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56-633: The Plano Real (" Real Plan", in English ) was a set of measures taken to stabilize the Brazilian economy in 1994, during the presidency of Itamar Franco . Its architects were led by the Minister of Finance and succeeding president Fernando Henrique Cardoso . The Plano Real was based on an analysis of the root causes of hyperinflation in the New Republic of Brazil, that concluded that there

112-497: A bimetallic nickel-brass and cupronickel coin of 1 real. In 2002 cupronickel was replaced with stainless steel for the 50-centavo coin and the central part of the 1-real coin, and the nickel-brass ring was changed to a bronze-plated steel one. In November 2005, the Central Bank discontinued the production of the 1 centavo coins, but the existing ones continue to be legal tender. Retailers now generally round their prices to

168-743: A massive plural and a numerative plural , the first implying a large mass and the second implying division. For example, "the waters of the Atlantic Ocean" versus, "the waters of [each of] the Great Lakes". Ghil'ad Zuckermann uses the term superplural to refer to massive plural. He argues that the Australian Aboriginal Barngarla language has four grammatical numbers: singular, dual, plural and superplural . For example: A given language may make plural forms of nouns by various types of inflection , including

224-518: A collector named Pedro Pinto Balsemão claimed to have found a trial strike of the R$ 1, with a never before seen design, completely different from circulating 1 real coins. Despite the initial skepticism, it was later supposedly confirmed via FOIA  [ pt ] requests and interviews that Casa da Moeda do Brasil had minted trial strikes of the R$ 1 coin prior to the currency design change in 1998, with custom designs that were purposefully different to

280-415: A lesser extent) dual are extremely rare. Languages with numerical classifiers such as Chinese and Japanese lack any significant grammatical number at all, though they are likely to have plural personal pronouns . Some languages (like Mele-Fila ) distinguish between a plural and a greater plural. A greater plural refers to an abnormally large number for the object of discussion. The distinction between

336-422: A managed or "dirty" float, with frequent central bank interventions to manipulate its dollar price. The currency's appreciation was crucial to keep inflation under control. Mainly, it assured the supply of cheap imported products to meet the domestic demand and forced domestic producers to sell at lower prices in order to maintain their market shares. This was especially important in the period immediately following

392-456: A non-circulating currency unit. At the same time, the URV was defined to be worth 2,750 cruzeiros reais, which was the average exchange rate of the U.S. dollar to the cruzeiro real on that day. As a consequence, the real was worth exactly one U.S. dollar as it was introduced; that was equivalent to R$ 10 in 2020. Combined with all previous currency changes in the country's history, this reform made

448-544: A plural form can pull double duty as the singular form (or vice versa), as has happened with the word "data" . The plural is used, as a rule, for quantities other than one (and other than those quantities represented by other grammatical numbers, such as dual, which a language may possess). Thus it is frequently used with numbers higher than one ( two cats , 101 dogs , four and a half hours ) and for unspecified amounts of countable things ( some men , several cakes , how many lumps? , birds have feathers ). The precise rules for

504-631: A plural sense, as in the government are agreed . The reverse is also possible: the United States is a powerful country . See synesis , and also English plural § Singulars as plural and plurals as singular . In part-of-speech tagging notation, tags are used to distinguish different types of plurals based on their grammatical and semantic context. Resolution varies, for example the Penn-Treebank tagset (~36 tags) has two tags: NNS - noun, plural, and NPS - Proper noun, plural , while

560-494: A plural when it means water from a particular source ( different waters make for different beers ) and in expressions like by the waters of Babylon . Certain collective nouns do not have a singular form and exist only in the plural, such as " clothes ". There are also nouns found exclusively or almost exclusively in the plural, such as the English scissors . These are referred to with the term plurale tantum . Occasionally,

616-449: A resumption of heterodox economic policies and rushed to exchange their reais into tangible assets or foreign currencies. The crisis subsided once Lula took office, after he, his finance minister Antonio Palocci , and Arminio Fraga reaffirmed their intention to continue the orthodox macroeconomic policies of his predecessor (including inflation-targeting, primary fiscal surplus and floating exchange rate , as well as continued payments of

