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84-639: Plav ( Montenegrin : Плав ; Albanian : Plavë ) is a town located in the Northern Region of Montenegro , situated along the Lim River , which originates from nearby Lake Plav , a glacial lake at the foot of the Prokletije mountains . It has a population of 3,717 (2011 census). Plav is the centre of Plav Municipality with a population of 9,050. The name Plav (Плав) is derived from Slavic plav , "a flooded place" ( poplava , "flood"). Plav

168-415: A Ragusan document in 1242. Ragusan archives mention as early as the 13th century; Piçinegus de Berrisina (1278), Petrus de Berisna (1280-1304), his brother Laurentius de Berisna (1280-1304), as well as Piçinegus Pasque de Berrissina, Grubessa de Berisina, Blasius de Berrisina, Pasque de Grubessa de Brissina. Dominko Berisha is mentioned as a mason who worked in the city of Trogir in 1264. In December 1274,

252-616: A "lively Albanian town". In 1878, following the Treaty of Berlin , the city of Plav was ceded to Montenegro by the Ottoman Empire despite being considered by Albanian leaders as Albanian territory. Soon after however, armed resistance by the forces of the League of Prizren and their victory against Montenegrin troops at Battle of Novšiće (1879) prevented the implementation. Ottomans had to cede Ulcinj to Montenegro after pressure from

336-551: A Catholic Albanian tribe, sometimes classified as part of the wider Kuči region, the Pali brotherhood stems from Berisha and settled in that area around 1500. This brotherhood is considered part of Red Berisha . Another brotherhood in modern Montenegro that is taken to be kin with the tribe is the Vušović brotherhood from Velika near Plav . In Luma , the Arrëni tribe is an offshoot of

420-613: A basis for the standard Serbo-Croatian language, was often used instead of the Zeta–South Raška dialect characteristic of most dialects of Montenegro. Petar Petrović Njegoš, one of the most respectable Montenegrin authors, changed many characteristics of the Zeta–South Raška dialect from the manuscript of his Gorski vijenac to those proposed by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić as a standard for the Serbian language . For example, most of

504-629: A case of an Albanian-speaking population shifting to a Slavic-speaking one. The dialect of Albanian that Plav speaks is northwestern Gheg at the west of Plav, and northeastern Gheg at the east of Plav. In the area of the Plav municipality there are 13 sports clubs and societies that are actively engaged in sports and competitions. Some are in the First Montenegrin league and some in the Second Montenegrin league. Sport clubs: Plav

588-537: A distinct language have appeared since 2004 when the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro regime introduced usage of the term. The new constitution, adopted on 19 October 2007, deemed Montenegrin to be the official language of Montenegro. The most recent population census conducted in Montenegro was in 2011. According to it, 36.97% of the population (229,251) declared that their native language

672-538: A language system and thus are allophones rather than phonemes. In addition, there are speakers in Montenegro who do not utter them and speakers of Serbian and Croatian outside of Montenegro (notably in Herzegovina and Bosanska Krajina) who do. In addition, introduction of those letters could pose significant technical difficulties (the Eastern European character encoding ISO/IEC 8859-2 does not contain

756-690: A number of teachers declaring a strike and parents refusing to send their children to schools. The cities affected by the strike included Nikšić , Podgorica , Berane , Pljevlja and Herceg Novi . The new letters had been used for official documents since 2009 but in February 2017, the Assembly of Montenegro removed them from the official webpage. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Montenegrin, written in

840-588: A part of Piperi that traces its origin from Berisha, who are collectively called Berisha i Bardh (White Berisha). In historical record, Berisha and the Old Kuči appear in different areas and timelines as Old Kuči formed part of the tribe of current Kuči, which was based on different ancestral groups in the late 15th century . Nevertheless, if not kin by blood, Montenegrin and Albanian tribes regarded closeness in original or home territory from where someone "came". Therefore, Serbian geographer Andrija Jovićević put forward

924-662: A treaty was signed between the Anjou governor Norjan de Toucy and Albanian nobles, recognising Charles the first as their overlord. One of the signitaries was "Sevasto Tanussio Berissa" In the Dečani chrysobulls 1330, members of this tribe as mentioned as "Sokalnik". A member of the Berisha tribe was appointed as a bishop in the city of Ragusa from the Archbishop of Ragusa in 1342–44. Throughout Kosovo numerous toponyms can be found during

