facing increased scrutiny in recent years due to discrepancies in the timeline and lack of genetic and archeological evidence. In fact, some scholars have suggested that the Phrygians and/or the apparently related Mushki people were originally from Armenia and moved westward. A number of linguists have rejected

3420-572: The Empire. The Arab raids from the sea and land weakened the empire, besieging the capital city Constantinople several times. Anatolian cities were damaged by these raids, and they began to be abandoned. In the 8th century the raids increased. The fiercest attack of all against Antioch was conducted in 713 by the Umayyad prince al-Abbas ibn al-Walid , the son of Caliph al-Walid I . Antioch never recovered and centuries of glory vanished. After Antioch

3515-667: The Great ) were fighting each other and the Galatians, Rome became the most powerful state in Europe and started to follow a policy of expansion to the east. The Romans invaded Macedon , Thrace , and the Dardanelles , reaching Phrygia via Magnesia and Pisidia. They cowed the Galatians and according to the treaty , signed in 188 BC in Apamea , after they got the land of Pisidia from Antiochos III , they gave it to their ally,

3610-520: The Great Basilica as the Church of St.Paul. The city, like other Hellenistic colonies, was founded on a hill for ease of defense. The steep valley of the River Anthius in the east provides a perfect defense. On the other slopes the acropolis goes up smoothly in terraces, reaching a height of 60 meters above the plain. It is not known whether the bastions of semi-circular plan, which can be seen in

3705-667: The Hittite collapse. The so-called Handmade Knobbed Ware found in Western Anatolia during this period has been tentatively identified as an import connected to this invasion. Some scholars believe that the Phrygians were already established on the Sakarya River during the Late Bronze Age . These scholars seek instead to trace the Phrygians' origins among the many nations of western Anatolia who were subject to

3800-646: The Imperial Sanctuary. After a compulsory break during World War I , Ramsay returned in 1923. In 1924 a major expedition was mounted by Francis Kelsey of the University of Michigan which included Ramsay. The excavations were under the direction of D.M. Robinson, employing at times over 200 men from Yalvaç. The team exposed the Great Basilica , Tiberia Platea , Propylon and the monumental western gate. Then after only one year of excavation,

3895-459: The Kingdom of Pergamon , the dominant power in the region. Attalos III , the last king of Pergamon , bequeathed his kingdom to Rome on his death in 133 BC. When Aristonikos , a usurper who claimed the throne of Pergamon shortly after, was defeated in 129 BC, Rome annexed and populated Western Anatolia with its well-developed, creative culture, lasting for centuries. Although Anatolia

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3990-567: The Kovada Canal into Lake Kovada , by draining out into one of the about 20 natural ponors that exist at the bottom of the lake, or by being pumped out through one of the 11 irrigation pumps built around the lake. The average retention time for water in the lake is 2.5 to 3 years. The lake has an average depth of 7 m and a maximum depth of 13 m. Significant fluctuations in Lake Eğirdir's water level are not uncommon. It has

4085-472: The Phrygian Kingdom was then overwhelmed by Cimmerian invaders , and Gordium was sacked and destroyed. According to Strabo and others, Midas committed suicide by drinking bulls' blood. A series of digs have opened Gordium as one of Turkey's most revealing archeological sites. Excavations confirm a violent destruction of Gordium around 675 BC. A tomb from the period, popularly identified as

4180-439: The Phrygians and Mushki , an eastern Anatolian people, were at that time campaigning in a joint army. This Midas is thought to have reigned Phrygia at the peak of its power from about 720 BC to about 695 BC (according to Eusebius) or 676 BC (according to Julius Africanus). An Assyrian inscription mentioning "Mita", dated to 709 BC, during the reign of Sargon of Assyria , suggests Phrygia and Assyria had struck

4275-678: The Phrygians were called Bryges when they lived in Europe. He and other Greek writers also recorded legends about King Midas that associated him with or put his origin in Macedonia ; Herodotus, for example, says a wild rose garden in Macedonia was named after Midas. Some classical writers also connected the Phrygians with the Mygdones , the name of two groups of people, one of which lived in northern Macedonia and another in Mysia . Likewise,

