148-545: Pluscarden Abbey ( / ˈ p l ʌ s k ə r d ə n / ) is a Catholic Benedictine monastery in the glen of the Black Burn, six miles (ten kilometres) southwest of Elgin, Moray , Scotland. It was founded in 1230 by Alexander II for the Valliscaulian Order . In 1454, following a merger with the priory of Urquhart , Pluscarden Priory became a Benedictine house. The Scottish Reformation saw
296-652: A Canadian Gaelic -speaking pioneer settlement was established for Scottish Catholics through the efforts of British Army military chaplain and future Catholic bishop Alexander Macdonnell . The settlement's inhabitants consisted of members of the Glengarry Fencibles , a disbanded Catholic unit of the Highland Fencible Corps , and their families. In addition to Bishop MacDonnell, there were many other "heather priests", such as William Fraser , Angus Bernard MacEachern , and Ranald Rankin,
444-654: A Sheriff of Argyll was in 1326. The position appears to have been a re-establishment or renaming of the position of the Sheriff of Lorn. The post subsequently became a hereditary position held by members of Clan Campbell . Despite the creation of the shires, much of the area remained under the practical control of the Lord of the Isles until 1476, when John MacDonald , last Lord of the Isles, quitclaimed Kintyre, Knapdale, and Mid-Argyll to full Scottish control. In 1481, Knapdale
592-621: A prison hulk anchored in the River Thames , Grant was deported to the Netherlands and warned never to return to the British Isles . Like the other priests deported with him, Fr. Grant returned to Scotland almost immediately. His fellow prisoner, Father Alexander Cameron , an outlawed "heather priest" to Clan Fraser of Lovat and Clan Chisholm , former military chaplain , and the younger brother to Donald Cameron of Lochiel ,
740-570: A "racially pure" national church ; particularly as German people who were of even partially Slavic or Jewish ancestry were not considered "true" members of the Volk . Argyll Argyll ( / ɑːr ˈ ɡ aɪ l / ; archaically Argyle ; Scottish Gaelic : Earra-Ghàidheal , pronounced [ˈaːrˠəɣɛːəl̪ˠ] ), sometimes called Argyllshire , is a historic county and registration county of western Scotland . The county ceased to be used for local government purposes in 1975 and most of
888-537: A distinctive Celtic Church , to which Catholics, Protestants, and Eastern Orthodox Christians have all claimed in historical debates to be the only legitimate heirs. In the Celtic Church, attitudes towards clerical celibacy were more relaxed, a differing form of monastic tonsure was used, the use of prayer beads known as the Pater Noster cord preceded the invention of the rosary by St Dominic , and
1036-462: A grant of fishings in 1586. After the priory ceased to have a monastic community, the estates were administered by lay priors. During the 17th century, the priory became ruinous and was used as a quarry for the rebuilding of St Giles Kirk, in Elgin. The payments made to hauliers imply that the pulling down of the building must have been on a large scale. The lands at Pluscarden came into the ownership of
1184-488: A large number of islands that fall within the Inner Hebrides . Mainland Argyll is characterised by mountainous Highland scenery interspersed with hundreds of lochs, with a heavily indented coastline containing numerous small offshore islands. The islands present a contrasting range of scenery – from the relatively flat islands of Coll and Tiree to the mountainous terrain of Jura and Mull . For ease of reference
1332-614: A later report by Bishop John Geddes , as outlawed clergymen of an illegal and underground church denomination, it is understandable why Bishop Hugh MacDonald , the Vicar General of the Highlands between 1731 and 1773, and the priests of his district would have felt very hopeful about Jacobitism , due the House of Stuart 's promises of Catholic Emancipation , freedom of religion , and civil rights to everyone who worshipped outside
1480-689: A lay cleric at the Charterhouse of Lugny [ fr ] , Leuglay . The founding priory was Val des Choux around 20 km from Châtillon-sur-Seine in Burgundy. Viard, who drew up the ascetic rules governing the Order, received consent from Pope Innocent III in 1205–6; a copy of this bull was preserved in the Chartulary of Moray. The consequential legal charter, the Ordinale , provided
1628-732: A monastic organisation, each tribe could have its own monastery, and the larger ones could have as many as they wished." Also, despite a shared belief in the Real Presence in the Eucharist , the veneration of the Blessed Virgin , and shared use of the Ecclesiastical Latin liturgical language , as is documented by primary sources such as the Stowe Missal , there were often significant differences between
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#17327936469401776-607: A native speaker of Ulster Irish from the Glens of Antrim , but whose ministerial reputation collapsed following allegations of womanizing in 1885. The Catholic hierarchy was re-established in 1878 by Pope Leo XIII and six new dioceses were created: five of them were organised into a single province with the Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh as metropolitan; the Diocese of Glasgow remained separate and directly subject to
1924-848: A practising Catholic bourgeoisie and a lapsed proletariat. This relative economic stability allowed the Catholic community to enter the political and social life of Scotland, sparking outrage among anti-Catholic and unionist circles, most notably the Orange Order 's Grand Lodge . Sectarian violence in Scotland reached its peak in the early 1930s, and Catholic religious processions were frequently attacked by anti-Catholic and Orange mobs. The Orange Order also frequently and deliberately staged provocative marches through Catholic neighbourhoods. The escalating violence and skirmishes, particularly between pro- and anti-Catholic Glasgow razor gangs , had
2072-560: A profound effect on Scotland as a whole; Rosie remarked that "the level and scale of the violence exhibited between 1931 and 1935 of a much more serious and concerted nature than of any period since the reintroduction of Orange parades in the 1870s". Sectarian violence was so severe that it caused higher policing costs, and local councils were tempted to ban all "religious and pseudo-religious processions" outright. While eventually no such ban took place, tightening restrictions were introduced in order to minimise anti-Catholic violence. In 1923,
2220-542: A series of reforms and transformations. Through the influence of his Hungarian -born wife, St Margaret of Scotland , a clearly defined hierarchy of diocesan bishops and parochial structure for local churches, in line with the queen's experiences in Continental Europe, was developed. Following the 1286 extinction of the Royal House of Dunkeld and the subsequent invasion of Scotland by Edward Longshanks ,
2368-596: A sermon by visiting anti-Catholic preacher and polemicist John Sayers Orr in October 1855. A very similar riot had previously been incited by Orr, whom Tim Pat Coogan has compared to the Rev. Ian Paisley , in Greenock on 12 July 1851. When Orr was thrown into prison, his followers also rioted. Attempts were also made to convert Irish migrants to Presbyterianism by recruiting missionaries like Rev. Patrick MacMenemy,
2516-631: A significantly large Catholic population, served by outlawed "heather priests", continued to exist. This was especially the case in the Doric -speaking Northeast and the more remote Gàidhealtachd areas of the Hebrides , the Northwest Highlands , and in Galloway . Numbers probably reduced in the seventeenth century and organisation deteriorated. The Pope appointed Thomas Nicolson as
2664-616: A small petition book at their altar of St. Joseph in the University Catholic Chapel, Turnbull Hall. It is one of the necessary prerequisites for Canonisation in the Catholic Church that there is a cult of devotion to the saint. According to historian Daniel Szechi, however, the government's post-Culloden backlash focused upon the Catholic clergy and laity of the Highland District, while leaving
