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32-770: See text Terebinthus Mill. Pistacia is a genus of flowering plants in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae . It contains 10 to 20 species that are native to Africa and Eurasia from the Canary Islands , all of Africa , and southern Europe , warm and semidesert areas across Asia , and North America from Guatemala to Mexico , as well as southern Texas . Pistacia plants are shrubs and small trees growing to 5–15 m (16–49 ft) tall. The leaves are alternate, pinnately compound, and can be either evergreen or deciduous depending on species. All species are dioecious , but monoecious individuals of Pistacia atlantica have been noted. The genus

64-401: A pea , and red to brown in color, depending on the degree of maturation. The seeds do not have endosperm . The seeds are eaten and dispersed by birds, for which they are a valuable resource because of the scarcity of food in some important times of year, as the time of breeding, migration, or the dry season. The commercial species of pistachio has larger fruits and is edible. The plants emit

96-578: A turpentine , is produced; P. lentiscus , source of the plant resin mastic ; and P. chinensis , the Chinese pistache, cultivated as an ornamental tree. Scientists from Iran and China assembled a draft genome of pistachio and resequenced 107 whole genomes, including 93 domestic and 14 wild individuals of P. vera and 35 other genomes from different wild Pistacia species. Integrating genomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed expanded gene families (e.g., cytochrome P450 and chitinase) and

128-610: A bitter, resinous, or medicative smell, which in some species is very intense and aromatic. Some species develop "galls" that occur in the leaves and leaflets after the bite of insects. Although marred by the presence of galls, they are very vigorous and resistant plants that survive in degraded areas where other species have been eliminated. They multiply by seeds, stolons , and root shoots. Various species hybridize easily between them, and hybrid plants are difficult to identify. Some tree species (e.g. Pistacia aethiopica , Pistacia atlantica ) can exist as small bushes and shrubs due to

160-425: A century. There are the two major hypotheses: The triploid transition - and the production of antipodal cells - may have occurred due to a shift in gametophyte development which produced a new interaction with an auxin-dependent mechanism originating in the earliest angiosperms. In some groups (e.g. grains of the family Poaceae ), the endosperm persists to the mature seed stage as a storage tissue, in which case

192-450: A consortium of sixty subscribers, 1733–66, the contents of Bartram's boxes introduced such American trees as Abies balsamea and Pinus rigida into English gardens. Miller was reluctant to use the new binomial nomenclature of Carl Linnaeus , preferring the classifications of Joseph Pitton de Tournefort and John Ray at first. Linnaeus, nevertheless, applauded Miller's Gardeners Dictionary , The conservative Scot actually retained

224-606: A native of Iran, and the western Mediterranean countries, is tapped for turpentine . It is also common in the eastern Mediterranean countries. Because terebinths have the ability to kill certain bacteria, terebinth resin was widely used as a preservative in ancient wine. In the Zagros Mountains of Iran, in one of the earliest examples of winemaking , archaeologists discovered terebinth resin deposits from 5400 to 5000 BC in jars that also contained grape-juice residue. P. lentiscus , an evergreen shrub or small tree of

256-504: A number of pre-Linnaean binomial signifiers discarded by Linnaeus but which have been retained by modern botanists. He only fully changed to the Linnaean system in the edition of The Gardeners Dictionary of 1768, though he had already described some genera, such as Larix and Vanilla , validly under the Linnaean system earlier, in the fourth edition (1754). Miller sent the first long-strand cotton seeds, which he had developed, to

288-446: Is a characteristic feature of angiosperms . There are three types of endosperm development: Nuclear endosperm development – where repeated free-nuclear divisions take place; if a cell wall is formed it will form after free-nuclear divisions. Commonly referred to as liquid endosperm. Coconut water is an example of this. Cellular endosperm development – where a cell-wall formation is coincident with nuclear divisions. Coconut meat

320-432: Is cellular endosperm. Acoraceae has cellular endosperm development while other monocots are helobial. Helobial endosperm development – where a cell wall is laid down between the first two nuclei, after which one half develops endosperm along the cellular pattern and the other half along the nuclear pattern. The evolutionary origins of double fertilization and endosperm are unclear, attracting researcher attention for over

