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50-582: Their autonym is Ná'ishą , or "takers" based on their skill at stealing horses, or Naishadena , meaning "our people." This is also written Na-i-shan Dine . They were also called Káłt'inde or γát dìndé meaning "cedar people" or Bek'áhe meaning "whetstone people". The Plains Apache are also known as the Kiowa Apache. To their Kiowa allies, who speak an unrelated language, the Plains Apache are known as Semat. At major historical tribal events,

100-462: A Kiowa village of 176 lodges. The chief Dohäsan and his people fled, passing the alarm to allied Comanche villages nearby; Guipago led the warriors to protect the fleeing women and children. Marching forward to Adobe Walls, four miles from the Kiowa village, Carson dug in there about 10:00 am, using one corner of the ruins for a hospital. He discovered to his dismay that there were numerous villages in

150-549: A canvas covering. Non-Native people have often stereotypically and incorrectly assumed that all Native Americans in the United States and Indigenous peoples in Canada have at one point lived in tipis, which is inaccurate, as many Native American cultures and civilizations and First Nations from other regions have used other types of dwellings ( pueblos , wigwams , hogans , chickees , and longhouses ). Tipi

200-473: A detachable cover over the structure. The cover has historically been made of buffalo hide, an optional skin or cloth lining, and a canvas or bison calf skin door. Modern lodges are more often made of canvas. Ropes (historically rawhide thongs or babiche ) and wooden pegs are required to bind the poles, close the cover, attach the lining and door, and anchor the resulting structure to the ground. Tipis are distinguished from other tents by two crucial elements:

250-500: A dome-shaped shelter typically made of bark layered on a pole structure, was also used by various tribes, especially for hunting camps. The term wigwam has often been incorrectly used to refer to a conical skin tipi. The conventional translation in French and English for all Indigenous dwellings at one time was "lodge," resulting in many compounds and place names such as sweatlodge , lodgepole pine , Red Lodge , and so on. A tipi

300-471: A night march of cavalry and artillery. He rode in the van with the Utes and Jicarillas. Next morning he ordered the two howitzers forward to join him in the van. Coming to the easily fordable Canadian River, he deployed one company of cavalry on the north side of the river and continued with the remainder on the south side. Approximately two hours after daybreak on November 25, Carson's cavalry found and attacked

350-401: A semicircular shape from the resulting surface. Trimming this shape yields a door and the smoke flaps that allow the dwellers to control the chimney effect to expel smoke from their fires. Old-style traditional linings were hides, blankets, and rectangular pieces of cloth hanging about 1.2 to 1.5 metres (4–5 ft) above the ground tied to the poles or a rope. Historically, most tipis in

400-415: A village were not painted. Painted tipis often depicted noteworthy historical battles and often featured geometric portrayals of celestial bodies and animal designs. Sometimes tipis have been painted to depict personal experiences such as war, hunting, a dream, or vision. When depicting visions, "ceremonies and prayers were first offered, and then the dreamer recounted his dream to the priests and wise men of

450-632: Is a loanword from the Dakota and Lakota language . Stephen Return Riggs ' 1852 Dakota-English dictionary, which was sponsored by the Minnesota Historical Society spells it as tipi . Eugene Buechel spells it as tipi in his Lakota-English dictionary. Dakota ethnographer Ella Deloria used the spelling tipi throughout her writings, including in her essential book The Dakota Way of Life . Lakota linguist Albert White Hat developed his own Lakota orthography and used tipi as

500-530: Is a member of the Southern Athabaskan language family, a division of the Na-Dene languages . The Plains Apache language , also referred to as Plains Apache, was the most divergent member of the subfamily. While three people spoke the language in 2006, the last fluent speaker died in 2008. Tipi A tipi or tepee ( / ˈ t iː p i / TEE -pee ) is a conical lodge tent that

550-604: Is based on 1/8 blood quantum , meaning a person must be able to prove they have at least 1/8 Native American ancestry to be considered eligible for tribal enrollment. As of 2024, the Tribe Chairman is Durell Cooper, supported by Vice Chairman Matt Tselee, Secretary/Treasurer Ruth Bert and committee members Donald Komardley and Dustin Cozard. In addition to the Apache Business Committee outlined above,