2812-564: A third of nobles and gentry were still Catholic in inclination. In most of Scotland, Catholicism became an underground faith in private households, connected by ties of kinship. This reliance on the household meant that Scottish laywomen often became vitally important as the upholders and transmitters of the faith, such as in the case of Lady Fernihurst in the Borders. They transformed their households into centres of religious activity and created safe houses and secret chapels for priests . After
2960-455: Is a movement throughout the world towards the rejection of non-native constituents and the crystallization of national life from native elements." Such officially hostile attitudes started to wane considerably from the 1930s and 1940s onwards, especially as the leadership of the Church of Scotland learned of what was happening in eugenics -conscious Nazi Germany and of the dangers of creating
3108-658: Is generally observed in the church, refectory and other monastic areas. Guests often help with the manual work of the abbey. He became Lord Urquhart upon his appointment to the legal bench and later received the title of Lord Fyvie in 1597, and then Earl of Dunfermline in 1605. He became Chancellor of Scotland under King James VI. * The exact tenure of the prior is unknown Catholic Church in Scotland The Catholic Church in Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic : An Eaglais Chaitligeach ann an Alba ; Scots : Catholic Kirk in Scotland ) overseen by
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#17327936469403256-565: Is generally said to derive from Old Irish airer Goídel , meaning "border region of the Gaels". The early 13th-century author of De Situ Albanie wrote that "the name Arregathel means the margin (i.e., border region) of the Scots or Irish, because all Scots and Irish are generally called Gattheli (i.e. Gaels), from their ancient warleader known as Gaithelglas ." The word airer also means "coast" when applied to maritime regions, so
3404-526: Is known as Loch Eil ), almost cutting the northern mainland section of Argyll in two. This area, in the vicinity of Fort William and along the railway line, contains the largest towns of northern mainland Argyll. Ardnamurchan is a remote, mountainous region with only one access road; it terminates in Ardnamurchan Point and Corrachadh Mòr , the westernmost points of the British mainland. In
3552-651: Is now Scotland by soldiers of the Roman Legions stationed in the far north of the province of Britannia . Even after the 383 withdrawal of the Roman garrisons by Magnus Maximus , it is well documented in locally composed works of early Welsh-language literature , like Y Gododdin , the Book of Taliesin , and the Book of Aneirin , that Christianity survived among the Proto-Welsh-speaking kingdoms in
3700-635: Is of 13,166 Catholics in the Highlands, perhaps a quarter of whom had emigrated by 1790, and another source estimates Catholics as perhaps 10% of the population. Even though he acknowledges the vitally important role determination to keep the landowning gentry from appointing and removing Church of Scotland ministers during the Highland and Lowland Clearances played in causing the Disruption of 1843 , Marcus Tanner also writes, "the Disruption and
3848-401: Is often seen as being invigorated by the combined effects of poverty and discrimination; priests tended to be drawn from the working classes and to relate well to economic hardship amongst their parishioners. Though Catholics moved increasingly during this period into skilled and white-collar jobs, the Catholic community retained a homogeneity which prevented a major social divide emerging between
3996-408: Is that the first element is either Gaelic plaosg , "integument, nutshell, eggshell" or its Pictish cognate *plusc (c.f. Welsh plisc , Middle Breton plusk ). A word related to Welsh plas , "a place", has been suggested but is unlikely given the word is loaned from Old French . From the suggestion that plaosc or *plusc is the first element arises the possibility that the second part of
4144-593: The Celtic Rite and the mainstream Roman Rite and evidence of a distinctive form of Celtic chant in Latin, which is most closely related to Gallican chant , also survives in liturgical music manuscripts dating from the period. The Culdees , an eremitical order from Gaelic Ireland , also spread to Scotland, where their presence continued at least into the 11th-century. In his life of Saint Margaret of Scotland , Turgot of Durham , Bishop of St Andrews , wrote of
4292-578: The Chief of Clan Cameron , was less fortunate. Fr. Cameron died aboard the prison hulk due to the hardship of his imprisonment on 19 October 1746. During the 21st century, the Knights of St. Columba at the University of Glasgow launched a campaign to canonize Fr. Cameron, "with the hope that he will become a great saint for Scotland and that our nation will merit from his intercession." They erected
4440-455: The Chisholms and Frasers of Strathglass , or in the north-east under Clan Gordon . In these areas Catholic sacraments were administered by disguised and outlawed priests, but with relative openness. Members of the nobility, who were often closely related, are believed to have been reluctant to pursue each other over matters of religious dissent. An English report in 1600 also alleged that
4588-680: The Church of Scotland ("The Kirk") to embrace the Elizabethan religious settlement , High Church Anglicanism , and episcopal polity . This led to long-term internal battles between Episcopalian and Presbyterian factions over control of the Kirk, the religious persecution of whichever faction had fallen from power, and the ultimate formation of a separate Scottish Episcopal Church . Persecution of Catholics, however, continued under both Episcopalian and Presbyterian governance. Some, including members of
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4736-487: The Church of Scotland produced a (since repudiated) report, entitled The Menace of the Irish Race to our Scottish Nationality , accusing the largely immigrant Catholic population of subverting Presbyterian values and of spreading drunkenness, crime, and financial imprudence. Rev. John White , one of the senior leadership of the Church of Scotland at the time, called for a "racially pure" Scotland, declaring "Today there
4884-539: The Established Churches of the realm. It is equally understandable why the Scottish Catholic laity, who, "were discouraged and much exposed to oppression", would similarly, "wish for an event that was likely to release them, and put them again into the possession of the privileges of free-born citizens." Even though many Presbyterians and Episcopalians also fought as Jacobites, aftermath of
5032-467: The Free Church have come in for harsh criticism especially from the political left in recent years. Apart from inflicting a peculiarly censorious and dour version of Christianity on the population, they are charged with imbuing them with ultra-Calvinist pessimism and political passivity, and with encouraging them to dwell on trivial points of doctrine while their communities were being laid waste by
5180-557: The Gutenberg Revolution also helped spread the "new learning" known as Renaissance humanism , which was also embraced and spread by many Catholic clergy. Therefore, the Church in Scotland remained relatively strong and stable until the Scottish Reformation in the sixteenth century. Scotland remained a Catholic country until the arrival of Protestant theology in books smuggled from abroad, beginning in
5328-697: The Jacobite rising of 1745 further increased the persecution faced by Catholics in Scotland. The repression was particularly intense during ( Scottish Gaelic : Bliadhna nan Creach lit. " the year of the pillaging ") that followed the defeat of the Jacobite Army at the Battle of Culloden . The Hanoverian atrocities that followed were motivated by what American Civil War historian Thomas Lowry has termed "the European tradition … that to victors belong
5476-600: The Kyles of Bute lies the island of Bute , which is part of Buteshire , and to east across Loch Long lies the Rosneath peninsula in Dunbartonshire . The topography of south Argyll is in general heavily mountainous and sparsely populated, with numerous lochs; Kintyre is slightly flatter though still hilly. Near Glen Coe can be found Bidean nam Bian , the tallest peak in the county at 1,150 m (3,770 ft). Of