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1008-640: Is a prestige supradialect of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian. The dialect serves as a basis for the Montenegrin language. Some of the dialects are shared with the neighbouring Slavic nations, such as the Eastern Herzegovinian dialect and the Zeta–Raška dialect . The Eastern Herzegovinian dialect is spoken in the majority of Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina , as well as areas in Croatia and Serbia, with Montenegro only partially codifying

1092-473: Is a dialectal phenomenon. Consequently, Montenegrins were obligated to use atypical non-jotized forms such as "djed" (grandfather), "cjedilo" (strainer), "tjerati" (to drive), "sjesti" (to sit), and so on. In subsequent editions, Belić abolished the normative status of the so-called longer endings of pronominal-adjective declension (-ijem, -ijeh) and codified only the short endings. This led Vuk's language model to be gradually abandoned by his followers. Despite

1176-428: Is administrative centre of Plav Municipality , which in 2023 had a population of 9,050. The town of Plav itself has 3,717 citizens. Town The ethnic composition of the municipality in the 2023 census was as follows: 65.64% Bosniaks , 17.08% Serbs , 9.43% Albanians , 4.11% Montenegrins , and 2.61% ethnic Muslims . A total of 1.13% of the population are part of other ethnic groups. Religion in Plav (2023) Islam

1260-673: Is described as vetusta Berrisius familia (ancient family of Berisha). In the siege of Svetigrad , Demetrius Berisha showed great courage when he saved the life of Skanderbeg who was wounded in midst of battle against the armies of Ballaban Pasha. In 1691 the name Berisa is recorded on a map of Francesco Maria Coronelli. In 1841, Nikola Vasojević estimated the Berisha to number 16,000, out of whom 4,000 men-at-arms, but Elsie notes that this very high number probably includes neighbouring tribes. The Austro-Hungarian census in Albania (1918) recorded 171 households with 1,013 inhabitants of Berisha. It

1344-490: Is located at the foot of the Accursed Mountains range, adjacent to the springs of the river Lim . The area contains many lakes and the most known is Lake Plav , one of the largest in this region. The lakes Hrid and Visitor are mountain lakes, and Visitor is noted for its floating island . Plav is also renowned for its karst wells, among which are Ali Pasha of Gucia Springs and Oko Skakavica. Villages in

1428-650: Is mentioned as a debtor in the books of a Ragusan merchant in Novo Brdo. In the Ottoman Defter of 1455, Branka and Radonja Berisha from Gjelekar are found. In Grabovc (Vushtrri) and Bród (Ferizaj) from the Berisha tribe : Vladislav and Stepan, sons of Berisha and other members of their kin are mentioned. In 1467, the Berisha Tribe (Berixasthorum) signed a contract with the Republic of Venice, where

1512-607: Is one of the oldest documented Albanian tribes, first recorded in 1242 in Dulcigno . In the Middle Ages, it was widely spread across northern Albania, southern Montenegro and Kosovo . People who traced their origin to Berisha are also found in the coastal trading hubs of Dalmatia in the Middle Ages. Berisha formed its own territorial community in Pukë in the course of the 14th century. In the apex of feudal development in Albania at

1596-484: Is the predominant religion, particularly among the Bosniak and Albanian communities, while Orthodox Christianity is also practiced, mainly by ethnic Montenegrins and Serbs. Plav is twinned with: Montenegrin language Montenegro's language has historically and traditionally been called either Serbian or Montenegrin. The idea of a standardized Montenegrin standard language separate from Serbian appeared in

1680-590: The Alshiqi are the most numerous). The family name Berisha is derived from the name of the tribe and is particularly common among Albanians in Kosovo. In the 1920s, the whole Berisha tribe in Kosovo, under the leadership of Azem Galica , revolted against the authorities of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . The Berisha are Catholic. Berisha is one of seven tribes of the Pukë highland and one of twelve tribes mentioned as

1764-526: The Declaration on the Common Language , which states that in Montenegro, Croatia, Serbia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina a common polycentric standard language is used, consisting of several standard varieties, similar to the situation of languages like German , English or Spanish . The introduction of the Montenegrin language has been supported by other important academic institutions such as