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600-511: Is distinguished from other conical tents by the smoke flaps at the top of the structure, and historically made of animal hides or pelts or, in more recent generations, of canvas stretched on a framework of wooden poles. The loanword came into English usage from the Dakota and Lakota languages . Historically, the tipi has been used by certain Indigenous peoples of the Plains in

650-605: Is distinguished from other conical tents by the smoke flaps at the top of the structure. The tipi is durable, provides warmth and comfort in winter, is cool in the heat of summer, and is dry during heavy rains. Tipis can be disassembled and packed away quickly when people need to relocate and can be reconstructed quickly upon settling in a new area. Historically, this portability was important to Plains Indians with their at-times nomadic lifestyle. Tribes would have well-organized camp circles of family units living in multiple tipis arranged in order depending on rank or roles in

700-714: Is historically significant because it led to the Red River War of 1874–75, resulting in the final relocation of the Southern Plains Indians to reservations in what is now Oklahoma. In 1964 the Texas State Historical Survey Committee erected Historical Marker 1690 to preserve the memory of the First Battle of Adobe Walls. The marker is not located at the actual battle site but rather 15 miles (24 km) to

750-536: The Battle of the Little Bighorn , is one such artist known for his many tipi paintings, shields and horse effigies now in museums. Tribes today use the tipi as a means to convey traditional, scientific, and psychological teachings. The Siksika (Blackfoot) nation's worldview is based on the shape of a tipi, which inspired Maslow's hierarchy of needs teachings. In Cree communities, the tipi can represent

800-903: The First Battle of Adobe Walls which was the largest battle of the Indian Wars. It would be the last battle in which the Natives repelled the U.S. Army in the Southern Plains. The Kiowa-Comanche-Apache (KCA) Reservation was broken up into individual allotments under the 1889 Springer Amendment to the Indian Appropriations Act . The so-called "surplus" lands of the KCA Reservaton were opened up to white settlement in 1901. The U.S. federal government took more KCA lands in 1906. Despite tribal opposition to

850-1013: The Great Plains and Canadian Prairies of North America , notably the seven tribes of the Sioux , as well as among the Iowa people , the Otoe and Pawnee , and among the Blackfeet , Crow , Assiniboines , Arapaho , and Plains Cree . They are also used west of the Rocky Mountains by Indigenous peoples of the Plateau such as the Yakama and the Cayuse . They are still in use in many of these communities, though now primarily for ceremonial purposes rather than daily living. Modern tipis usually have

900-695: The Lakota gave them territory south of the Black Hills in what became South Dakota and Wyoming . The Apache are associated with the Dismal River culture (ca. 1650–1750) of the western Plains, generally attributed to the Paloma and Cuartelejo Apaches. Jicarilla Apache pottery has also been found in some of the Dismal River complex sites. Some of the people from the Dismal River culture joined

950-652: The Apache Gaming Commission, headed by Gaming Commissioner Ryan Adudell. There is also a smokeshop and a gas station on the reservation. The tribe issues their own tribal license plates through the Tax Commission. Their oral history states that the Plains Apache broke away from the Tsuutʼina , an Athabascan people who moved onto the Great Plains in Alberta, Canada . They migrated south, where

1000-469: The Comanche and Kiowa suffered approximately 50–60 deaths and as many as 100 wounded. The official U.S. Army report on the battle, however, estimated an Indian loss of a total of 60 killed and wounded. Given the long-distance nature of the fighting estimates of Indian casualties cannot be verified. Only one Comanche scalp was reported taken by Carson's soldiers. The First Battle at Adobe Walls would be

1050-441: The Kiowa, Plains Apache and Comanche warriors repeatedly attacked Carson's position. Satanta replied to Carson's bugler with his own bugle calls to confuse the soldiers. Carson succeeded in repelling the attacks only through his clever use of supporting fire from the twin howitzers. The first shells from the howitzers caused the Comanche and Kiowa to retire from the battlefield, but they soon returned in even greater numbers and renewed