5624-656: The Morvern and Ardnamurchan areas from the pre-1975 county, which were transferred to the Highland region , but included the Isle of Bute , which had not been in Argyll. Further reforms in 1996 abolished the Strathclyde region and made Argyll and Bute a single-tier council area instead. As part of those reforms, Argyll and Bute also gained an area around Helensburgh which had historically been in Dunbartonshire . The name
5772-589: The Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560 , while no longer enforced, still remains on the books. Throughout the nearly three centuries of religious persecution and disenfranchisement between 1560 and 1829, many students for the priesthood, such as John Ogilvie , Angus Bernard MacEachern , and Alexander Cameron , went abroad to study, others remained in Scotland and attended strictly illegal seminaries. An early seminary upon Eilean Bàn in Loch Morar
5920-521: The Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801, and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1983 (renamed Argyll in 1950). The Argyll and Bute constituency was created when the Argyll constituency was abolished. Civil parishes are still used for some statistical purposes, and separate census figures are published for them. As their areas have been largely unchanged since
6068-847: The Scottish Bishops' Conference , is part of the worldwide Catholic Church headed by the Pope. After first arriving in Roman Britain , being reintroduced by both the Hiberno-Scottish mission and Iona Abbey , and firmly established in Scotland for nearly a millennium, the Catholic Church was outlawed by the Scottish Reformation Parliament in 1560. Multiple regime change uprisings in the interim failed to reestablish Catholicism and, even today,
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6216-478: The Scottish Episcopal Church . Exact numbers of communicants are uncertain, given the illegal status of Catholicism. In 1755 it was estimated that there were some 16,500 communicants, mainly in the north and west. In 1764, "the total Catholic population in Scotland would have been about 33,000 or 2.6% of the total population. Of these 23,000 were in the Highlands." Another estimate for 1764
6364-586: The Scottish Reformation was effectively completed when the Scottish Parliament broke with the papacy and established a Calvinist confession by law in 1560. At that point, the offering or attending of the Mass was outlawed. The subsequent suppression of monasteries , ban on religious orders , and, most particular, the book burnings at monastic libraries that often accompanied them has recently been criticised, even by non-Catholic historians, as
6512-677: The Scottish nobility , converted openly to the Catholic Church despite the risks involved. For example, Banffshire aristocrat John Ogilvie (1569–1615) went on to be ordained a priest of the Society of Jesus in 1610. He was arrested by the Anglo-Catholic Archbishop of St. Andrews, John Spottiswoode and, in a deeply ironic parallel to the religious persecution of the Presbyterian Covenanters during
6660-399: The Treaty of Perth re-established the Scottish crown's authority over the parts of Argyll which had been under Norwegian rule, along with the former Kingdom of the Isles, which together became the semi-independent Lordship of the Isles . By this time, the rest of the area under Scottish rule was divided into shires , administered by sheriffs . The shires covered different territories to
6808-451: The Tridentine Mass , which had been criminalised five years previously. Even so, the remaining domestic clergy played a relatively small role and the initiative was often left to lay leaders. Wherever noble families , local lairds , or Scottish clan chiefs illegally offered religious toleration Catholicism continued to thrive covertly, as under Clan Donald in Lochaber , Eigg , and South Uist , under Clan MacNeil in Barra , under
6956-401: The derbhfine of local Irish clan chiefs led to notorious abuses; like monasteries warring against each other and the infamous Irish "royal-abbot" of Cork and Clonfert Abbeys , Fedelmid mac Crimthainn , who personally led armies into battle against other Irish clans and abbeys and routinely sacked and burned other monasteries. Due to the close ties between the Church in both countries,
7104-400: The erenagh system during the time of the Celtic Church , to gain greater influence over senior appointments to the hierarchy and two archbishoprics had accordingly been established by the end of the fifteenth century. While some historians have discerned a decline of monasticism in the Late Middle Ages, the mendicant orders of friars grew, particularly in the expanding burghs , to meet
7252-506: The political purge of Scottish clergy from the hierarchy, religious orders, and parishes, and their replacement by English clergy was one of the root causes of the Scottish Wars of Independence and is part of why so many of the Scottish clergy defied the pro-English policy of Pope John XXII and signed the Declaration of Arbroath . Following the Battle of Bannockburn , large numbers of new foundations, which introduced Continental European forms of reformed monasticism, began to predominate as
7400-482: The printing press and helped spread Protestantism even further. In particular, after he was sentenced to death for his belief in Lutheranism following an Ecclesiastical trial presided over by Archbishop James Beaton and burned at the stake at St. Andrews in 1528, it was said that the "reek [that is, smoke] of Master Patrick Hamilton infected as many as it blew upon". Other similar cases had very similar results. Despite also facing considerable popular opposition,
7548-410: The recusant districts of North-East Scotland played an important part in providing support. In Dumbarton , which in 1820 only had two or three Catholic families, the population was increased by Irish and Highland migration until the first parish church, dedicated to St Patrick, was built in 1830. According to local historian I.M.M. MacPhail, "Before 1830, a few Catholics used to meet in the ruins of
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#17327936469407696-419: The reformed kirk took over the existing structures and assets of the Church, the 1567 overthrow of Mary, Queen of Scots , and the defeat of the armies seeking her restoration during the 1570s, the Vatican reclassified Scotland as a missionary territory and therefore subject to the Congregation for the Propaganda of the Faith . The leading religious orders of the Counter-Reformation , the Dominicans and
7844-412: The terminus of which lies only 13 miles (21 kilometres) from Northern Ireland on the other side of the North Channel . The coast is complex, with the west coast in particular being heavily indented and containing numerous sea inlets, peninsulas and sub-peninsulas; of the latter, the major ones (north to south) are Appin , Ardchattan , Craignish , Tayvallich , Taynish , Knapdale and Kintyre , and
7992-519: The 15th century, become serious with regular arguments breaking out over who should be prior. Falling income and disjointed contact with France due to the Hundred Year War (1337–1453) exacerbated the situation. The Scottish houses were given an exemption from attending the yearly General Chapter at Val de Choux. In 1453, John Bonally, the Prior of Urquhart formally requested from the Pope that his monastery and Pluscarden be merged. At that time, Urquhart had only two monks and Pluscarden had six. A Papal Bull
8140-439: The 17th century, under instruction from James VI , the Campbells were sent to the MacDonald territory at Islay and Jura , which they subdued and added to the shire of Argyll. Campbell pressure at this time also led to the sheriff court for Tarbertshire being moved to Inverary , where the Campbells held the court for the sheriff of Argyll. Tarbertshire was subsequently abolished by an act of parliament in 1633, being absorbed into
