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43-549: Plumstead Township is a township in Bucks County, Pennsylvania , United States. The population was 14,021 at the 2020 census . The township was settled in the early 18th Century by Quakers pursuing religious freedom. By 1725, a formal petition was presented to Bucks County to recognize the area as Plumstead Township. The Doan Outlaws notoriously were raised in Plumstead and participated in criminal activity throughout

86-404: A heat index calculation will return a number equal to or lower than the air temperature (a lower heat index is generally considered invalid), varies with temperature and is not linear. The threshold is commonly set at an arbitrary 40%. The heat index and its counterpart the humidex both take into account only two variables, shade temperature and atmospheric moisture (humidity), thus providing only

129-424: A hot-summer, wet all year, humid continental climate ( Dfa ). Dfa climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (≤ 0.0 °C), at least four months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (≥ 10.0 °C), at least one month with an average mean temperature ≥ 71.6 °F (≥ 22.0 °C), and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. During

172-428: A limited estimate of thermal comfort . Additional factors such as wind, sunshine and individual clothing choices also affect perceived temperature; these factors are parameterized as constants in the heat index formula. Wind, for example, is assumed to be 5 knots (9.3 km/h). Wind passing over wet or sweaty skin causes evaporation and a wind chill effect that the heat index does not measure. The other major factor

215-1989: A model of the human body. This equation reproduces the above NOAA National Weather Service table (except the values at 90 °F (32 °C) & 45%/70% relative humidity vary unrounded by less than ±1, respectively). H I = c 1 + c 2 T + c 3 R + c 4 T R + c 5 T 2 + c 6 R 2 + c 7 T 2 R + c 8 T R 2 + c 9 T 2 R 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {HI} =c_{1}+c_{2}T+c_{3}R+c_{4}TR+c_{5}T^{2}+c_{6}R^{2}+c_{7}T^{2}R+c_{8}TR^{2}+c_{9}T^{2}R^{2}} where c 1 = − 42.379 , c 2 = 2.049 015 23 , c 3 = 10.143 331 27 , c 4 = − 0.224 755 41 , c 5 = − 6.837 83 × 10 − 3 , c 6 = − 5.481 717 × 10 − 2 , c 7 = 1.228 74 × 10 − 3 , c 8 = 8.5282 × 10 − 4 , c 9 = − 1.99 × 10 − 6 . {\textstyle {\begin{aligned}c_{1}&=-42.379,&c_{2}&=2.049\,015\,23,&c_{3}&=10.143\,331\,27,\\c_{4}&=-0.224\,755\,41,&c_{5}&=-6.837\,83\times 10^{-3},&c_{6}&=-5.481\,717\times 10^{-2},\\c_{7}&=1.228\,74\times 10^{-3},&c_{8}&=8.5282\times 10^{-4},&c_{9}&=-1.99\times 10^{-6}.\end{aligned}}} The following coefficients can be used to determine

258-539: A northwest–southeast alignment parallel to the Delaware River in the northeastern section of the township. PA 313 utilizes Swamp Road along a southeast-to-northwest alignment along the southwestern edge of the township. Finally, PA 413 follows Durham Road along a southeast-to-northwest alignment through the middle of the township. SEPTA provides bus service to the Cross Keys Place shopping center in

301-1201: A tax collector and, in many townships, a panel of three auditors who annually audit all township accounts. The supervisors or commissioners of the township appoint a secretary and a treasurer, and may also appoint a township manager to coordinate township employees and operations. County governments may provide some or all municipal services to residents of townships, regardless of class and size, including trash collection or sewage processing. Some counties, though, leave individual municipalities to provide their own services; in some instances small groups of boroughs or townships may pool their resources to provide water, police, or other functions. The main areas of local services include police and fire protection, maintenance of local roads and streets, water supply, sewage collection and treatment, parking and traffic control, local planning and zoning, parks and recreation, garbage collection, health services, libraries, licensing of businesses and code enforcement. All municipalities in Pennsylvania, however, rely on county and state organized courts for probate, criminal, and civil court services. Under

344-482: A thicker cloud cover develops, reducing the amount of direct sunlight reaching the surface. Thus, there is an inverse relationship between maximum potential temperature and maximum potential relative humidity. Because of this factor, it was once believed that the highest heat index reading actually attainable anywhere on Earth was approximately 71 °C (160 °F). However, in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia on July 8, 2003,