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1848-882: The Great Powers in 1881. Plav only became part of Montenegro after the First Balkan War in 1912. The entry of the Montenegrin army in 1912-13 and the Yugoslav army after 1919 in Plav-Gusinje was accompanied by repressive policies against the local population. The Montenegrin army captured the region and entered Plav on 19 October and 20 October. Its entry was followed by a period of harsh military administration which until March 1913 had caused up to more than 1,800 killings of mostly local Muslim Albanians and 12,000 forced conversions to Christian Orthodoxy. In 1919, an Albanian revolt, which later came to be known as

1932-691: The Latin alphabet : "Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i savješću i jedni prema drugima treba da postupaju u duhu bratstva." Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Montenegrin, written in Montenegrin Cyrillic alphabet: "Сва људска бића рађају се слободна и једнака у достојанству и правима. Она су обдарена разумом и савјешћу и једни према другима треба да поступају у духу братства." Article 1 of

2016-806: The Matica crnogorska , although meeting opposition from the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts . Some proponents go further. The chief proponent of Montenegrin was Zagreb -educated Vojislav Nikčević , professor at the Department of Language and Literature at the University of Montenegro and the head of the Institute for Montenegrin Language in the capital Podgorica. His dictionaries and grammars were printed by Croatian publishers since

2100-583: The Plav rebellion rose up in the Plav, Gusinje and Rožaje districts, fighting against the inclusion of Sandžak in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . As a result, during the Serbian army's second occupation of Plav, which took place in 1919, Serb forces attacked Albanian populations in Plav and Gusinje, which had appealed to the British government for protection. About 450 local civilians were killed after

2184-561: The Sanjak of Scutari with 18 villages; according to historian Milan Vasić all inhabitants had personal names with a Slavic character, and no Muslim name was present. According to a 16th-century travel record by Antonio Bruni , the inhabitants of the Plav region are partly Albanian and partly Serbian, with a large proportion belonging to historical Albanian and Montenegrin tribes such as the Piperi , Kuči , Kelmendi , and Palabardhi . After

2268-560: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood." Berisha (tribe) 42°09′N 19°54′E  /  42.150°N 19.900°E  / 42.150; 19.900 Berisha is a historical Albanian tribe ( fis ) and region in Pukë , northern Albania . Berisha

2352-401: The accusatives of place used in the Zeta–South Raška dialect were changed by Njegoš to the locatives used in the Serbian standard. Thus the stanzas "U dobro je lako dobar biti, / na muku se poznaju junaci" from the manuscript were changed to "U dobru je lako dobar biti, / na muci se poznaju junaci" in the printed version. Other works of later Montenegrin authors were also often modified to

2436-575: The digraphs ⟨sj⟩ and ⟨zj⟩ . The Ministry of Education has accepted neither of the two drafts of the Council for the Standardization of the Montenegrin language, but instead adopted an alternate third one which was not a part of their work. The Council has criticized this act, saying it comes from "a small group" and that it contains an abundance of "methodological, conceptual and linguistic errors". On 21 June 2010,

2520-674: The ijekavian dialect'. After World War II and until 1992, the official language of Montenegro was Serbo-Croatian. Before that, in the previous Montenegrin realm, the language in use was called Serbian. Serbian was the officially used language in Socialist Republic of Montenegro until after the 1950 Novi Sad Agreement , and Serbo-Croatian was introduced into the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro in 1974. Organizations promoting Montenegrin as

2604-573: The ruling coalition , Movement for Changes , the Bosniaks , and the Liberals , while the pro-Serbian parties voted against it and the Albanian minority parties abstained from voting. The Constitution was ratified and adopted on 19 October 2007, recognizing Montenegrin as the official language of Montenegro. According to a poll of 1,001 Montenegrin citizens conducted by Matica crnogorska in 2014,

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2688-573: The 14th century such as Berishin Dol, Berishtar, Berishofc, Berishtani, Berishane and Berishiç. In 1348, Emperor Stefan Dušan mentions "Berisha's Field" as being near Mushtisht in Kosovo. In the Venetian cadastre of Shkodra in 1416–17, the Catholic cleric Dom Marin Berisha and Pelin Berisha are mentioned as landowners near modern Bërdicë in the location Surlea. In 1434 Paliç Berisha (Paulich Berich)