8288-454: The 19th century, this allows for comparison of population figures over an extended period of time. The West Highland railway runs through the far north of the county, stopping at Locheilside , Loch Eil Outward Bound , Corpach and Banavie , before carrying on to Mallaig in Inverness-shire. A branch of the line also goes to Oban , calling at Dalmally , Loch Awe , Falls of Cruachan , Taynuilt and Connel Ferry . Numerous ferries link
8436-422: The 5th and 9th centuries. Its territory covered north-eastern parts of Ireland in what later became County Antrim , part of the mainland of Great Britain in what is now western Scotland , and numerous islands in the Inner Hebrides . A fortress at Dunadd in the Kilmartin Glen, 4 miles (6.4 km) north-west of the modern town of Lochgilphead , served as the main seat of the kingdom. Dál Riata fragmented in
8584-430: The 9th century during the Viking Age ; the part in Ireland was absorbed into the kingdom of Ulaid , the islands came under the control of the Kingdom of the Isles , and the part on mainland Britain was united in 843 AD with the Pictish kingdom to its east under Kenneth MacAlpin to become the Kingdom of Alba . The name Argyll ( Airer Goídel ), meaning 'coast or borderland of the Gaels', came to be used for
8732-497: The Apostolic See. As the Catholic presence in the Lowlands increased and revived, however, there were regular cases of conflict between Highland migrants and Irish immigrants over both cultural differences and control of Catholic parishes, schools, and neighbourhoods. Irish Catholics often complained to the Holy See , particularly after the restoration of the Scottish Hierarchy in the 1878, that Irish priests were only used to organize parishes and schools and then immediately replaced by
8880-399: The Bishop with the priceless volume now known as The Geddes Burns , wrote to a correspondent that "the first [that is, finest] cleric character I ever saw was a Roman Catholick", he was referring to Bishop John Geddes. Catholic emancipation in 1793 and 1829 helped Catholics regain both freedom of religion and civil rights . In 1878, the Catholic hierarchy was formally restored . As
9028-404: The Church of Scotland and at Court and chose to use Ogilvie's trial and execution to prove the falseness of the accusations. Ogilvie, who was canonised by Pope Paul VI on 17 October 1976, is often assumed to be the only Scottish Catholic martyr of the Reformation era. Nevertheless, the longevity of the Catholic Church's illegal status had a devastating impact on the numbers of the laity. Even so,
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#17327936469409176-489: The Church was slowly rebuilding its presence in the Gàidhealtachd , many Roman Catholic clergy, including Bishop Angus MacDonald and Fr Allan MacDonald , inspired by the Irish Land War , became the ringleaders of direct action resistance campaign by their parishioners to the Highland Clearances , rackrenting , religious discrimination , and other acts widely seen as abuses of power by Anglo-Scottish landlords and their estate factors . Many Scottish Roman Catholics in
9324-403: The Culdees, "At that time in the Kingdom of the Scots there were many living, shut up in cells in places set apart, by a life of great strictness, in the flesh but not according to the flesh, communing, indeed, with angels upon earth." At the same time, the erenagh system in Gaelic Ireland of hereditary lay administration of Church lands by family branches deliberately appointed from within
9472-492: The Earls of Fife and the 4th Earl arrested further deterioration when he converted the east range into a shooting lodge. The property was then bought by John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute in 1897 who commenced restoration of the church but was halted in 1900 upon his death. Lord Colum Crichton-Stuart who now owned the buildings at Pluscarden gave the priory and its land to the Benedictine Prinknash Abbey in 1943. The community arrived in 1948 and within seven years
9620-417: The Irish Sea by the mid-seventh century. After the conversion, successful war for political independence from Norway , and increasing Gaelicisation of Scandinavian Scotland and the Isle of Man under Somerled and his heirs , the Roman Rite Diocese of the Isles under bishops appointed by the Holy See became the dominant religion. During the reign of King Malcolm III, the Scottish church underwent
9768-449: The MacDonalds, to avoid potential conflict. The MacLeans were an ancient family based in Lorn (including Mull), and following the quitclaim, they no longer had a Laird in Mull, so themselves became Mull's Lairds. Unlike the MacDonalds, they were fervent supporters of the Reformation, even supporting acts of civil disobedience against king Charles II 's repudiation of the Solemn League and Covenant . Archibald Campbell (Earl of Argyll)
9916-463: The Order's 19th-century historian and three of these were in Scotland, namely Pluscarden, Beauly in Ross-shire and Ardchattan in Argyll . Although Valliscaulians were closer to the Cistercians, the main outward aspects of the Order caused Walter Bower , Abbot of Inchcolm , to have taken the three Valliscaulian houses for that of the Carthusians. He recorded this in his Scotichronicon of 1437 and so must have been aware of their customs so soon after
10064-407: The Scottish church re-established its independence from England and developed a clearer diocesan structure, becoming a "special daughter of the see of Rome" but lacking leadership in the form of archbishops. During the Late Middle Ages , similar to in other European countries, the Investiture Controversy and the Great Schism of the West allowed the Scottish Crown, like Scottish clan chiefs using
10212-428: The Scottish mainland to parishes in the Hebrides was accordingly no accident. About that time, when the Bishop and his priests were the leaders of direct action , rent strikes , and other acts of resistance to the Anglo-Scottish landlords, Fr. Michael MacDonald has since commented, "I think that one of the things that may have influenced the boldness of the priests at that time was simply that they had no relations on
10360-405: The Scottish reformation, each sheriffdom elected commissioners to the Parliament of Scotland . As well as the commissioner representing Argyll , at least one was sent to represent Tarbertshire, Sir Lachlan Maclean of Morvern . In the 1630 parliamentary session, Sir Coll Lamont, laird of Lamont , was the commissioner for "Argyll and Tarbert ". There was an Argyllshire constituency of
10508-528: The Yellow Stick ".) For this reason, Catholicism has had a heavy influence upon the history of Scottish Gaelic literature . In the 2011 census , 16% of the population of Scotland described themselves as being Catholic, compared with 32% affiliated with the Church of Scotland . Between 1994 and 2002, Catholic attendance in Scotland declined 19% to just over 200,000. By 2008, the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Scotland estimated that 184,283 attended Mass regularly. Christianity may have been introduced to what
10656-496: The alternative form 'Argyllshire' for the county on its maps. The Kilmartin Glen has standing stones and other monuments dating back to around 3000 BC, and is one of the most significant areas for Neolithic and Bronze Age remains in mainland Scotland . In 563 AD Iona Abbey was founded, becoming one of the most important early Christian sites in Scotland. The Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata existed between
10804-423: The area around Inveraray between Loch Fyne and Loch Awe (the latter sometimes described by later writers as "Argyll proper" or "Mid-Argyll" to distinguish it from the wider area). The term "North Argyll" was also used to refer to the area later called Wester Ross . It was called North Argyll as it was settled by missionaries and refugees from Dál Riata , based at the abbey of Applecross . The position of abbot
10952-463: The area now forms part of the larger Argyll and Bute council area . Argyll is of ancient origin, and broadly corresponds to the ancient kingdom of Dál Riata less the parts which were in Ireland . Argyll was also a medieval bishopric with its cathedral at Lismore . In medieval times the area was divided into a number of provincial lordships . One of these, covering only the central part of