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1100-681: The Kiowa, Plains Apache, and Comanche in Western Oklahoma. They were forced to move south of the Washita River to the Red River and Western Oklahoma with the Comanche and the Kiowa. The 1890 Census showed 1,598 Comanche at the Fort Sill reservation, which they shared with 1,140 Kiowa and 326 Plains Apache. Some groups of Plains Apache refused to settle on reservations and were involved in Kiowa and Comanche uprisings, most notably

1150-657: The Plains Apache formed part of the Kiowa tribal "hoop" (ring of tipis ). This may explain why the Kiowa named the Plains Apache Taugui meaning "sitting outside". Today the tribe is headquartered in Anadarko, Oklahoma . Their tribal jurisdictional area covers parts of Caddo , Comanche , Cotton , Greer , Jackson , Kiowa , Tillman and Harmon Counties in Oklahoma. In 2011, the tribe had 2,263 total members, of whom 1,814 lived in-state. Tribal membership

1200-688: The Plains Apache in the Black Hills. Due to pressure from the Comanche from the west and Pawnee and French from the east, the Kiowa and remaining people of Dismal River culture migrated south where they later joined the Lipan Apache and Jicarilla Apache nations. In the early 18th century, the Plains Apache lived around the upper Missouri River and maintained close connections to the Kiowa. They were ethnically different and spoke different languages. They communicated with their allies using

1250-546: The area, including a large Comanche village. Carson saw large numbers of Indians pouring forward to engage him in battle, a much greater force than he had expected. Pettis, who wrote the most complete report of the battle, estimated that 1,200–1,400 Comanche and Kiowa attacked the soldiers and Indian scouts who numbered 330 (75 men had been left behind to guard the supply train ). Throw a few shells into that crowd over there. — Kit Carson to artillery officer Lt. Pettis Carson dismounted his cavalry and deployed them around

1300-449: The attack. By afternoon Pettis estimated Carson's army faced more than 3,000 Indians. After six to eight hours of fairly continuous fighting, Carson realized he was running low on howitzer shells and ammunition in general, and he ordered his forces to retreat to the Kiowa village in his rear. Carson was also concerned about the fate of the 75 men guarding his much-needed supply train. The Indians tried to block his retreat by setting fire to

1350-756: The battlefield a United States column that was responding to attacks on white settlers moving into the Southwest . The battle on November 25, 1864, resulted in light casualties on both sides. The Battle of Adobe Walls occurred on November 25, 1864, in the vicinity of Adobe Walls , the ruins of William Bent 's abandoned adobe trading post and saloon, located on the northern side of the Canadian River 17 miles (27 km) northeast of present-day Stinnett in Hutchinson County . The battle came about when General James Henry Carleton , commander of

1400-582: The command of Lieutenant George H. Pettis, 27 wagons, an ambulance and with 45 days rations, proceeded down the Canadian River into the Texas Panhandle. Carson had decided to march first to Adobe Walls, which he was familiar with from his employment there by Bent more than 20 years earlier. Carson, long familiar with the Utes and Jicarillas, had confidence in his Indian scouts. They covered his flanks and each morning two of them rode far ahead of

1450-438: The community. Those known to be skilled painters were consulted, and the new design was made to fit anonymously within the traditional framework of the tribe's painted tipis." During the later reservation era, retired warriors would paint on canvas tipis depicting different events in tribal history, including battles with Americans. He Nupa Wanica (Joseph No Two Horns), a Hunkpapa Lakota warrior who fought in 40 battles, including

1500-472: The family unit, community, or ceremony. Generally, the door and camp openings face east in the direction of the sunrise. A typical family tipi is a conical, portable structure with two adjustable smoke flaps, multiple poles (historically from 12 to 25 ft or 3.7 to 7.6 m long) called lodge poles. Lewis H. Morgan noted that tipi frames were 13 to 15 poles that were 4.6 to 5.5 metres (15–18 ft) tall. These poles, "after being tied together at