4370-416: The University of Michigan in 1924, they subsequently brought together all the available information about the city, supported with new finds, in a book entitled "Pisidian Antioch" (1998). Today's Antioch is studied by Dr. Mehmet Taşlıalan, Director of Yalvaç Museum (1979–2002), and Tekin Bayram, Mayor of Yalvaç. Taşlıalan wrote his Ph.D. thesis on the Imperial Sanctuary and described the building others called

4465-404: The West, continue in other parts of the defensive walls. The city is surrounded by re-used blocks made of mainly local, grey limestone. The massive blocked wall structure of the earlier phases are different from the mortared Byzantine-Early Christian walls. No clear evidence of defensive towers has yet been found. Curved semi-circular walls in the south and north would have made it easier to defend

4560-422: The ancient Hebrews, which has in turn been identified as the Tegarama of Hittite texts and Til-Garimmu of Assyrian records. Josephus called Togarmah "the Thrugrammeans, who, as the Greeks resolved, were named Phrygians". However, the Greek source cited by Josephus is unknown, and it is unclear if there was any basis for the identification other than name similarity. Scholars of the Hittites believe Tegarama

4655-425: The area. The population during the Roman period must have been a little more than this. The constantly irrigated fertile soil of the land is very suitable for growing fruits and for husbandry. For the veterans (retired Roman legionaries ) who came from poorer parts of Italy during the Roman period, agriculture must have been the driving force for integration of the colonies into the area. The modern town of Yalvaç

4750-404: The bare plains of the region's heartland. The region of southwestern Phrygia is irrigated by the Maeander, also known as the Büyük Menderes River , along with its tributary, the Lycus. Within its boundaries lie the towns of Laodicea on the Lycus and Hierapolis . According to ancient tradition among Greek historians, the Phrygians migrated to Anatolia from the Balkans . Herodotus says that

4845-420: The bishopric up to his time. With the advance of Islam , Antiochia in Pisidia ceased to be a residential bishopric, and is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see . Known Bishops Antiochia in Pisidia The Byzantine Empire directed its economic, political and military power to the southeast because the warriors of a new religion from the Arab Peninsula were invading the farthest borders of

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4940-538: The city walls on both sides. Like 40% of the monumental gates in Anatolia it is a three-vaulted victory arch. In architectural structure and in ornament, the gate was influenced by the pre-existing Propylon (the entrance to the Imperial Sanctuary). It was excavated in 1924 by the University of Michigan team. The gate had inscriptions on both sides. These were mounted on architraves and were formed from individually cast bronze letters which had mounting lugs on their reverses. These lugs were fixed with lead into holes cut in

5035-446: The closest relative of Phrygian, a position that is supported by Brixhe , Neumann, Matzinger, Woodhouse, Ligorio, Lubotsky, and Obrador-Cursach. Furthermore, 34 out of the 36 Phrygian isoglosses that are recorded are shared with Greek, with 22 being exclusive between them. The last 50 years of Phrygian scholarship developed a hypothesis that proposes a proto-Graeco-Phrygian stage out of which Greek and Phrygian originated, and if Phrygian

5130-477: The construction of modern Yalvaç. By the early 1960s, when Yalvaç Museum was about to be built, Antioch had become buried again. In 1962 M. H. Ballance and A. Frazer conducted a detailed survey. K. Tuchelt came to the city in 1976 and caused some new arguments about the Imperial Sanctuary. Stephen Mitchell and Marc Waelkens conducted a survey and documentation of Antioch between 1982 and 1983. Using their discoveries and drawing from earlier studies, especially those of

5225-423: The damaged drainage system and wear from the wheels of vehicles, and after passing the Theatre, one turns left into the second important street, the Cardo Maximus. The Cardo leads the visitor to the Tiberia Platea and Central Church with buildings from later periods on either side. The remains of the 12 steps up to the monumental Propylon take one to the most impressive architectural structure which has survived from