11100-475: The bishops of Dunkeld . They joined the Jesuit order and returned to attempt conversions. Their focus at first was mainly on the court, which led them into involvement in seeking to end the religious persecution of the Church through a series of complex regime change plots and entanglements. The majority of surviving Scottish laity, however, were long ignored. James VI and his heirs, however, had intended for
11248-587: The bishops with Doric -speaking pastors from Banffshire and other recusant districts in the Northeast of Scotland. Even though this was intended to assimilate Irish Catholics into Scottish culture as quickly as possible, the Hierarchy's success in this policy ultimately proved mixed. Later Italian, Polish , and Lithuanian immigrants further reinforced the numbers. The post- World War II arrival of large numbers of Ukrainian displaced persons resulted in
11396-649: The church's bell tower had been roofed. Restoration work continued and in 1966 the priory obtained its independence from Prinknash, achieving abbey status in 1974. In 1987, Pluscarden accepted the request of St. Mary's Monastery, Petersham , US, to attain canonical status as a dependency of Pluscarden. In 1990, Dom Anselm Atkinson of Pluscarden was appointed Superior of St. Mary's by Abbot Alfred Spencer. He remained in this office at Petersham until elected Abbot of Pluscarden on 9 August 2011. His abbatial blessing took place at Pluscarden on 3 October 2011. The abbey welcomes guests and occasionally conducts formal retreats. Silence
11544-517: The composer of the famous Gaelic Christmas carol Tàladh Chrìosda , who similarly followed their evicted and voluntary émigré parishioners into the Scottish diaspora during the Clearances. After receiving his post following the 1878 Restoration of the Hierarchy and during the last decade of the Clearances, Bishop Angus MacDonald of the Diocese of Argyll and the Isles led by example during
11692-445: The contours they have since preserved - a region marked by a strong tradition of sabbatarianism and a puritanical distaste for instrumental music and dancing, which have only recently regained popular acceptance". The pioneering Victorian era folklorist and Celticist John Francis Campbell of Islay ( Scottish Gaelic : Iain Òg Ìle ) and his many assistant collectors had very different reasons for criticising what they saw as
11840-466: The council bought the former Argyll Hotel at 5 Lochnell Street for £2,700, converting it to become their offices. The hotel had been built in 1887, and was renamed County Offices. The Lochgilphead building was not large enough to house all the council's staff, and some departments remained in other towns throughout the county council's existence, with the county treasurer being based in Campbeltown,
11988-469: The council should meet thereafter, with proposals put forward in favour of meeting in Lochgilphead , Inveraray , Oban , Dunoon , or even Glasgow (despite the latter being outside the county). It was decided to meet at Dunoon between May and September and at Oban for the rest of the year. The council did subsequently hold meetings in more places than just those two towns, meeting occasionally at all
12136-610: The decline of the priory, and by 1680 it was in a ruinous condition. Some work to arrest decay took place in the late 19th century. In 1948, the priory became a house of the Subiaco Cassinese Congregation of Benedictines, and restoration began at the hands of monks from Prinknash Abbey in Gloucestershire. In 1966, the priory received its independence from the mother-house; it was elevated to abbatial status in 1974. The name Pluscarden , of which
12284-500: The destruction of Scotland's cultural inheritance . Although strictly illegal under the Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560 and other similar legislation, an underground Catholic Church continued to survive in Scotland. In 1565, for example, John Knox relates that for one hour and four hours on two separate days underground priest Sir James Tarbet was tied to the Mercat Cross, Edinburgh and pelted with eggs after being caught saying
12432-516: The earliest attestations were Pluscardyn in 1226 and Ploschardin 1233, is "problematic" in its origin. Pluscarden regularly appears in discussions of the possible Pictish or Brittonic element *carden , perhaps meaning "an enclosure", which may be the second element. The first element seems to be Brittonic, but its identity is less apparent. It may be equivalent to the Cornish plos , apparently "filthy". The most phonetically plausible solution
12580-450: The early 16th century. As often happens in cases of religious persecution of any kind, efforts by the Hierarchy of the Church to enforce the traditional principle of Canon law that " error has no rights" and treat Protestantism as a criminal offense triggered a widespread public backlash. Particularly due to the greater availability and affordability of paper and books, the trials and executions of Protestant martyrs were widely publicized by
12728-551: The erenagh system also spread to Gaelic Scotland , with at least some similar results. For example, during the 11th-century reign of the Scottish High King Macbeth , which was later fictionalized by William Shakespeare , the High King's greatest domestic foe by far proved to be his own uncle, Crínán of Dunkeld , the warrior-abbot of Dunkeld Abbey , Mormaer of Atholl , the legitimately married father of
12876-570: The establishment of the only Scottish Carthusian monastery in Perth in 1429. Alexander II granted the Order extensive lowland estates between the rivers Ness and Spey . He also gave the priory the earnings of mills in Pluscarden, Elgin, Dunkinedir, Molen, Forres and Dulpoten and salmon fishing rights in both the Findhorn and Spey. The priory was also granted a tithe on all the iron mined in
13024-541: The exact details of the liturgy, the obligations of office bearers and the conduct of the Order. The Ordinale contains rules that show close resemblances to Cistercian and, to a lesser degree, Carthusian practices. The most obvious difference in approach from the Cistercian practices would have been the separate cells for the monks – most likely a partitioned dormitory as practised by the Grandmontines – and
13172-570: The first Vicar Apostolic over the mission in 1694. The country was organised into districts and by 1703 there were thirty-three Catholic clergy. In 1733 it was divided into two vicariates, one for the Highland and one for the Lowland, each under a bishop. A Catholic minor seminary founded by Bishop James Gordon at Eilean Bàn in Loch Morar and moved in 1716 to Scalan in Glenlivet became
13320-621: The first Scottish parish of the Eastern Catholic Churches being founded in 1965: St Andrew's Ukrainian Catholic Church in Leith , Edinburgh . Mass immigration to Scotland saw the emergence of sectarian tensions. Although the interwar Catholic community in Scotland was overwhelmingly working-class and endangered by poverty and economic crises, it was able to cope with the Great Depression . This relative immunity
13468-492: The following is split into three sections: Mainland (north), Mainland (south) and the Inner Hebrides. The northern mainland section consists of two large peninsulas – Ardnamurchan and Morvern – divided by Loch Sunart , with a large inland section – known traditionally as Ardgour – bounded on the east by Loch Linnhe . This loch gradually narrows, before turning sharply west in the vicinity of Fort William (where it
13616-656: The forests of Pluscarden . All of these taken together meant that Pluscarden prospered. Contemporary chronicles from the priory do not exist however the Liber Pluscardensis is a history of Scotland which borrows heavily from the writings in the Scotichronicon and Fordun and was penned in Pluscarden in 1461 at the behest of the Abbot of Dunfermline. The document was written by a secular cleric called Maurice Buchanan but he gives no information originating from