1550-521: The grass and brush down near the river. The wily Carson, however, set backfires and retreated to higher ground, where the twin howitzers continued to hold off the Indians. When twilight came, Carson ordered about half his command and his Indian scouts to burn the lodges of the village, which also resulted in the death of the Kiowa Apache chief Iron Shirt, who refused to leave his tipi . The soldiers confiscated many "finely finished buffalo robes" and burned

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1600-635: The howitzers prevented his force from being overrun and killed as Custer was 9 years later at the Little Bighorn . The number of Indians engaged against Carson in this battle has been estimated as high as 3,000, but that is likely an exaggeration. As the Kiowa village consisted of 176 lodges and the Comanche village of about 500 lodges, it is unlikely that the total Indian force numbered more than two fighting men per lodge or 1,300. As it was, Carson left six dead and 25 wounded, including one Indian scout killed and four wounded, while he estimated that

1650-530: The land sessions, the U.S. courts upheld allotment. Most Plains Apache families chose land north of the Wichita Mountains . In 1966, the tribe organized a business committee and regained federal recognition. In 1972, the Kiowa, Comanche, and Plains Apache legally separated. The Plains Apache social organization is split into numerous extended families ( kustcrae ), who camped together (for hunting and gathering) as local groups ( gonka ). The next level

1700-471: The last time the Comanche and Kiowa forced American troops to retreat from a battlefield, and it marked the beginning of the end of the plains tribes and their way of life. A decade later the Second Battle of Adobe Walls was fought on June 27, 1874, between 250–700 Comanche and a group of 28 hunters defending the settlement of Adobe Walls. After a four-day siege, the Indians withdrew. The Second Battle

1750-523: The later part of 1863 to cries from settlers for protection. Carleton wanted to put an end to the raids, or at least to send a sharp signal to the Indians that the Civil War had not left the United States unable to protect its people. He selected Colonel Kit Carson to lead the expeditionary force as the most seasoned veteran Indian fighter at his disposal. Carson took command of the 1st Regiment New Mexico Volunteer Cavalry , with orders to proceed against

1800-656: The military District of New Mexico , decided to punish severely the plains tribes of the Kiowa and Comanche , whom he deemed responsible for attacks on wagon trains on the Santa Fe Trail . The Indians saw the wagon trains as trespassers who killed buffalo and other game the Indians needed to survive. As the American Civil War drained available troops, attacks on the Great Plains worsened, leading in

1850-553: The opening at the top and the smoke flaps, which allow the dwellers to heat themselves and cook with an open fire; and the lining that is primarily used in the winter, which insulates. Tipis were designed to be easily set up or taken down to allow camps to be moved to follow game migrations, especially the bison. When dismantled the tipi poles were used to construct a dog- or later horse-pulled travois on which additional poles and tipi cover were placed. Tipi covers are made by sewing together strips of canvas or tanned hide and cutting out

1900-535: The power of women and their role as the foundation of the family unit. In Lakota communities, youth are taught how to assemble tipis, with each pole representing different traditional virtues, and are simultaneously taught geometry and teamwork. First Battle of Adobe Walls The First Battle of Adobe Walls took place between the United States Army and Native Americans. The Kiowa , Comanche and Plains Apache (Kiowa Apache) tribes drove from

1950-454: The rest, and the Indian scouts killed and mutilated four Kiowas too decrepit to flee. The weary soldiers continued their retreat and found their supply train intact that night. Carson and his soldiers rested in camp on November 26, their Indian opponents visible on a hilltop about two miles away. Carson's Indian scouts skirmished with the Comanche and Kiowa, but no serious attack was mounted on

2000-495: The slow-moving column to search for Comanche and Kiowa encampments. Inclement weather, including an early snowstorm, slowed progress. On November 24 the 1st Cavalry reached Mule Springs in Moore County , approximately 30 miles (48 km) west of Adobe Walls. That same afternoon the Indian scouts reported they had found the trail of a large Indian village. Carson left his infantry behind to guard his supply train and ordered