5320-419: The downfall of the Hittite Empire and the end of the high Bronze Age in Anatolia. According to the "recent migration" theory, the Phrygians invaded just before or after the collapse of the Hittite Empire at the beginning of the 12th century BC, filling the political vacuum in central-western Anatolia, and may have been counted among the " Sea Peoples " that Egyptian records credit with bringing about

5415-410: The earlier periods of Antioch: the Imperial Sanctuary-Augusteum. Going back to the Tiberia Platea and following the Cardo to the right will take one to the source of life of the city: the Nympheum. The aqueducts which can be seen behind the Nympheum brought fresh water from springs in the Sultan Mountains 11 km from the city over the centuries. The Bath which is some distance from the water source,

5510-466: The early 1980s". Another outbreak of crayfish plague in the lake in 2004 killed off much of the local population, and commercial harvesting of crayfish in Lake Eğirdir was banned in 2009. The pathogen causing crayfish plague, Aphanomyces astaci , has remained present in the lake, which may have prevented the local crayfish population from fully recovering to previous levels. The total economic value of commercial fishing on Lake Eğirdir has ranged between

5605-429: The family of Anatolian languages spoken in most of the adjacent countries, such as Hittite . The apparent similarity of the Phrygian language to Greek and its dissimilarity with the Anatolian languages spoken by most of their neighbors is also taken as support for a European origin of the Phrygians. From what is available, it is evident that Phrygian shares important features with Greek and Armenian . Phrygian

5700-407: The fortifications. The defensive system, when the masonry of the walls is considered, is very similar to the neighbouring colonies Cremna , Sagalassos and even Aphrodisias in Caria . Most of the walls and defensive system are from the 4th century CE. Other buried entrances and fortifications datable back to the Hellenistic period will no doubt come to light as excavations continue. The acropolis

5795-401: The height of the Taurus Mountains . Owing to the climate, there is no timberland but crop plants grow in areas provided with water from the Sultan Mountains, whose annual average rainfall is c. 1000 mm on the peaks and 500 mm on the slopes. This water feeds the plateau and Antioch. The other Pisidian cities Neapolis , Tyriacum , Laodiceia Katakekaumene and Philomelium founded on

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5890-408: The history of the city cannot be separated from the history of the Lakes Region and of Pisidia . Research done in the area has shown habitation since the Paleolithic age. Excavations and surveys made by D.M. Robinson and the University of Michigan around Yalvaç in 1924 uncovered artifacts from surrounding mounds that date back to the 3rd millennium BC. In Antioch itself, no finds have emerged from

5985-506: The lake have been found in ancient texts, and its ancient name is unknown. A number of ancient settlements have been located around the lake: places whose names are known were Eğirdir itself (historically known as Akroterion ), Parlaos, Malos , and Prostanna ; and places whose ancient names are not known were at the ruin sites of Bedre , Ghaziri , and Ertokuş Han , as well as on Yeşil Ada. (Based on its modern name, Bedre – now known as Gökçe – may have been called "Petra" in ancient times.) In

6080-410: The lake was 1,623 in 1984, 115 in 1999, 425 in 2001, and 510 in 2002. About 45,000 hectares of farmland are irrigated using waters from Lake Eğirdir. Water is also extracted for drinking water and electricity generation, although in the 2000s this has decreased relative to the increasing agricultural demand. The lake provides drinking water to the city of Isparta . Lake Eğirdir forms part of

6175-413: The lake's Eurasian carp population, especially since the 2000s, and its annual catch has fallen by 90% from what it was in the 1950s. From 2008 to 2012, commercial fishing of Eurasian carp was banned. Pike perch fishery has also decreased in importance in recent decades as that fish's population has contracted. The crayfish catch also plummeted in the 1980s due to the crayfish plague, and its harvesting