13764-495: The founders and first two abbots of Iona Abbey , St Donnán of Eigg , and St Máel Ruba , a monk from Bangor Abbey who became the founder of Applecross Abbey in Wester Ross . These missionaries tended to found monastic institutions, which expanded to include schools, libraries, and collegiate churches whose priests both evangelized and served large areas. Partly as a result of these factors, some scholars have identified
13912-553: The health department in Oban, and the education offices in Dunoon. After the county council's abolition in 1975, the building at 5 Lochnell Street became the sub-regional office of Strathclyde Regional Council, being renamed "Dalriada House", whilst the new Argyll and Bute District Council established its headquarters at nearby Kilmory Castle . Argyll is split into two non-contiguous mainland sections divided by Loch Linnhe , plus
14060-771: The heavily populated Lowlands are the descendants of Irish immigrants and of Scottish Gaelic -speaking migrants from the Highlands and Islands who both moved into Scotland's cities and industrial towns during the 19th century, especially during the Highland Clearances, the Highland Potato Famine , and the similar famine in Ireland . However, there are also significant numbers of Scottish Catholics of Italian , Lithuanian , Ukrainian , and Polish descent, with more recent immigrants again boosting
14208-580: The height of the Highland Land League agitation. The Bishop and his priests became leading and formidable activists for tenant 's rights, reasonable rents, security of tenure , free elections , and against the political bossism , excessive rents, and religious discrimination that were keeping a majority of the Catholic and Protestant population of the Highlands and Islands critically impoverished. According to Roger Hutchinson, Bishop MacDonald's choice to assign Gaelic-speaking priests from
14356-533: The inhabitants – five monks, a chamberlain with two servants, a master-cook, master-baker, porter and a gardener. George Learmonth (1509–29) and Alexander Dunbar (1529–60) were the last two priors before the Reformation who, although they were secular clerics, both wore the Benedictine habit. Dunbar, in a similar manner to his contemporary Bishop Patrick Hepburn at Elgin, carried out large-scale alienation of
14504-466: The islands of Muck , Rùm , Canna , and Sanday being in Argyll but Eigg in Inverness-shire. The whole parish was placed in Inverness-shire in 1891. The parishes of Ardnamurchan and Kilmallie both also straddled Argyll and Inverness-shire; the county boundary through Kilmallie was adjusted to follow Loch Eil in 1891. In 1895 these two parishes were both split along the county boundary;
14652-530: The islands of the Inner Hebrides to each other and the Scottish mainland. Many of the islands also contain small airstrips enabling travel by air. A fairly extensive bus network links the larger towns of the area, with bus transport also available on the islands of Islay, Jura and Mull. The county contains a number of small airports which serve the region and Edinburgh/Glasgow: Oban , Tiree , Coll , Colonsay , Campbeltown and Islay . Kintyre has been one of
14800-518: The islands who could have been got at by the estate Factor or others." During the 19th century, Irish immigration substantially increased the number of Catholics in the country, especially in Glasgow and its vicinity, and other industrial communities in the West of Scotland, but also in many rural communities, where Irish migrants worked as navvies and farm labourers. Initially, clergymen from
14948-534: The landlords . There is something in the charge. Few Highland ministers emulated the Catholic clergy of Ireland, who commandeered the Repeal movement in the 1830s and 1840s and the land campaigns several decades on. The Catholic clergy in agitated Irish counties like Tipperary led the agrarian militants from the front, which cannot be said for most Disruption clergy or their successors. Evangelical Presbyterianism counseled submission and acceptance of misfortune. But it
15096-557: The late High King Duncan I , the grandfather of King Malcolm III of Scotland , and progenitor of the Scottish Royal House of Dunkeld . Despite the ongoing religious persecution and expulsion from their monasteries and convents of "Romanists" like St Mo Chota , who opposed how much the Celtic Church had been, "absorbed by the tribal system" and lost its independence from control by local secular rulers , at least some of these issues had been resolved on both sides of
15244-469: The later county, was called Argyll. It was initially an earldom , elevated to become a dukedom in 1701 with the creation of the Duke of Argyll . Other lordships in the area included Cowal , Kintyre , Knapdale , and Lorn . From at least the 14th century there was a Sheriff of Argyll , whose jurisdiction was gradually extended; from 1633 the shire covered all these five provinces. Shires gradually eclipsed
15392-512: The later events known as The Killing Time , Ogilvie was hanged for refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy and declare that the King was Supreme Head of the Church at Glasgow Cross on 10 March 1615. A further reason, according to Thomas Wynne, was that Archbishop Spottiswoode, like many other adherents of Laudianism at the time, had allegedly been accused of Crypto-Catholicism by his enemies in both
15540-692: The lochs and bodies of water the largest are (roughly north to south) the Blackwater Reservoir , Loch Achtriochtan , Loch Laidon , Loch Bà , loch Buidhe , Lochan na Stainge , Loch Dochard , Loch Tulla , Loch Shira , the Cruachan Reservoir , Loch Restil , Loch Awe , Loch Avich , Blackmill Loch , Loch Nant , Loch Nell , Loch Scammadale , Loch Glashan , Loch Loskin , Loch Eck , Asgog Loch , Loch Tarsan , Càm Loch , Loch nan Torran , Loch Ciàran , Loch Garasdale , Lussa Loch and Tangy Loch . Note that islands lying off
15688-476: The lunar method was used for calculating the date of Easter . During the 1960s, Frank O'Connor explained that the reason why, on both sides of the Irish Sea , abbots were often more significant than bishops is because a Church governed by an Episcopal polity , "in a tribal society was a contradiction in terms. No tribe, however small or weak, would accept the authority of a bishop from another tribe; but with
15836-524: The major loch inlets (north to south) are Loch Leven , Loch Creran , Loch Etive , Loch Feochan , Loch Melfort , Loch Craignish , Loch Crinan , Loch Sween , Loch Caolisport and West Loch Tarbert , the latter dividing Kintyre from Knapdale. To the east Loch Fyne separates Kintyre from the Cowal peninsula, which is itself split into three sub-peninsulas by Lochs Striven and Riddon and split on its east coast by Holy Loch and Loch Goil ; south across
15984-651: The much larger and better organized Lowland District reasonably unscathed. According to Marcus Tanner, "As the Reformed Church faltered in the urban and increasingly industrialised Lowlands, Presbyterianism made its great breakthrough among the Gaelic Highlanders, virtually snapping cultural bonds that had linked them to Ireland since the lordship of Dalriada . The Highlands, outside tiny Catholic enclaves like in South Uist and Barra , took on
16132-464: The name can also be translated as "coast of the Gaels". An alternative theory has more recently been advanced that the name may actually come from the early Irish kingdom of Airgíalla . The legal name of the county was Argyll, which was also used by the Royal Mail as the name of the postal county for the mainland (the islands formed their own postal counties). The Ordnance Survey adopted
16280-469: The name is derived from Gaelic árd , or the Pictish equivalent of Welsh ardd , both meaning "height". The Valliscaulian priory of Pluscarden was founded by King Alexander II . The now-defunct Valliscaulian Order was small compared to the great medieval religious houses and emerged at a time when austere monasticism had spread across Europe c. 1075–1200. The founder of the Order was Viard who trained as
16428-459: The newly founded Jesuits , initially took relatively little interest in Scotland as a target of missionary work and their effectiveness was at first severely damaged by Vatican bureaucracy and, especially by territorial rivalries against each other, secular priests, and other religious orders. The initiative was taken by a small group of Scots connected with the Crichton family , who had supplied