352-405: Is estimated to be about 80 million years old. It is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Anacardiaceae . The plants are dioecious, and have male and female trees independently; a viable population should have both sexes. Well-known species in the genus Pistacia include P. vera , the pistachio, grown for its edible seeds; P. terebinthus , from which terebinth resin,

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384-551: Is known. Miller's two sons worked under him; one, Charles, became the first head of the Cambridge Botanic Garden . Endosperm Ancestral flowering plants have seeds with small embryos and abundant endosperm. In some modern flowering plants the embryo occupies most of the seed and the endosperm is non-developed or consumed before the seed matures. In other flowering plant taxa, the Poaceae for example,

416-588: Is often called the triple fusion nucleus ). That cell created in the process of double fertilization develops into the endosperm. Because it is formed by a separate fertilization event, the endosperm is a separate entity from the developing embryo, and some consider it to be a separate organism . About 70% of angiosperm species have endosperm cells that are polyploid . These are typically triploid (containing three sets of chromosomes ), but can vary widely from diploid (2n) to 15n. One flowering plant, Nuphar polysepala , has diploid endosperm, resulting from

448-534: The Old World , and are mostly more adapted to water shortage and alkaline soil. Many plant species are adapted to desert or summer drought typical of Mediterranean climate, so have a high tolerance to saline soil . They grow well in water containing up to 0.3 to 0.4% of soluble salts. They are quite resilient in their ecological requirements, and can survive in temperatures ranging from −10 °C in winter to 45 °C in summer. They prefer places oriented toward

480-519: The larvae (caterpillars) of some species of Lepidoptera including the emperor moth . Best known as the pistachio, P. vera is a small tree native to Iran, grown for its edible seeds . The seeds of the other species were also eaten in prehistory, but are too small to have commercial value today. Records of Pistacia from preclassical archaeological sites, and mentions in preclassical texts, always refer to one of these other species (often P. terebinthus ). P. terebinthus (the terebinth), also

512-603: The nucellus produces a nutritive tissue termed "perisperm". The endosperm of some species is responsible for seed dormancy . Endosperm tissue also mediates the transfer of nutrients from the mother plant to the embryo, it acts as a location for gene imprinting, and is responsible for aborting seeds produced from genetically mismatched parents. In angiosperms, the endosperm contain hormones such as cytokinins , which regulate cellular differentiation and embryonic organ formation. Cereal crops are grown for their edible fruit (grains or caryopses ), which are primarily endosperm. In

544-533: The physic garden in July 1764 and recorded his observation in his commonplace books , Miller "has raised the reputation of the Chelsea Garden so much that it excels all the gardens of Europe for its amazing variety of plants of all orders and classes and from all climates..." He wrote The Gardener's and Florists Dictionary or a Complete System of Horticulture (1724) and The Gardener's Dictionary containing

576-489: The Mediterranean region, supplies a resin called mastic . P. chinensis (Chinese pistache), the most frost-tolerant species in the genus, is grown as an ornamental tree, valued for its bright red autumn leaf colour. [REDACTED] Media related to Pistacia at Wikimedia Commons [REDACTED] Data related to Pistacia at Wikispecies Philip Miller Philip Miller FRS (1691 – 18 December 1771)

608-643: The Methods of Cultivating and Improving the Kitchen Fruit and Flower Garden , which first appeared in 1731 in an impressive folio and passed through eight expanding editions in his lifetime and was translated into Dutch by Job Baster . Miller corresponded with other botanists, and obtained plants from all over the world, many of which he cultivated for the first time in England and is credited as their introducer. His knowledge of living plants, for which he

640-413: The caryopsis, the thin fruit wall is fused to the seed coat. Therefore, the nutritious part of the grain is the seed and its endosperm. In some cases (e.g. wheat, rice) the endosperm is selectively retained in food processing (commonly called white flour ), and the embryo ( germ ) and seed coat ( bran ) removed. The processed grain has a lower quality of nutrition. Endosperm thus has an important role within

672-400: The endosperm is greatly developed. An endosperm is formed after the two sperm nuclei inside a pollen grain reach the interior of a female gametophyte or megagametophyte, also called the embryonic sac . One sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg cell , forming a zygote , while the other sperm nucleus usually fuses with the binucleate central cell, forming a primary endosperm cell (its nucleus