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672-417: A sharp increase on domestic interest rates to maintain a positive influx of foreign capitals to local currency bond markets , financing Brazilian expenditures. The real initially appreciated (gained value) against the U.S. dollar as a result of large capital inflows in late 1994 and 1995, reaching as low as 0.83 per U.S. dollar during early 1995. It then began a gradual depreciation process, culminating in

728-410: A watermark instead of the effigy of the republic in order to reduce the risk of such banknotes being used for counterfeiting banknotes at higher denominations. In 2000, the 10 reais commemorative banknote (print "D") was launched, and this banknote was the first polymer banknote to be issued in the country. In 2000 and 2001, the 2 and 20 reais banknotes were launched, respectively, using the sea turtle and

784-408: A word may in fact have a number of plural forms, to allow for simultaneous agreement within other categories such as case , person and gender , as well as marking of categories belonging to the word itself (such as tense of verbs, degree of comparison of adjectives, etc.) Verbs often agree with their subject in number (as well as in person and sometimes gender). Examples of plural forms are

840-406: Is the central bank and the issuing authority. The real replaced the cruzeiro real in 1994. As of April 2019, the real was the twentieth most traded currency. Currencies in use before the current real include: The current real was introduced in 1994 at 1 real = 2,750 cruzeiros reais . The modern real (Portuguese plural reais or English plural reals ) was introduced on 1 July 1994, during

896-579: Is used after zéro . English also tends to use the plural with decimal fractions , even if less than one, as in 0.3 metres , 0.9 children . Common fractions less than one tend to be used with singular expressions: half (of) a loaf , two-thirds of a mile . Negative numbers are usually treated the same as the corresponding positive ones: minus one degree , minus two degrees . Again, rules on such matters differ between languages. In some languages, including English, expressions that appear to be singular in form may be treated as plural if they are used with

952-732: The Brazilian economy and the need for a stronger and safer currency. The new banknotes began to enter circulation in December 2010, coexisting with the older ones. On 29 July 2020, the Central Bank of Brazil announced the release of the 200 reais banknote. It was released into circulation on 2 September 2020. Among the security features of the second series is ultraviolet printing in the design, referred to as "fluorescent elements". These appear and glow under ultraviolet light. Plural Words of other types, such as verbs , adjectives and pronouns , also frequently have distinct plural forms, which are used in agreement with

1008-597: The French mangeons, mangez, mangent – respectively the first-, second- and third-person plural of the present tense of the verb manger . In English a distinction is made in the third person between forms such as eats (singular) and eat (plural). Adjectives may agree with the noun they modify; examples of plural forms are the French petits and petites (the masculine plural and feminine plural respectively of petit ). The same applies to some determiners – examples are

1064-457: The 10 and 25 centavos coins. Additionally, non-circulating commemorative coins have also been minted, with non-standard face values – namely R$ 2, R$ 3, R$ 4 and R$ 20 coins. Although worth more than their face value to collectors, they are nevertheless legal tender . In 1998, a second series of coins was introduced. It featured copper-plated steel coins of 1 and 5 centavos, bronze-plated steel 10 and 25 centavos, cupronickel 50 centavos coin, and

1120-518: The 10 real banknotes in circulation. On 3 February 2010, the Central Bank of Brazil announced the new series of the real banknotes which would begin to be released in April 2010. The new design added security enhancements in an attempt to reduce counterfeiting . The notes have different sizes according to their values to help vision-impaired people. The changes were made reflecting the growth of

1176-405: The 1999 January currency crisis, when the real suffered a maxi-devaluation, and fluctuated wildly. Following this period (1994–1999) of a quasi-fixed exchange rate, an inflation-targeting policy was instituted by new central bank president Arminio Fraga , which effectively meant that the fixed-exchange period was over. However, the currency was never truly "free", being more accurately described as

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1232-999: The 200th anniversary of the Independence of Brazil , in 2022. Instead, the first circulating commemorative coin after the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil was released in 2024, for the 30th anniversary of the Real: Similarly to the first series, non-circulating commemorative coins have also been minted, with the following non-standard face values: R$ 2, R$ 5, R$ 10 and R$ 20 coins. Likewise, even if they are worth more than their face value to collectors, they are nevertheless legal tender . There were 18 types of non-circulating commemorative coins released from 2000 through 2009: From 2010 through 2019, 15 types of non-circulating commemorative coins were released: Since 2020, 3 types of non-circulating commemorative coins were released: In 2011,