387-508: A township of the first class and operate under the powers of the First Class Township Code, a township must have a population density of 300 inhabitants per square mile (120/km ) and voters therein must approve the change of classification in a referendum. The classes of townships differ primarily in the form of their administration. Townships of the second class are governed by a board of supervisors, elected at large by

430-563: Is between 30 and 36 inches (76 and 91 centimetres), and the average snowiest month is February which corresponds with the annual peak in nor'easter activity. As of 2018 there were 111.72 miles (179.80 km) of public roads in Plumstead Township, of which 41.24 miles (66.37 km) were maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and 70.48 miles (113.43 km) were maintained by

473-495: Is defined as the dry-bulb temperature which would feel the same if the water vapor pressure were 1.6  kPa . Quoting Steadman, "Thus, for instance, an apparent temperature of 24 °C (75 °F) refers to the same level of sultriness, and the same clothing requirements, as a dry-bulb temperature of 24 °C (75 °F) with a vapor pressure of 1.6 kPa." This vapor pressure corresponds for example to an air temperature of 29 °C (84 °F) and relative humidity of 40% in

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516-519: Is from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . The columns begin at 80 °F (27 °C), but there is also a heat index effect at 79 °F (26 °C) and similar temperatures when there is high humidity. For example, if the air temperature is 96 °F (36 °C) and the relative humidity is 65%, the heat index is 121 °F (49 °C) Exposure to full sunshine can increase heat index values by up to 8 °C (14 °F). There are many formulas devised to approximate

559-466: Is located in Plumstead Township and Tinicum Township . Natural features include Cabin Run, Curley Hill, Geddes Run, Hickory Run, Irish Run, Moss Giel Rock, Slobbery Run, and Tohickon Creek . As of the 2010 census, the township was 94.1% White, 0.7% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.7% Asian, and 1.4% were two or more races. 4.7% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of

602-405: Is sunshine; standing in direct sunlight can add up to 15 °F (8.3 °C) to the apparent heat compared to shade. There have been attempts to create a universal apparent temperature , such as the wet-bulb globe temperature , "relative outdoor temperature", "feels like", or the proprietary " RealFeel ". Outdoors in open conditions, as the relative humidity increases, first haze and ultimately

645-3381: Is this: H I = c 1 + c 2 T + c 3 R + c 4 T R + c 5 T 2 + c 6 R 2 + c 7 T 2 R + c 8 T R 2 + c 9 T 2 R 2 + + c 10 T 3 + c 11 R 3 + c 12 T 3 R + c 13 T R 3 + c 14 T 3 R 2 + c 15 T 2 R 3 + c 16 T 3 R 3 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {HI} &=c_{1}+c_{2}T+c_{3}R+c_{4}TR+c_{5}T^{2}+c_{6}R^{2}+c_{7}T^{2}R+c_{8}TR^{2}+c_{9}T^{2}R^{2}+\\&\quad {}+c_{10}T^{3}+c_{11}R^{3}+c_{12}T^{3}R+c_{13}TR^{3}+c_{14}T^{3}R^{2}+c_{15}T^{2}R^{3}+c_{16}T^{3}R^{3}\end{aligned}}} where c 1 = 16.923 , c 2 = 0.185 212 , c 3 = 5.379 41 , c 4 = − 0.100 254 , c 5 = 9.416 95 × 10 − 3 , c 6 = 7.288 98 × 10 − 3 , c 7 = 3.453 72 × 10 − 4 , c 8 = − 8.149 71 × 10 − 4 , c 9 = 1.021 02 × 10 − 5 , c 10 = − 3.8646 × 10 − 5 , c 11 = 2.915 83 × 10 − 5 , c 12 = 1.427 21 × 10 − 6 , c 13 = 1.974 83 × 10 − 7 , c 14 = − 2.184 29 × 10 − 8 , c 15 = 8.432 96 × 10 − 10 , c 16 = − 4.819 75 × 10 − 11 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}c_{1}&=16.923,&c_{2}&=0.185\,212,&c_{3}&=5.379\,41,&c_{4}&=-0.100\,254,\\c_{5}&=9.416\,95\times 10^{-3},&c_{6}&=7.288\,98\times 10^{-3},&c_{7}&=3.453\,72\times 10^{-4},&c_{8}&=-8.149\,71\times 10^{-4},\\c_{9}&=1.021\,02\times 10^{-5},&c_{10}&=-3.8646\times 10^{-5},&c_{11}&=2.915\,83\times 10^{-5},&c_{12}&=1.427\,21\times 10^{-6},\\c_{13}&=1.974\,83\times 10^{-7},&c_{14}&=-2.184\,29\times 10^{-8},&c_{15}&=8.432\,96\times 10^{-10},&c_{16}&=-4.819\,75\times 10^{-11}.\end{aligned}}} For example, using this last formula, with temperature 90 °F (32 °C) and relative humidity (RH) of 85%,