6270-443: The larger Assyrian Empire to its southeast and the kingdom of Urartu to the northeast. According to the classical historians Strabo , Eusebius and Julius Africanus , the king of Phrygia during this time was another Midas. This historical Midas is believed to be the same person named as Mita in Assyrian texts from the period and identified as king of the Mushki . Scholars figure that Assyrians called Phrygians "Mushki" because

6365-469: The larger Eğirdir Gölü proper and the smaller Hoyran Gölü. Lake Eğirdir has two islands, connected to the mainland by a long causeway into the town of Eğirdir : Beginning with Karekin Deveciyan 's Türkiye'de Balık ve Balıkçılık in 1915, a total of 15 different fish species have been recorded in Lake Eğirdir. Of these, 7 are endemic species that still inhabit the lake, 2 are endemic species that are now locally extinct , 4 are introduced species , 1

6460-402: The name of Antioch was forgotten and, with no Christians left in the region, they named it "Yalvaç" which means " Prophet ", perhaps a reference to Saint Paul. Francis Vyvyan Jago Arundell , British chaplain at İzmir between 1822 and 1834, was the first person to identify and study the city. In 1828 he published the record of his first journey to inner Anatolia made in 1826 as A visit to

6555-427: The name of his father Antiochus . Colonists were brought from Magnesia on the Maeander to people the city of Pisidian Antioch (the Land of Antiochus). Meanwhile, fights for the sharing of Anatolia continued, complicated by the arrival of Galatians from Europe. The self-interested Hellenistic dynasties could not expel the Galatians from the interior, but Antiochus I Soter fought against them in 270 BC in

6650-399: The natives. One of the three surviving copies of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti , the famous inscription recording the noble deeds of the Emperor Augustus, was found in front of the Augusteum in Antioch. The original was carved on bronze tablets and exhibited in front of the Mausoleum of Augustus in Rome , but unfortunately has not survived. The Antioch copy was inscribed in stone in Latin,

6745-413: The necropolis should be looked for nearby. Most of the city has not been excavated, leaving questions like, for example, the relationship between the Theatre and the Cardo Maximus not yet fully explained. Much is still buried under the hills in the potential excavation area of 800 by 1000 meters. Electromagnetic studies in recent years have shown that the Hippodamic plan with streets at right-angles

6840-564: The north and west of it. Phrygia begins in the northwest where an area of dry steppe is diluted by the Sakarya and Porsuk river system and is home to the settlements of Dorylaeum near modern Eskişehir , and the Phrygian capital Gordion . The climate is harsh with hot summers and cold winters. Therefore, olives will not easily grow here so the land is mostly used for livestock grazing and barley production. South of Dorylaeum an important Phrygian settlement, Midas City ( Yazılıkaya, Eskişehir ),

6935-399: The old labiovelar with the plain velar, and secondly, when in contact with palatal vowels /e/ and /i/, especially in initial position, some consonants became palatalized. Furthermore, Kortlandt (1988) presented common sound changes of Thracian and Armenian and their separation from Phrygian and the rest of the palaeo-Balkan languages from an early stage. Modern consensus regards Greek as

7030-521: The reign of Augustus , among the eight colonies established in Pisidia, only Antioch was honoured with the title of Caesarea and given the right of the Ius Italicum , maybe because of its strategic position. The city became an important Roman colony. It rose to the position of a capital city with the name of " Colonia Caesarea ". Hellenisation became Latinization during the Roman period, and it

7125-432: The same period Weber concentrated his studies on aqueducts, examining the water system and identifying the monumental fountain. The results of Ramsay's studies up to 1905 were published in 1907 as The Cities of St. Paul. Their influence on his Life and Thought . In 1911 Ramsay and his wife W. M. Calder , along with M. M. Hardie , made camp in Antioch and started to study the area systematically. Calder and Hardie explored

7220-644: The seven Churches of Asia . His notes after his second journey in 1833 were published the following year in London under the title Discoveries in Asia Minor: including a description of the ruins of several ancient cities and especially Antioch of Pisidia . W. J. Hamilton came to the region, passing over the Sultan Mountains and observed the aqueducts , bath, and great basilica . His notes were published in 1842 as "Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus, Armenia". He