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704-481: The extremes of their habitat, adverse conditions, or the excessive consumption by wildlife or livestock that hinders growth. Pistacia lentiscus is a very common plant related to P. terebinthus with which it hybridizes. P. terebinthus is more abundant in the mountains and inland in the Iberian Peninsula, and mastic is usually found more frequently in areas where the Mediterranean influence of

736-406: The fusion of a pollen nucleus with one, rather than two, maternal nuclei. The same is supposed for some other basal angiosperms. It is believed that early in the development of angiosperm lineages, there was a duplication in this mode of reproduction, producing seven-celled/eight-nucleate female gametophytes, and triploid endosperms with a 2:1 maternal to paternal genome ratio. Double fertilisation

768-485: The jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthetic pathway that are likely involved in stress adaptation. Comparative population genomic analyses revealed that pistachio was domesticated about 8000 years ago, and that likely key genes for domestication are those involved in tree and seed size, which experienced artificial selection. Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. was formerly classified as P. simaruba L. The Pistacia species are vicarious Anacardiaceae with few species outside

800-544: The new British American colony of Georgia in 1733. They were first planted on Sea Island , off the coast of Georgia, and hence derived the name of the finest cotton, Sea Island Cotton . The presumed portrait, engraved by C.J. Maillet and affixed to the posthumous French edition of Miller's Gardeners Dictionary , 1787, shows the wrong Miller, John Frederick Miller , son of the London-based Nuremberg artist Johann Sebastian Müller . No authentic portrait

832-658: The sea prevents or moderates frost. Some species with very small ranges cover only one or a group of islands in the Mediterranean. P. terebinthus is also found on the east coast of the Mediterranean , Syria , Lebanon , and Israel , filling the same ecological niche of these species. On the west coast of the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands, and the Middle East, it can be confused with Pistacia atlantica . Pistacia species are used as food plants by

864-407: The seeds are called "albuminous" or "endospermous", and in others it is absorbed during embryo development (e.g., most members of the family Fabaceae , including the common bean , Phaseolus vulgaris ), in which case the seeds are called "exalbuminous" or "cotyledonous" and the function of storage tissue is performed by enlarged cotyledons ("seed leaves"). In certain species (e.g. corn, Zea mays );

896-410: The soil has insufficient drainage. They require a period of drought each year for proper development. Their leaves are intensely bright green and leathery, with three to nine leaflets. The leaves are alternate, compound, and paripinnate. The flowers are unisexual, apetalous, and grouped in clusters. The flowers range from purple to green. The fruit is a drupe , generally unpalatable to humans, the size of

928-444: The storage function is distributed between both endosperm and the embryo. Some mature endosperm tissue stores fats (e.g. castor bean , Ricinus communis ) and others (including grains, such as wheat and corn) store mainly starches. The dust-like seeds of orchids have no endosperm. Orchid seedlings are mycoheterotrophic in their early development. In some other species, such as coffee , the endosperm also does not develop. Instead,

960-552: The sun and well-drained soil, but grow well in the bottom of ravines. Though very hardy and drought resistant , Pistacia species grow slowly and only begin to bear fruit after about 7–10 years from planting, obtaining full development only after 15–20 years. The fruit ripens in the Mediterranean from August; only female trees have fruit. Although some species prefer moderate humidity, they do not grow well in high-humidity conditions. They are susceptible to root rot, molds, and fungi, and parasites attack if they receive too much water and

992-555: Was an English botanist and gardener of Scottish descent. Miller was chief gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden for nearly 50 years from 1722, and wrote the highly popular The Gardeners Dictionary . Born in Deptford or Greenwich, Miller was chief gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden from 1722 until he was pressured to retire shortly before his death. According to the botanist Peter Collinson , who visited

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1024-617: Was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society , was unsurpassed in breadth in his lifetime. He trained William Aiton , who later became head gardener at Kew , and William Forsyth , after whom Forsythia was named. The Duke of Bedford contracted him to supervise the pruning of fruit trees at Woburn Abbey and the care of his prized collection of American trees, especially evergreens, which were grown from seeds that, on Miller's suggestion, had been sent in barrels from Pennsylvania , where they had been collected by John Bartram . Through

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