16576-623: The north, Perthshire and Dunbartonshire to the east, and (separated by the Firth of Clyde ) neighbours Renfrewshire and Ayrshire to the south-east, and the County of Bute to the south. Argyll ceased to be used for local government purposes in 1975. Most of the pre-1975 county was then included in the Argyll and Bute district of the Strathclyde region. The district created in 1975 excluded
16724-582: The north-east of the peninsula two unnamed sub-peninsulas almost encircle Kentra Bay , and are bound by the South Channel of Loch Moidart to the north; to the east of this lies the River Shiel and then Loch Shiel , a long loch which forms most of this section of the border with Inverness-shire. Morvern is a large peninsula and like its northern neighbour is remote, mountainous and sparsely populated. In its north-west Loch Teacuis cuts deeply into
16872-415: The numbers. Owing to immigration (overwhelmingly white European ), it is estimated that, in 2009, there were about 850,000 Catholics in the country of 5.1 million. The Gàidhealtachd has been both Catholic and Protestant in modern times. A number of Scottish Gaelic -speaking areas, including Barra , Benbecula , South Uist , Eriskay , and Moidart , are mainly Catholic. (See also the " Religion of
17020-710: The old pre-Reformation parish church of Cardross in the Levengrove policies and later, just before their church was built, the Rev. John Gordon of Greenock held services in an old store in College Street. In 1837, it was estimated that there were 284 Catholics in Dumbarton". The same community saw regular outbreaks of violence in the pubs on the paydays of local Irish navvies and the first of many serious anti-Irish riots that negatively affected Dumbarton's reputation after Protestant shipwrights listened to
17168-541: The old provinces in administrative importance, and also became known as counties. Between 1890 and 1975, Argyll had a county council . The county town was historically Inveraray , but from its creation in 1890 the county council was based at Lochgilphead . The county is sparsely populated, with many islands and sea lochs along its coast, and the inland parts are mountainous. Six towns in the county held burgh status: Campbeltown , Dunoon , Inveraray, Lochgilphead, Oban , and Tobermory . Argyll borders Inverness-shire to
17316-420: The part of Ardnamurchan in Inverness-shire became a new parish of Arisaig and Moidart , leaving the reduced Ardnamurchan parish wholly in Argyll, whilst the part of Kilmallie in Argyll became a new parish of Ardgour . Argyll was abolished as a county for local government purposes in 1975, with its area being split between Highland and Strathclyde Regions. A local government district called Argyll and Bute
17464-513: The part of the former Dál Riata territory on mainland Britain. The name distinguished the area from the Innse Gall , meaning 'islands of the foreigners' which was used for the Kingdom of the Isles, ruled by Old Norse -speaking Norse–Gaels . Argyll was divided into several lordships or provinces , including Kintyre , Knapdale , Lorn , Cowal , and a smaller Argyll province which covered
17612-404: The peninsula, as does Loch Aline in the south. At the estuary of Loch Teacuis lie the large islands of Oronsay , Risga and Càrna . There are numerous lochs in northern Argyll, the largest being Loch Doilet , Loch Arienas , Loch Teàrnait , Loch Doire nam Mart and Loch Mudle . The southern mainland section is much larger than the northern, and is dominated by the long Kintyre peninsula,
17760-624: The period 1770 to 1810 and there is evidence that anti Catholic sentiment (along with famine, poverty, and rackrenting ) was a contributory factor in that period. In an April 1787 letter from Moidart to the Congregation for Propaganda in Rome, Fr. Austin MacDonald wrote, "On account of the emigration of the people of Knoydart to Canada, along with their priest; it fell to me in the autumn to attend to those who were left behind, and during
17908-465: The preliminary centre of education for Catholic priests in the area. It was illegal, and it was burned to the ground on several occasions by soldiers sent from beyond the Highlands. Beyond Scalan there were six attempts to found a seminary in the Highlands between 1732 and 1838, all suffering both financially and due to Catholicism's illegal status. Clergy entered the country secretly and although services were illegal they were maintained. According to
18056-489: The priest was not delivered up to them. Father James Grant , who was missionary then, and afterward Bishop, being informed of the threats in a safe retreat in which he was in a little island, surrendered himself, and was carried prisoner to Mingarry Castle on the Western coast (i.e. Ardnamurchan ) where he was detained for some weeks." After long and cruel imprisonment with other Catholic priests at Inverness Gaol and in
18204-485: The priory in need of much renovation; the consequence of nearly 60 years of neglect was that vaulted roofs of the choir and crossing were in danger of collapsing. About the time of John Bonally irregularities had become commonplace in the Priory of Pluscarden as well as before that at Urquhart and the priors of both places were accused of much sinfulness. Following a commission held into the alleged abuses, Bonally resigned and
18352-473: The priory property – in Dunbar's case, to his own family. Dunbar died in 1560 and the community was made the responsibility of a succession of lay commendatory priors who saw to the monastic revenues and the welfare of those monks that remained. The last monk recorded at Pluscarden was Thomas Ross who along with the commendatory prior, Alexander Seton (later to become the 1st Earl of Dunfermline), both witnessed
18500-452: The priory's monastic establishment. It has traditionally been held that there were two 14th century fires at the priory. The first was ascribed to Edward I of England in 1303 and the second, in 1390, to Alexander Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan , and called the Wolf of Badenoch. Certainly, the physical evidence confirms that there was a significant fire and that the damage caused to the transepts
18648-576: The provinces, and it was the shires which subsequently evolved into Scotland's counties rather than the older provinces. Following the Treaty of Perth, the Argyll provinces were initially placed in the shire of Perth . In 1293, two new shires were created within Argyll; the Sheriff of Kintyre , covering just that province, and the Sheriff of Lorn , covering Lorn, Knapdale, and Mid-Argyll (which probably included Cowal at that time). The earliest reference to
18796-556: The rest of the recently unified Great Britain , and the English term "county" came to be used interchangeably with the term "shire". In 1890, elected county councils were created under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 . The 1889 Act also led to parish and county boundaries being adjusted to eliminate cases where parishes straddled county boundaries. The parish of Small Isles straddled Argyll and Inverness-shire, with
18944-531: The shire of Argyll. The act also confirmed the town of Inveraray's position as "head burgh" of the enlarged shire. In 1667, Commissioners of Supply were established for each shire, which would serve as the main administrative body for the area until the creation of county councils in 1890. David II had restored MacDougall authority over Lorn in 1357, but John MacDougall (head of the MacDougalls) had already renounced claims to Mull (in 1354) in favour of
19092-679: The south of Scotland, which are still referred to in Modern Welsh as the Hen Ogledd (lit. "the Old North"), but which were slowly driven westward as refugees from the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain . The Picts , Anglo-Saxons, and Gaels of modern Scotland, who were traditionally tribal peoples, were mainly evangelized and converted between the fifth and seventh centuries by Irish missionaries such as Sts Columba and Baithéne ,