688-823: Is water. It is drained by the Delaware River , which separates it from New Jersey. Past and present villages include Carversville (also in Solebury Township), Cross Keys (also in Doylestown Township), Curley Hill, Danboro, Dyerstown, Fountainville, Gardenville, Griers Corner (also in Bedminster and Hilltown Townships), Groveland, Hinkletown, Kendigtown, Keplers Corner, Landisville, Lower Black Eddy, Lumberville, Melchers Corner, Plumsteadville, Point Pleasant (also in Tinicum Township), Smiths Corner, Smithtown, and Wismer. Ralph Stover State Park

731-1432: Is within ±3 °F (1.7 °C) of the NWS master table for all humidities from 0 to 80% and all temperatures between 70 and 115 °F (21–46 °C) and all heat indices below 150 °F (66 °C) is: c 1 = 0.363 445 176 , c 2 = 0.988 622 465 , c 3 = 4.777 114 035 , c 4 = − 0.114 037 667 , c 5 = − 8.502 08 × 10 − 4 , c 6 = − 2.071 6198 × 10 − 2 , c 7 = 6.876 78 × 10 − 4 , c 8 = 2.749 54 × 10 − 4 , c 9 = 0. {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}c_{1}&=0.363\,445\,176,&c_{2}&=0.988\,622\,465,&c_{3}&=4.777\,114\,035,\\c_{4}&=-0.114\,037\,667,&c_{5}&=-8.502\,08\times 10^{-4},&c_{6}&=-2.071\,6198\times 10^{-2},\\c_{7}&=6.876\,78\times 10^{-4},&c_{8}&=2.749\,54\times 10^{-4},&c_{9}&=0.\end{aligned}}} A further alternate

774-659: The American Revolutionary War . The Gardenville-North Branch Rural Historic District , Dyerstown Historic District , and Loux Covered Bridge are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . According to the United States Census Bureau , the township has a total area of 27.2 square miles (70.5 km), of which 27.2 square miles (70.3 km) is land and 0.1 square mile (0.1 km) (0.18%)

817-544: The census of 2000, there were 11,409 people, 3,938 households, and 3,130 families residing in the township. The population density was 420.1 inhabitants per square mile (162.2/km). There were 4,103 housing units at an average density of 151.1 units per square mile (58.3 units/km). The racial makeup of the township was 96.36% White , 0.71% African American , 0.28% Native American , 1.01% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.85% from other races , and 0.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.98% of

860-452: The dew point was 35 °C (95 °F) while the temperature was 42 °C (108 °F), resulting in a heat index of 81 °C (178 °F). On August 28, 2024, a weather station in southern Iran recorded a heat index of 82.2 °C (180.0 °F), which will be a new record if confirmed. The human body requires evaporative cooling to prevent overheating. Wet-bulb temperature and Wet Bulb Globe Temperature are used to determine

903-704: The 17th century during the colonial-era Province of Pennsylvania prior to the American Revolution . Much of the province was then occupied by Native Americans , but the colonial administration in Philadelphia brought new counties and new settlements regularly. The first communities defined by the provincial state government tended to be rural, geographically large, and sparsely populated townships. Townships or portions of them tended to become boroughs after population growth or an increase in population density and, eventually, might to reincorporate at

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946-570: The Pennsylvania constitution, each governmental entity has the right to choose its own form of self-government, and a limited ability to delegate powers and oversight to such entities as authorities, commissions and school boards. Any township, regardless of its class, may adopt a home rule charter, at which point it is no longer governed by the Pennsylvania Township Codes. While a home rule charter can incorporate unusual features, standard municipal functions are generally part of

