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34-595: Plymstock is a commuter suburb of Plymouth and former civil parish in the English county of Devon . Situated on the east bank of the River Plym , Plymstock is geographically and historically part of the South Hams . It comprises the villages Billacombe, Elburton , Goosewell, Hooe , Mount Batten , Oreston , Pomphlett, Staddiscombe, Turnchapel and Plymstock proper, the centrally located village after which

68-753: A comparable inflation-offsetting gain at the after-tax level. Some salaries and pensions in the United States with a COLA include: Pensions in Canada with a COLA include: Social security benefits in the United States receive cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs) to match increases in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). They can also receive funds from public charities for specific issues. The COLAs are made at most annually and are calculated based on

102-442: A much larger reduction in their net worth during the crisis. Further, since lower income families tend to spend relatively more of their income than higher income families, shifting more of the income to wealthier families may slow economic growth. The 2022 World Inequality Report , a four-year research project organized by the economists Lucas Chancel , Thomas Piketty , Emmanuel Saez , and Gabriel Zucman , shows that "the world

136-410: A popular school plan to erect two generating windmills was blocked by local councillors following opposition by residents of surrounding bungalows. Frequent buses connect most areas of Plymstock with routes across the city linking with the railway station and Derriford hospital. There is a water taxi linking Mount Batten with Plymouth Barbican . Childe's Tomb on Dartmoor is the legendary site of

170-712: A region cannot afford to live where they work and must seek residency in another town with a lower cost of living . The late 20th century, the dot-com bubble and United States housing bubble drove housing costs in Californian metropolitan areas to historic highs, spawning exurban growth in adjacent counties. Workers with jobs in San Francisco found themselves moving further and further away to nearby cities like Oakland, Burlingame, and San Mateo. As rental and housing costs kept increasing, even renters that would normally be considered affluent elsewhere would struggle with

204-534: Is a major golf club at Staddon Heights and a commercial driving range near Elburton. There are many state primary schools in the area and two very large comprehensive schools , Coombe Dean School and Plymstock School . There are no local independent school options, although children who chose to take and get a very high pass in the 11+ exam can attend one of the three grammar schools in Plymouth. In 2008, Coombe Dean School achieved national notoriety after

238-501: Is an internet tool designed to calculate cost-of-living allowances and build compensation packages for corporate executives maintaining a western lifestyle. The survey incorporates easy-to-understand comparative cost of living indices between cities. The survey allows city-to-city comparisons, but for the purpose of this report all cities are compared to a base city of New York City , which has an index set at 100. The survey has been carried out for more than 30 years. The most recent survey

272-441: Is equal to the nominal interest minus the real interest rate. When cost-of-living adjustments, negotiated wage settlements and budgetary increases exceed CPI , media reports frequently compare the two without consideration of the pertinent tax code. However, CPI is based on the retail pricing of a basket of goods and services. Most purchases of that same basket require the use of after-tax dollars—dollars that were often subject to

306-488: Is marked by a very high level of income inequality and an extreme level of wealth inequality". According to the report, the bottom half of the population owns 2% of global wealth, while the top 10% owns 76% of it. The top 1% owns 38%. Stipends or extra pay provided to employees who are being temporarily relocated may also be called cost-of-living adjustments or cost-of-living allowances. Such adjustments are intended to offset changes in welfare due to geographic differences in

340-543: Is quite different from North American commuter towns that are almost exclusively the result of transportation by car. Where commuters are wealthier and small town housing markets are weaker than city housing markets, the development of a bedroom community may raise local housing prices and attract upscale service businesses in a process akin to gentrification . Long-time residents may be displaced by new commuter residents due to rising house prices. This can also be influenced by zoning restrictions in urbanized areas that prevent

374-446: Is the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living for an individual or a household . Changes in the cost of living over time can be measured in a cost-of-living index . Cost of living calculations are also used to compare the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living in different geographic areas. Differences in the cost of living between locations can be measured in terms of purchasing power parity rates. A sharp rise in

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408-644: The Brookings Institution in 2006, the term is generally used for areas beyond suburbs and specifically less densely built than the suburbs to which the exurbs' residents commute. Comparatively low density towns – often featuring large lots and large homes – create heavy motor vehicle dependency . "They begin as embryonic subdivisions of a few hundred homes at the far edge of beyond, surrounded by scrub. Then, they grow – first gradually, but soon with explosive force – attracting stores, creating jobs and struggling to keep pace with