1288-434: The French plural definite article les , and the English demonstratives these and those . It is common for pronouns , particularly personal pronouns , to have distinct plural forms. Examples in English are we ( us , etc.) and they ( them etc.; see English personal pronouns ), and again these and those (when used as demonstrative pronouns ). In Welsh, a number of common prepositions also inflect to agree with

1344-501: The addition of affixes , like the English -(e)s and -ies suffixes , or ablaut , as in the derivation of the plural geese from goose , or a combination of the two. Some languages may also form plurals by reduplication , but not as productively. It may be that some nouns are not marked for plural at all, like sheep and series in English. In languages which also have a case system, such as Latin and Russian , nouns can have not just one plural form but several, corresponding to

1400-438: The adoption of the new currency, when the sudden drop in inflation caused a surge in demand. The increased imports, therefore, were essential to avoid demand-side inflationary pressures that would undermine the stabilization plan. Brazilian real The Brazilian real ( pl. reais ; sign : R$ ; code : BRL ) is the official currency of Brazil . It is subdivided into 100 centavos . The Central Bank of Brazil

1456-409: The amounts of 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 reais, in addition to supplementary issues of banknotes ordered abroad in the values of 5, 10 and 50 reais of the print "B" produced abroad by the companies Giesecke+Devrient , Thomas de la Rue and François-Charles Oberthur Fiduciaire respectively. In 1997, modified banknotes of 1 real (print "B"), 5 and 10 reais (print "C") were launched, bearing the national flag as

1512-515: The domestic currency in nominal terms after a string of failed plans to control inflation . It created the Unidade Real de Valor ( Real Unit of Value ), which served as a key step to the implementation of the new (and still current) currency, the real . At first, most academics tended not to believe that the Plan could succeed. Stephen Kanitz was the first public intellectual to predict

1568-558: The dual and paucal can be found in some Slavic and Baltic languages (apart from those that preserve the dual number, such as Slovene ). These are known as "pseudo-dual" and "pseudo-paucal" grammatical numbers. For example, Polish and Russian use different forms of nouns with the numerals 2, 3, or 4 (and higher numbers ending with these ) than with the numerals 5, 6, etc. (genitive singular in Russian and nominative plural in Polish in

1624-459: The election, to about US$ 1 = R$ 5.05 a week after Lula's win. Along with the first series of currency, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10 and 50 centavos and 1 real on 30 June 1994; the 25 centavos piece was soon followed on 30 September 1994 due to the constant lack of change in intermediate values in the centavos range, which caused the validity of the old Cruzeiro and Cruzeiro Real banknotes to be extended for two months beyond what

1680-491: The exchange rate of the local currency to the U.S. dollar . Plano Real then created a non-monetary currency, the Unidade Real de Valor ("URV"), whose value was set to approximately 1 US dollar. All prices were quoted in these two currencies, cruzeiro real and URV, but payments had to be made exclusively in cruzeiros reais. Prices quoted in URV did not change over time, while their equivalent in cruzeiros reais increased nominally every day. The Plano Real intended to stabilize

1736-454: The final product as to avoid leaks. In May 2021, however, Bentes Group published an explanation as to why the "Real Bromélia" was not included in their Brazilian coins catalog. They claim to have done extensive research into the piece, and to have concluded that it is not a trial strike or test coin, but instead a sort of vending machine token with no numismatic value. In 1994, banknotes print "A" were issued by Casa da Moeda do Brasil in

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1792-407: The following years, the currency's value against the dollar followed an erratic but mostly downward path from 1999 until late 2002, when the prospect of the election of leftist candidate Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , considered a radical populist by sectors of the financial markets, prompted another currency crisis and a spike in inflation . Many Brazilians feared another default on government debts or

1848-430: The former case, genitive plural in the latter case). Also some nouns may follow different declension patterns when denoting objects which are typically referred to in pairs. For example, in Polish, the noun " oko ", among other meanings, may refer to a human or animal eye or to a drop of oil on water. The plural of " oko " in the first meaning is " oczy " (even if actually referring to more than two eyes), while in

1904-518: The future success of the Real Plan. A new currency called the real (plural reais ) was introduced on 1 July 1994, as part of a broader plan to stabilize the Brazilian economy, replacing the short-lived cruzeiro real in the process. Then, a series of contracting fiscal and monetary policies was enacted, restricting the government expenses and raising interest rates. By doing so, the country