989-407: The ability of a body to eliminate excess heat. A sustained wet-bulb temperature of about 35 °C (95 °F) can be fatal to healthy people; at this temperature our bodies switch from shedding heat to the environment, to gaining heat from it. Thus a wet bulb temperature of 35 °C (95 °F) is the threshold beyond which the body is no longer able to adequately cool itself. The table below

1032-410: The average family size was 3.26. In the township the population was spread out, with 30.9% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 36.9% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.4 males. The median income for a household in the township

1075-823: The characteristics of more-urbanized areas that might be associated with "towns." Because Pennsylvania's constitution provides for a progression of municipal structures based on population growth, it is not uncommon to have a township and borough of the same or similar name, generally adjacent within the same county. The 'town-like' borough might be partially or wholly surrounded by the remaining township from which it had split off. The government of Cold Spring Township ceased to function in 1961, when there were no candidates for office. Pennsylvania townships typically vary in size from 6 to 40 square miles (16–104 km ). There are two classifications of townships, first class and second class. The commonwealth initially incorporates all townships as second class townships. To become

1118-432: The electorate of the whole township for overlapping six-year terms. The number of supervisors can be increased to five by referendum. Townships of the first class, by contrast, have a board of commissioners. Between five and fifteen commissioners sit on this panel; they can be elected either at large or by wards within the township; and they serve for overlapping terms of four years in office. Other elected officials include

1161-729: The first weekend in June, the Plumsteadville Grange Farm Market hosts local vendors with fresh produce, baked treats, and handmade goods. The market closes for the winter in the last weekend of October. Township (Pennsylvania) A township , under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is the lowest level of municipal incorporation of government. All of Pennsylvania's communities outside of incorporated cities , boroughs , and one town have been incorporated into individual townships that serve as

1204-467: The heat index at higher temperatures. For example, at approximately 27 °C (81 °F), the heat index will agree with the actual temperature if the relative humidity is 45%, but at 43 °C (109 °F), any relative-humidity reading above 18% will make the heat index higher than 43 °C . It has been suggested that the equation described is valid only if the temperature is 27 °C (81 °F) or more. The relative humidity threshold, below which

1247-483: The heat index uses a dew point base of 14 °C (57 °F). Further, the heat index uses heat balance equations which account for many variables other than vapor pressure, which is used exclusively in the humidex calculation. A joint committee formed by the United States and Canada to resolve differences has since been disbanded. The heat index of a given combination of ( dry-bulb ) temperature and humidity

1290-1310: The heat index when the temperature is given in degrees Celsius, where c 1 = − 8.784 694 755 56 , c 2 = 1.611 394 11 , c 3 = 2.338 548 838 89 , c 4 = − 0.146 116 05 , c 5 = − 0.012 308 094 , c 6 = − 0.016 424 827 7778 , c 7 = 2.211 732 × 10 − 3 , c 8 = 7.2546 × 10 − 4 , c 9 = − 3.582 × 10 − 6 . {\textstyle {\begin{aligned}c_{1}&=-8.784\,694\,755\,56,&c_{2}&=1.611\,394\,11,&c_{3}&=2.338\,548\,838\,89,\\c_{4}&=-0.146\,116\,05,&c_{5}&=-0.012\,308\,094,&c_{6}&=-0.016\,424\,827\,7778,\\c_{7}&=2.211\,732\times 10^{-3},&c_{8}&=7.2546\times 10^{-4},&c_{9}&=-3.582\times 10^{-6}.\end{aligned}}} An alternative set of constants for this equation that

1333-528: The heat index, other measures of apparent temperature include the Canadian humidex , the wet-bulb globe temperature , "relative outdoor temperature", and the proprietary " RealFeel ". The heat index was developed in 1979 by Robert G. Steadman . Like the wind chill index, the heat index contains assumptions about the human body mass and height, clothing, amount of physical activity, individual heat tolerance, sunlight and ultraviolet radiation exposure, and

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1376-455: The legal entities providing local self-government functions. In general, townships in Pennsylvania encompass larger land areas than other municipalities , and tend to be located in suburban , exurban , or rural parts of the commonwealth. As with other incorporated municipalities in Pennsylvania, townships exist within counties and are subordinate to or dependent upon the county level of government. Townships in Pennsylvania were created in