442-596: The Second World War as a residential area outside Plymouth but acting as a dormitory area for the city. In 1961 the parish had a population of 14,700. On 1 April 1967, Plymstock, along with Plympton, was absorbed into the City of Plymouth and today, like Plympton, forms a populous and mostly home-owning south-eastern suburb of the city. There are numerous public spaces including a huge public sports area at Staddiscombe. There are three rugby pitches at Elburton, there

476-569: The UK , both the national railway's tracks, trains, stations and real estate were included in the privatization agreements. Japan's privately operated railroads view real estate investment and development of commuter towns as central to their business model. These railroads continuously develop new residential and commercial areas alongside their existing and new routes and stations and adjust their train schedules in order to provide existing and prospective commuters with convenient work-commute routines. This

510-493: The United Kingdom, about 18% of an average home's energy costs relate to the cost of heating water . Employment contracts and pension benefits can be tied to a cost-of-living index, typically to the consumer price index (CPI). A COLA adjusts salaries based on changes in a cost-of-living index. Salaries are typically adjusted annually. They may also be tied to a cost-of-living index that varies by geographic location if

544-421: The area to Turnchapel and Yealmpton have been removed, the bridges and stations demolished, and the land built on. Pomphlett Mill has been demolished and the site used for a roundabout. Pomphlett Creek (shown right), once a popular rowing stretch has been partly filled in and what remains is largely silted up. Until the 20th century Plymstock was a rural parish but began to develop rapidly just before and after

578-892: The brunt of the public operating budget in higher property or income taxes . Such municipalities may scramble to encourage commercial growth once an established residential base has been reached. In the UK, commuter towns were developed by railway companies to create demand for their lines. One 1920s pioneer of this form of development was the Metropolitan Railway (now part of London Underground ) which marketed its Metro-land developments. This initiative encouraged many to move out of central and inner-city London to suburbs such as Harrow , or out of London itself, to commuter villages in Buckinghamshire or Hertfordshire . Commuter towns have more recently been built ahead of adequate transportation infrastructure, thus spurring

612-468: The construction of suitably cheap housing closer to places of employment. The number of commuter towns increased in the US and the UK during the 20th century because of a trend for people to move out of the cities into the surrounding green belt . In the United States, it is common for commuter towns to create disparities in municipal tax rates. When a commuter town collects few business taxes, residents must pay

646-426: The cost of living can trigger a cost of living crisis , where purchasing power is lost and, for some people, their previous lifestyle is no longer affordable. The link between income and health is well-established. Cost of living pressures may lead to household energy insecurity or fuel poverty as well as housing stress . Cost of living is the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living . Changes in

680-464: The cost of living over time can be operationalized in a cost-of-living index . Cost of living calculations can be used to compare the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living in different geographic areas. Differences in cost of living between locations can be measured in terms of purchasing power parity rates. Major components of the cost of living include food, housing costs and energy. Energy costs include heating, light and cooking costs. In

714-448: The cost of living. Such adjustments might more accurately be described as a per diem allowance or tied to a specific item, as with housing allowances. Employees who are being permanently relocated are less likely to receive such allowances, but may receive a base salary adjustment to reflect local market conditions. A non-taxable cost-of-living allowance is frequently given to members of the U.S. military stationed at overseas bases if

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748-453: The death of Childe who, caught in a snowstorm, killed and disembowelled his horse and climbed inside for shelter, but still froze to death. He left a message to say that the first person to bury him would get his lands at Plymstock. The greedy monks of Tavistock buried him and claimed the lands. The ghosts of monks carrying a bier have supposedly been seen at Childe's Tomb. Commuter suburb Often commuter towns form when workers in

782-528: The development of roads and public transportation systems. These can take the form of light rail lines extending from the city center to new streetcar suburbs and new or expanded highways , whose construction and traffic can lead to the community becoming part of a larger conurbation . A 2014 study by the British Office for National Statistics found that commuting also affects wellbeing. Commuters are more likely to be anxious, dissatisfied and have