1960-405: The golden lion tamarin in the watermark and theme, and the 20 reais banknote was the first to make use of holographic elements on the Brazilian banknotes. In 2003, the print "C" of the 1 real banknote was put into circulation, which would have the name "República Federativa do Brasil" at the top in the place where the name "Banco Central do Brasil" was customarily placed, which was placed on the under

2016-708: The lemma form, sometimes combining it with an additional vowel. (In French, however, this plural suffix is often not pronounced.) This construction is also found in German and Dutch, but only in some nouns. Suffixing is cross-linguistically the most common method of forming plurals. In Welsh , the reference form, or default quantity, of some nouns is plural, and the singular form is formed from it, e.g., llygod , mice -> llygoden , mouse; erfin , turnips -> erfinen , turnip. In many languages, words other than nouns may take plural forms, these being used by way of grammatical agreement with plural nouns (or noun phrases ). Such

2072-414: The new real equal to 2.75 × 10 (2.75 quintillion ) of Brazil's original réis . Soon after its introduction, the real unexpectedly gained value against the U.S. dollar, due to large capital inflows in late 1994 and 1995. During that period it attained its maximum dollar value ever, about US$ 1.20 = R$ 1 . Between 1996 and 1998 the exchange rate was tightly controlled by the Central Bank of Brazil , so that

2128-473: The next 5 or 10 centavos. In November 2019, the Central Bank had the Royal Dutch Mint produce 5 centavos and 50 centavos coins, which have a distinctive letter "A" to indicate they weren't minted by Casa da Moeda. On occasion, the Central Bank of Brazil has issued special commemorative versions of some of the standard coins. These commemorative coins are legal tender, and usually differ from

2184-723: The number of their associated nouns. Some languages also have a dual (denoting exactly two of something) or other systems of number categories. However, in English and many other languages, singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers, except for possible remnants of dual number in pronouns such as both and either . In many languages, there is also a dual number (used for indicating two objects). Some other grammatical numbers present in various languages include trial (for three objects) and paucal (for an imprecise but small number of objects). In languages with dual, trial, or paucal numbers, plural refers to numbers higher than those. However, numbers besides singular, plural, and (to

2240-411: The number, person, and sometimes gender of the noun or pronoun they govern. Certain nouns do not form plurals. A large class of such nouns in many languages is that of uncountable nouns , representing mass or abstract concepts such as air , information , physics . However, many nouns of this type also have countable meanings or other contexts in which a plural can be used; for example water can take

2296-554: The obverse of the bill, next to the word real . Such banknote ceased to be issued in 2005. In April 2000, in commemoration of the 500th anniversary of the Portuguese arrival on Brazilian shores, the Brazilian Central Bank released a polymer 10 real banknote that circulated along with the other banknotes above. The Brazilian Mint printed 250 million of these notes, which at the time accounted for about half of

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2352-451: The paucal, the plural, and the greater plural is often relative to the type of object under discussion. For example, in discussing oranges, the paucal number might imply fewer than ten, whereas for the population of a country, it might be used for a few hundred thousand. The Austronesian languages of Sursurunga and Lihir have extremely complex grammatical number systems, with singular, dual, paucal, greater paucal, and plural. Traces of

2408-574: The presidency of Itamar Franco , when Rubens Ricupero was the Minister of Finance as part of a broader plan to stabilize the Brazilian economy , known as the Plano Real . The new currency replaced the short-lived cruzeiro real (CR$ ). The reform included the demonetisation of the cruzeiro real and required a massive banknote replacement. At its introduction, the real was defined to be equal to 1 unidade real de valor (URV, "real value unit")

2464-483: The pseudo-dual as plural of "eyes" עין / עינים ‎ ʿạyin / ʿēnạyim "eye / eyes" as well as "hands", "legs" and several other words are retained. For further information, see Dual (grammatical number) § Hebrew . Certain nouns in some languages have the unmarked form referring to multiple items, with an inflected form referring to a single item. These cases are described with the terms collective number and singulative number . Some languages may possess