7315-519: The slopes, benefited from this fertility. The acropolis has an area of 460,000 m (115 acres) and is surrounded by fortified defence walls. The Territorium of the settlement can be seen from the Temple of Men in the sanctuary of Men Askaenos on a hill to the southeast. The Territorium of the city is estimated to have been approximately 1,400 km in ancient times. According to the 1950 census, there were 40 villages with 50,000 people living in

7410-528: The stone. These letters are now missing, but in 1924 one stone was found which still had letters in position. It read: C.IVL.ASP. Robinson jumped to the conclusion that this referred to Caius Julius Asper who was proconsul of the Province of Asia in AD 212 and for many years this was taken as the date of construction of the gate. Lake E%C4%9Firdir Eğirdir ( Turkish : Eğirdir Gölü , formerly Eğridir )

7505-652: The time encompassed much of western and central Anatolia : "the Armenians were equipped like Phrygians, being Phrygian colonists" (7.73) ( Ἀρμένιοι δὲ κατά περ Φρύγες ἐσεσάχατο, ἐόντες Φρυγῶν ἄποικοι. ) According to Herotodus, the Phrygians had originated in the Balkans , in an area adjoining Macedonia, from where they had emigrated to Anatolia during the Bronze Age collapse . This led later scholars, such as Igor Diakonoff , to theorize that Armenians also originated in

7600-492: The work of the Michigan group ceased due to a bitter quarrel between Ramsay and Robinson. The only person who might have had the authority to resolve matters was Kelsey, and he died in 1927. Ramsay visited again between 1925 and 1927 but without any major results. No further studies were made until the 1960s. During this long interval, local natives carried off many of the architectural blocks from these major buildings to use in

7695-434: Was a defended space to which natives retreated during wartime or invasion: houses and farms however, were outside the walls. Especially in the west and east, on the slopes going down to the plain the remains of houses have been found. The location of the necropolis is not known, but pieces of sarcophagi, Phrygian door-tombstones and funeral inscriptions in the walls of the houses in the modern Kızılca Quarter are indications that

7790-539: Was a kingdom in the west-central part of Anatolia , in what is now Asian Turkey , centered on the Sangarios River . After its conquest, it became a region of the great empires of the time. Stories of the heroic age of Greek mythology tell of several legendary Phrygian kings: According to Homer 's Iliad , the Phrygians participated in the Trojan War as close allies of the Trojans , fighting against

7885-551: Was applied successfully like at Priene and Miletos. The city was divided by the streets into districts ( vicus , plural vici ). The names of the following vici are known from inscriptions: Venerius, Velabrus, Aediculus, Patricius, Cermalus, Salutaris and Tuscus, but their extent has yet to be established. One of the two principal streets is the Decumanus Maximus which starts from the Western City Gate and it

7980-517: Was banned from 1986 to 1999 and again from 2008 to 2010. In the 2000s, the introduced Prussian carp became a very successful source of commercial fishing. However, the overall annual yield for the lake's fisheries have continued to decline. In terms of employment, the number of workers in the lake's fishing industry has increased continuously since 1991, and especially since 2001. The number of households employed in fishing increased from 287 in 1991 to 1,164 in 2009. The amount of fishing boats on

8075-555: Was dominated by the Roman Empire as the province of Asia , Pisidia was given to the Kingdom of Cappadocia , which was an ally of Rome. During the ensuing years, the authority gap remained in these kingdoms so remote from central control, which led to the rise of powerful pirate kingdoms, especially in Cilicia and Pisidia. The Romans were disturbed by these kingdoms and fought against them. By 102 BC, Cilicia, Pamphylia , Phrygia and Pisida had been freed from pirates and Roman rule