816-705: The employee moves. In this latter case, the expatriate employee will likely see only the discretionary income part of their salary indexed by a differential CPI between the new and old employment locations, leaving the non-discretionary part of the salary (e.g., mortgage payments, insurance, car payments) unmodified. Annual escalation clauses in employment contracts can specify retroactive or future percentage increases in worker pay which are not tied to any index. These negotiated increases in pay are colloquially referred to as cost-of-living adjustments or cost-of-living increases because of their similarity to increases tied to externally determined indexes. The cost-of-living allowance

850-545: The highest marginal tax rate . Consequently, the COLA will necessarily have to exceed the CPI inflation rate to maintain purchasing power. The widely recognized problem known as bracket creep can also occur in countries where the marginal tax brackets themselves are not indexed — COLA increases simply place more dollars into higher tax rate brackets. Only under a flat tax system would a percentage gain on gross income translate into

884-747: The need for more schools, more roads, more everything. And eventually, when no more land is available and home prices have skyrocketed, the whole cycle starts again, another 15 minutes down the turnpike." Others argue that exurban environments, such as those that have emerged in Oregon over the last 40 years as a result of the state's unique land use laws , have helped to protect local agriculture and local businesses by creating strict urban growth boundaries that encourage greater population densities in centralized towns, while slowing or greatly reducing urban and suburban sprawl into agricultural, timber land, and natural areas. Cost of living The cost of living

918-471: The parish and suburb is named. The parish church is St Mary and All Saints. The pedestrianised 1960s Broadway consists of a number of shops, including an Iceland supermarket within the precinct and a Lidl supermarket nearby, three banks, six estate agents' and other local amenities including a library, a fire station and a small police station. At Pomphlett, there is a Morrisons superstore and drive-through McDonald's burger restaurant. The population at

952-475: The prospect of home ownership in an area with higher quality schools and amenities. As of 2003 , over 80% of the workforce of Tracy, California , was employed in the San Francisco Bay Area . In some cases, commuter towns can result from changing economic conditions. Steubenville, Ohio along with neighboring Weirton, West Virginia had an independent regional identity until the collapse of

986-409: The sense that their daily activities lack meaning than those who don't have to travel to work, even if they are paid more. The term exurb (a portmanteau of "extra & urban") was coined by Auguste Comte Spectorsky in his 1955 book The Exurbanites , to describe the ring of prosperous communities beyond the suburbs that are commuter towns for an urban area. However, since a landmark report by

1020-522: The steel industry in the 1980s. Steubenville Pike and the Parkway West also created easier access to the much larger city of Pittsburgh . In 2013, Jefferson County, Ohio (where Steubenville is located) was added to the Pittsburgh metropolitan area as part of its larger Combined Statistical Area . In Japan, most of the national railway network was privatized by the 1980s but unlike in

1054-585: The time of the 2001 Census was recorded at 24,103 with 11,652 owner occupied homes in the PL9 postcode area. The total population in 2011 increased to 24,758 The earliest surviving documentary reference to the place is as Plemestocha in the Domesday Book and its name is derived from Old English meaning either "outlying farm with a plum-tree" or, if it is short for Plympton Stock , "outlying farm belonging to Plympton ". The local branch railways through

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1088-460: The top twenty but also home to eight cheapest cities of the cheapest ten. Larry Summers estimated in 2007 that the lower 80% of families were receiving $ 664 billion less income than they would be with a 1979 income distribution, or approximately $ 7,000 per family. Not receiving this income may have led many families to increase their debt burden, a significant factor in the 2007–2009 subprime mortgage crisis , as highly leveraged homeowners suffered

1122-644: The value of the CPI-W in the third quarter of the year (averaging the values from July, August, and September). COLAs can only increase benefits, so in deflationary years when the CPI-W drops there is no COLA. The Economist Intelligence Unit produces a semi-annual (twice yearly) worldwide cost of living survey that compares more than 400 individual prices across 160 products and services. They include food , drink, clothing, household supplies and personal care items, home rents, transport, utility bills, private schools, domestic help and recreational costs. The survey itself

1156-491: Was published in March 2017. Singapore remains the most expensive city in the world for the fourth year running, in a rare occurrence where the entire top five most expensive cities were unchanged from the year prior. Sydney and Melbourne have both cemented their positions as top-ten staples, with Sydney becoming the fifth most expensive, and Melbourne becoming the sixth. Asia is home to more than five most expensive cities in

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