2050-424: The small ends, are raised upright with a twist so as to cross the poles above the fastening." The builders pull the lower ends out to form a circle about 3.0 metres (10 ft) in diameter on the ground. They stretch a covering of tanned and untanned buffalo hides, sewn together, over the frame, which they then secure with stakes at the base. "At the top there is an extra skin adjusted as a collar, so as to be open on

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2100-421: The soldiers. The next day Carson gave the order to return to New Mexico. Some of his officers wished to renew the battle, but Carson, consulting only with his Utes and Jicarillas, ordered the retreat to New Mexico. The United States Army declared the First Battle of Adobe Walls a victory. The Kiowa, to the contrary, recorded in their annual record, painted on buffalo skin, that the period was "muddy travel winter,

2150-539: The sophisticated Plains Indian Sign Language . The Plains Apache continued migrating south along the eastern Rocky Mountains and hunting bison. They allied with the Pawnee , Arapaho , and Kiowa. Even before contact with Europeans, their numbers were never large, and their 1780 population was estimated at 400. The Plains Apache and Kiowa had migrated into the Southern Plains sometime around 1800. The Treaty of Medicine Lodge in 1867 established an Indian Reservation for

2200-659: The spelling. The tipi image is used on almost all Dakota/Lakota tribal flags or seals, and tipi is the spelling used by Dakota and Lakota tribes today. The spelling tipi is the one most common in Canadian English whereas the spelling tepee is the most common one according to American English dictionaries and the Encyclopedia Britannica and the Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. The wigwam or "wickiup",

2250-568: The time when the Kiowas repelled Kit Carson." Carson was well known by all the Indians of the Southern Plains. The battle left the Comanche and Kiowa unchallenged in their control of the Texas Panhandle until the Battle of the North Fork of the Red River eight years later. Most authorities believe that Carson's decision to retreat was wise and that he deserves credit for a good defense. He was outnumbered, and only his clever use of backfires and

2300-739: The tribe also operates the following tribal departments: The Apache Tribe of Oklahoma owns and operates the Apache Golden Eagle Casino in Apache, Oklahoma . The Golden Eagle Casino was previously closed in 2013 due to a tribal dispute, along with the Silver Buffalo Casino in Anadarko, Oklahoma. Only the Golden Eagle Casino reopened once the dispute was settled. The casino is under the jurisdiction of

2350-416: The two howitzers . His Indian scouts skirmished with about 200 Comanche and Kiowa warriors "mounted and covered with paint and feathers . . . charging backwards and forwards . . . their bodies thrown over the sides of their horses, at a full run, and shooting occasionally under their horses." Dohäsan, assisted by Satank , Guipago and Satanta , led the Kiowas in the first attack. Fierce fighting developed as

2400-517: The windward side to facilitate the exit of the smoke. A low opening is left for a doorway, which is covered with an extra skin used as a drop. The fire-pit and arrangements for beds are the same as in the Ojibwa lodge, grass being used in the place of spruce or hemlock twigs." Lodgepole pine is the preferred wood in the Northern and Central Plains and red cedar in the Southern Plains. Tipis have

2450-845: The winter campgrounds of the Comanches and Kiowas, which were reported to be somewhere in the Palo Duro Canyon of the southern Panhandle area, on the south side of the Canadian River. The Carson expedition was the second invasion of the heart of the Comancheria , after the Antelope Hills expedition . On November 10, 1864, Carson started from Fort Bascom with 260 cavalry, 75 infantry and 72 Ute and Jicarilla Apache scouts that he had recruited from Lucien Maxwell 's ranch near Cimarron , New Mexico. On November 12 Carson's force, accompanied by two mountain howitzers under

2500-520: Was the division or band, a grouping of several gonkas (who would come together, for mutual protection, especially in times of war). In pre-reservation times there were at least four local groups or gonkas who frequently joined together for warring neighboring tribes and settlements. Historically, the tribe was led by an elder council, chiefs, medicine men , and warriors. Women controlled and maintained family belongings, including tipis . Skilled artists joined women's societies. The Plains Apache language

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