1419-548: The level of city. Initially, each municipal organization begins as a second-class township. When a sufficient population density, currently 300 people per square mile, was attained, the township had the option of holding a referendum and, if it passed, became a first-class township. The municipality could proceed to the level of borough or city in a similar fashion. Historically, this progression has often included border adjustments or mergers with other boroughs or townships. Many communities remain townships in spite of growth that brings

1462-639: The mix regardless of how offices and powers are allocated within the jurisdiction. "Citizen's Guide to Pennsylvania Local Government, 2010" Heat index The human body normally cools itself by evaporation of sweat . High relative humidity reduces evaporation and cooling, increasing discomfort and potential heat stress . Different individuals perceive heat differently due to body shape, metabolism, level of hydration, pregnancy , or other physical conditions. Measurement of perceived temperature has been based on reports of how hot subjects feel under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. Besides

1505-523: The original tables by Steadman. Anderson et al. (2013), NWS (2011), Jonson and Long (2004), and Schoen (2005) have lesser residuals in this order. The former two are a set of polynomials, but the third one is by a single formula with exponential functions. The formula below approximates the heat index in degrees Fahrenheit, to within ±1.3 °F (0.7 °C). It is the result of a multivariate fit (temperature equal to or greater than 80 °F (27 °C) and relative humidity equal to or greater than 40%) to

1548-407: The population. There were 3,938 households, out of which 45.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.8% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.5% were non-families. 15.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and

1591-472: The result would be: 114.9 °F (46.1 °C). The heat index does not work well with extreme conditions, like supersaturation of air, when the air is more than 100% saturated with water. David Romps, a physicist and climate scientist at the University of California, Berkeley and his graduate student Yi-Chuan Lu, found that the heat index was underestimating the severity of intense heat waves, such as

1634-489: The sea-level psychrometric chart , and in Steadman's table at 40% RH the apparent temperature is equal to the true temperature between 26–31 °C (79–88 °F). At standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa), this baseline also corresponds to a dew point of 14 °C (57 °F) and a mixing ratio of 0.01 (10 g of water vapor per kilogram of dry air). A given value of relative humidity causes larger increases in

1677-797: The southern portion of Plumstead Township along the SEPTA City Bus Route 55 line, which heads south from there to Doylestown , Willow Grove , and Olney Transportation Center in North Philadelphia . Bucks County Transport operates the Doylestown DART bus which serves the Cross Keys Place shopping center and provides service into Doylestown. According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Plumstead Township, Pennsylvania would have an Appalachian Oak ( 104 ) vegetation type with an Eastern Hardwood Forest ( 25 ) vegetation form. Starting in

1720-535: The summer months, episodes of extreme heat and humidity can occur with heat index values ≥ 100 °F (≥ 38 °C). On average, the wettest month of the year is July which corresponds with the annual peak in thunderstorm activity. During the winter months, episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur with wind chill values < 0 °F (< -18 °C). The plant hardiness zone is 6b with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of −2.7 °F (−19.3 °C). The average seasonal (Nov-Apr) snowfall total

1763-515: The township. Pennsylvania Route 611 is the most prominent highway serving Plumstead Township. PA 611 follows a generally south–north alignment through the southwestern portion of the township, entering from the south via the Doylestown Bypass and exiting northward via Easton Road. Other state highways serving the township include Pennsylvania Route 32 , Pennsylvania Route 313 and Pennsylvania Route 413 . PA 32 follows River Road along

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1806-407: The wind speed. Significant deviations from these will result in heat index values which do not accurately reflect the perceived temperature. In Canada , the similar humidex (a Canadian innovation introduced in 1965) is used in place of the heat index. While both the humidex and the heat index are calculated using dew point, the humidex uses a dew point of 7 °C (45 °F) as a base, whereas

1849-479: Was $ 70,332, and the median income for a family was $ 80,946. Males had a median income of $ 56,263 versus $ 33,633 for females. The per capita income for the township was $ 29,411. About 2.1% of families and 2.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 1.8% of those under age 18 and 4.0% of those age 65 or over. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Plumstead Township, Pennsylvania has

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