2520-589: The public debt). The value of the real in dollars continued to fluctuate but generally upwards, so that by 2005 the exchange was a little over US$ 1 = R$ 2 . In May 2007, for the first time since 2001 (six years), the real became worth more than US$ 0.50 — even though the Central Bank, concerned about its effect on the Brazilian economy, had tried to keep it below that symbolic threshold. Lula started his government in 01/01/2003 with an exchange rate of US$ 1 = R$ 3.52 and finished it in 12/31/2010 with an exchange rate of US$ 1 = R$ 1.66 . The exchange rate as of September 2015

2576-463: The real depreciated slowly and smoothly to the dollar, dropping from near US$ 1 = R$ 1 to about US$ 1 = R$ 1.2 by the end of 1998. In January 1999 the deterioration of the international markets, disrupted by the Russian default , forced the Central Bank, under its new president Arminio Fraga , to float the exchange rate. This decision produced a major devaluation, to a rate of almost US$ 1 = R$ 2 . In

2632-447: The real reached a historical low against the US dollar, being negotiated at US$ 1 = R$ 5.90 . Following Lula 's reelection in the 2022 general elections , the market, which was expected to have reacted poorly, turned out favorable in the first week. The US dollar exchange hit its lowest point since 29 August 2022, dropping from roughly US$ 1 = R$ 5.30 immediately before the second round of

2688-573: The second it is " oka " (even if actually referring to exactly two drops). Traces of dual can also be found in Modern Hebrew . Biblical Hebrew had grammatical dual via the suffix -ạyim as opposed to ־ים ‎ -īm for masculine words . Contemporary use of a true dual number in Hebrew is chiefly used in words regarding time and numbers. However, in Biblical and Modern Hebrew,

2744-517: The standard design only on their reverse side. Until 2009, there were three circulating commemorative coin designs, from 1998, 2002 and 2005: Between 2010 and 2019, many circulating commemorative coins were issued, celebrating the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics . The 50th anniversary of the Central Bank and the 25th anniversary of the Real were also commemorated: There were no circulating commemorative coins for

2800-399: The use of plurals, however, depends on the language – for example Russian uses the genitive singular rather than the plural after certain numbers (see above). Treatments differ in expressions of zero quantity: English often uses the plural in such expressions as no injuries and zero points , although no (and zero in some contexts) may also take a singular. In French, the singular form

2856-481: The various cases. The inflection might affect multiple words, not just the noun; the noun itself need not become plural as such, with other parts of the expression indicating the plurality. In English, the most common formation of plural nouns is by adding an - s suffix to the singular noun. (For details and different cases, see English plurals .) Just like in English, noun plurals in French, Spanish, and Portuguese are also typically formed by adding an -s suffix to

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2912-446: Was US$ 1 = R$ 4.05 . After a period of gradual recovery, it reached US$ 1 = R$ 3 by February 2017. Jair Bolsonaro 's tenure, initially welcomed with enthusiasm by the financial markets, started with US$ 1 = R$ 3.86 . Fueled by meager results of the economy, quick disenchantment followed, resulting in a lack of foreign investments and a real's strong depreciation. On 13 May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic , which deeply affected Brazil,

2968-417: Was able to keep inflation under control for several years. In addition, high interest rates attracted enough foreign capital to finance the current account deficit and increased the country's international reserves. The government put a strong focus on the management of the balance of payments , at first by setting the real at a very high exchange rate relative to the U.S. dollar , and later (in late 1998) by

3024-410: Was both an issue of fiscal policy and severe, widespread inertial inflation . The Plano Real intended to stabilize the domestic currency in nominal terms after a string of failed plans to control inflation . According to economists, one of the causes of inflation in Brazil was the inertial inflation phenomenon. Prices were adjusted on a daily basis according to changes in price indexes and to

3080-406: Was initially intended for the exchange of banknotes and coins until then in circulation for new ones in the pattern that began to circulate in the second half of 1994. All were struck in stainless steel . The coins issued in 1994 are identical in size and weight to the older cruzeiro real coins, save for the 1-centavo piece which corresponded to the even older 1000- cruzeiro coin, as no CR$ 1 coin

3136-458: Was made. This influenced the replacement of this family with a newer one in 1998. The original 1-real coins, produced only in 1994, were demonetized on 23 December 2003, due to frequent counterfeiting . All other coins remain legal tender . In 1995, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Food and Agriculture Organization , the Central Bank of Brazil released two commemorative variants of

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