19240-583: The spiritual needs of the population. New saints and cults of religious devotion also proliferated. Despite problems over the number and quality of clergy after the Black Death in the fourteenth century, and some evidence of heresy in this period, during the Renaissance in Scotland , the wider availability of books, including the Classics and newer works of early modern Scottish literature , due to
19388-472: The spoils - the losers could expect pillage and plunder ", and that enemy civilians are "grist for the mills of more hardheaded conquerors such as Genghis Khan , Tamerlane , and Ivan the Terrible ." Also according to Bishop John Geddes, "Early in the spring of 1746, some ships of war came to the coast of the isle of Barra and landed some men, who threatened they would lay desolate the whole island if
19536-532: The towns which had been suggested at that first meeting. The council also appointed a clerk who was based in Lochgilphead at its first meeting, beginning the practice of having the council's main offices in that town. The clerk's offices were initially at the County Offices which formed part of Lochgilphead's courthouse and police station on Lochnell Street, which had been built in 1849. In 1925
19684-694: The unnecessary excesses of the Calvinisation of the Highlands and Islands . At the beginning of his groundbreaking collection Popular Tales of the West Highlands , Campbell and his helpers complained at length that, due to the fear of displeasing the local ministers, elders, and parish school-masters, it had become almost impossible to collect Scottish mythology or folklore from the seanchaidhs in Gaelic-speaking regions that had recently converted to Presbyterianism from Catholicism or
19832-497: The vegetable plots where the brothers were allowed to tend their private gardens in the afternoons when not engaged in official priory duties. Another Carthusian rule adopted by the Valliscaulians was that the priory should have no more than 20 monks. This meant that with the small size of the community, survival would be difficult without wealthy patrons. The Valliscaulians only had 21 houses in total, according to JAP Mignard,
19980-469: The west coast are generally considered to be part of the Inner Hebrides (see below) Argyll contains the majority of the Inner Hebrides group, with the notable exceptions of Skye and Eigg (both in Inverness-shire). The islands are too geographically diverse to be summarised here; further details can be found on the individual pages below. Starting in 1590, as one of the measures that followed
20128-593: The winter to the people of Moydart (sic) as well. Although not less than 600 Catholics went to America, still I administered the Sacraments to over 500 souls who remained. The overpopulation of these districts, together with the oppression of the landlords, are the principal causes of the departure of so many, not only among the Catholics, but also among the Protestants." In Glengarry County , Upper Canada ,
20276-417: Was a faith chosen quite voluntarily by the people and if it failed to make them rebels against injustice, it certainly lent them dignity." While most of the landlords responsible for the Highland Clearances did not target people for ethnic or religious reasons, there is evidence of anti-Catholicism among some of them. In particular, large numbers of Catholics emigrated from the Western Highlands in
20424-399: Was able to stay at the priory and was noted as giving the masons working on the building a sum of 15 shillings for buying drink. The 16th-century complement at Pluscarden as shown by their signatures on charters shows that there were seven monks in 1500, nine in 1508, thirteen in 1524 and also in 1548, and eleven in 1558. After the Reformation, the rental of the priory in 1561 gives details of
20572-411: Was added to the shire of Kintyre which then became known as Tarbertshire , being initially administered from Tarbert . The Scottish Reformation coincidentally followed the fall of the Lordship of the Isles. The MacDonalds (the clan of the former Lords of the Isles) were strong supporters of the former religious regime. The Campbells, by contrast, were strong supporters of the reforms. At the start of
20720-491: Was caused by the Education (Scotland) Act 1918, which made Catholic schools fully state-funded. Michael John Rosie argues that in addition to state-funded education, it was the nature of Scottish Catholicism that "made it less vulnerable to economic dislocation": Arguably, the Catholic Church was the best-equipped denomination in tackling the adverse effects of economic depression, and does not seem to have suffered serious losses arising from recessionary periods. The Catholic faith
20868-408: Was created, with a change in boundaries to include part of the former Strathclyde district of Dumbarton . The historic county boundaries of Argyll are still used for some limited official purposes connected with land registration, being a registration county . Argyll County Council held its first meeting at the courthouse in Inveraray on 22 May 1890, when over three hours were spent debating where
21016-439: Was formed in the Strathclyde region , including most of Argyll and the adjacent Isle of Bute (the former County of Bute was more extensive). The Ardnamurchan , Ardgour , Ballachulish , Duror, Glencoe , Kinlochleven , and Morvern areas of Argyll were detached to become parts of Lochaber District, in Highland. They remained in Highland following the 1996 revision. In 1996, a new unitary council area of Argyll and Bute
21164-428: Was hereditary, and when Ferchar mac in tSagairt , son of the abbot, became the Earl of Ross in the 13th century, the region of North Argyll gradually became known as Wester Ross instead. Alba evolved into the kingdom of Scotland, but lost control of Kintyre, Knapdale and Lorn to Norwegian rule, as was acknowledged in a treaty of 1098 between Edgar, King of Scotland and Magnus Barefoot , King of Norway . In 1266,
21312-415: Was instructed by the privy council to seize Mull, and suppress the non-conformist behaviour ; by 1680 he gained possession of the island, and transferred shrieval authority to the sheriff of Argyll. In 1746, following Jacobite insurrections, the Heritable Jurisdictions Act abolished regality , and forbade the position of sheriff from being inherited. Local governance was brought into line with that of
21460-419: Was issued by Nicholas V on 12 March 1453 joining the priories and from then on Pluscarden became a daughter house of the Benedictine Dunfermline Abbey . Pluscarden was chosen over Urquhart for the priory location as the buildings were more spacious and thought easier to restore and Bonally was appointed as its first Benedictine prior. However, the Abbot of Dunfermline's representative informed him that he found
21608-424: Was moved during the Jacobite rising of 1715 and reopened as Scalan seminary in Glenlivet . After multiple arson attacks by government troops, Scalan was rebuilt in the 1760s by Bishop John Geddes , who later became Vicar Apostolic of the Lowland District and a well-known figure in the Edinburgh intelligentsia during the Scottish Enlightenment . When Scottish national poet Robert Burns , who also gifted
21756-399: Was never restored points to dwindling resources. In 1398 Prior Thomas Fullonis resigned having served for 21 years. He wrote to the Bishop of Moray informing him of the hard times at the priory but that Prior Alexander (1398 – c.1417) had been elected and had been tasked with repairing the deteriorating church and living areas. The state of the house, both physically and politically, had by
21904-482: Was succeeded by William Boyce who was the sacrist at Dunfermline Abbey. William Boyce, the second Benedictine Prior of Pluscarden, was given responsibility for the maintenance of the church fabric of Dunfermline Abbey from Abbot Richard de Bothwell (1445–70) at the time that the west end of the abbey's nave was restored. The inference has been made that it was during this prior's tenure that some major improvements were carried out at Pluscarden. Indeed, by 1506, King James IV
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