8170-525: Was followed at different periods by noted explorers of the 19th century such as Tchihatcheff , Laborde, Ritter, Richter, but none of them have the power of Arundell's detailed study, until Ramsay. William Mitchell Ramsay , who devoted 50 years of his life to the historical geography of Asia Minor , made his first journey to Anatolia in 1880. Together with J. R. S. Sterrett he embarked on two journeys studying inscriptions which provided detailed historical information. On both journeys they visited Antioch. In

8265-796: Was in eastern Anatolia – some locate it at Gurun – far to the east of Phrygia. Some scholars have identified Phrygia with the Assuwa league, and noted that the Iliad mentions a Phrygian (Queen Hecuba 's brother) named Asios . Another possible early name of Phrygia could be Hapalla , the name of the easternmost province that emerged from the splintering of the Bronze Age western Anatolian empire Arzawa . However, scholars are unsure if Hapalla corresponds to Phrygia or to Pisidia , further south. Ancient Greek historian Herodotus (writing circa 440 BC), suggested that Armenians migrated from Phrygia, which at

8360-526: Was killed during the struggle. That is when Rome started to colonize using retired legionaries as a solution to the failure of the locally appointed governors. The province of Galatia was established in 25 BC, and Antioch became a part of it. To support the struggle against the Homonadesians logistically, the construction of a road called the Via Sebaste , the centre of which was Antioch,

8455-472: Was more sufficiently attested, that stage could perhaps be reconstructed. Some scholars dismiss the claim of a Phrygian migration as a mere legend, likely arising from the coincidental similarity of their name to the Bryges , and have theorized that migration into Phrygia could have occurred more recently than classical sources suggest. They have sought to fit the Phrygian arrival into a narrative explaining

8550-440: Was most successful in Antioch. The city was divided into seven districts called " vici " each of which was founded on one of the city's seven hills like the seven hills of Rome. The formal language was Latin until the end of the 3rd century AD. The fertility of the land and the peace brought by Augustus ( Pax Romana : Roman Peace) made it easier for the veterans as colonists in the area to have good relations and integration with

8645-433: Was restored. The geographical and strategic position of the region made it difficult to control the area and maintain constant peace. The Homonadesians settled in the Taurus Mountains between Attaleia and Ikonion , which caused problems for Rome. Marcus Antonius , who had to control the roads connecting Pisidia to Pamphylia, charged his allied king Amyntas , King of Pisidia, to fight against Homonadesians, but Amyntas

8740-544: Was something which occurred in Antioch also. Arriving at Antioch from the west, visitors can see the fortifications and structures of various periods. Architectural fragments of the City Gate by the main street are awaiting re-erection. The road through the gate passes the ruins of the Waterfall and turns to the right at the beginning of the Decumanus Maximus, which has been excavated recently. In this street, one can see

8835-544: Was started by the governor of the Province of Galatia, Cornutus Arrutius Aquila . The Via Sebaste was separated into two and directed to the southwest and southeast to surround the Homonadesians. Secondary connecting roads were built between these two roads. Rome by means of the Via Sebaste Publius Sulpicius Quirinius brought an end to the Homonadesians problem in 3 BC, relocating survivors in different surrounding locations. During

8930-569: Was that the lake's native fish were not very economically valuable for commercial fishing. The population dynamics of the lake's ecosystem "rapidly collapsed", and two endemic species became locally extinct. Since then, other exotic species have been introduced to the lake, such as the omnivorous Prussian carp by 1996 and the plankton - and fish-eating big-scale sand smelt by 2003. Endemic species: Introduced species: Uncertain origin, possibly or likely exotic: The narrow-clawed crayfish ( Astacus leptodactylus ) inhabits Lake Eğirdir and

9025-767: Was visited by crusaders, a new people appeared in the 11th century: the Seljuk Turks , who captured the area and founded the Anatolian Seljuk Empire (Sultanate) in Central Anatolia. Until the 12th century Antioch was a base where soldiers stopped for a rest, constantly changing hands. On 11 September 1176, the armies of the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Sultanate met at Myriokephalon (thousand heads). Its exact location

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