2772-615: The 18th century onwards. The surname Berisha is common in Puka, Tropoja and Kosovo. The historical tribal area of the Berisha is located in the Pukë district, south of the Drin , west of Fierza , in northern Albania . The centre is the Sapaç river basin, flowing into the Drin. Berisha traditionally borders with Dushmani and Toplana to the west, Bugjoni to the north, Iballë to the east and Kabashi to

2856-484: The 18th century, strengthened by the state and church organization, conditions were created for the establishment of the uncodified Montenegrin literary language as a means of common communication across the territory under the jurisdiction of the state and church. Even before the birth of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić , Ivan-Antun Nenadić from Perast advocated for the phonetic orthographic principle, emphasizing that writing should reflect how people speak and pronounce. This rule

2940-513: The 1990s during the breakup of Yugoslavia through proponents of Montenegrin independence from Serbia and Montenegro . Montenegrin became the official language of Montenegro with the ratification and proclamation of a new constitution in October 2007. The beginnings of Montenegrin literacy date back to 9th century, during the Duklja period, with the establishment of numerous monasteries in

3024-495: The Berisha tribe. Since then, analysis of recorded historical material, linguistics and comparative anthropology have resulted in more historically grounded accounts. Of particular importance is the archival research of Lajos Thallóczy , who found the first historical record of Berisha in the archives of the Republic of Ragusa in 1242. His work allowed for further archival research. Thus, in the following years Baron Nopcsa traced

3108-490: The Berisha. In general, brotherhoods from Berisha are widespread in north-eastern Albania. The Berisha of Tropojë who form three brotherhoods: Isufmemaj, Halilaj, Papaj in the Ottoman period were part of the same bajrak as Kojeli, who are from Mërturi and thus kin to Berisha. The earliest documented ancestor of the Berisha tribe is "Count Valentine Berissa of Ulqin/Nobilibus Viris Dulcinensibus Berissa Comitis" mentioned in

3192-655: The Canaj (Canović), Musajt (Musić), Rekaj (Reković), Mekuli (Mekulović) and Rugova (Rugovac) descend from Kelmendi ; the Shahmanaj (Šahmanović) from Triesh ; the Begani (Beganović), Kasumi (Kasumović), Shalunaj (Šaljunović) from Shala ; Basha (Bašić) and Hoxhaj (Hodžić) from Berisha ; the Kastrat and Hot families from Kastrati and Hoti respectively. In 1675 Evliya Çelebi who visited Plav during this time, described it as

3276-600: The Council for General Education adopted the first Montenegrin Grammar . The first written request for the assignment of an international code was submitted by the Montenegrin authorities to the technical committee ISO 639 in July 2008, with complete paperwork forwarded to Washington in September 2015. After a long procedure, the request was finally approved on Friday, December 8, 2017, and ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 code [cnr]

3360-733: The East Herzegovinian forms in order to follow the Serbian language literary norm. However, some characteristics of the traditional Montenegrin Zeta–South Raška dialect sometimes appeared. For example, the poem Onamo namo by Nikola I Petrović Njegoš , although it was written in the East Herzegovinian Serbian standard, contains several Zeta–South Raška forms: "Onamo namo, za brda ona" ( accusative , instead of instrumental case za brdima onim ), and "Onamo namo, da viđu (instead of vidim ) Prizren" , and so on. Most mainstream politicians and other proponents of

3444-778: The Institute for Montenegrin Language and Linguistics, and the Montenegrin Society of Independent Writers played a crucial role in preserving Montenegrin values. The Declaration on the Constitutional Status of the Montenegrin Language by the Montenegrin PEN Center in 1997 was a significant document emphasizing the autonomy of the Montenegrin language. These efforts culminated in the new Montenegrin Constitution of 2007, where

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3528-568: The Kuči and Berisha were "regarded close", allegedly because the Berisha ancestors settled from Kuči; Konstantin Jireček further recorded about this story that Old Kuči ( Staro Kuči ), which placed a Grča , son of Nenad as its ancestor also placed him as an ancestor of the Berisha tribe. On the contrary, in Berisha it is believed that Old Kuči itself descends from Berisha and is called Berisha i Kuq (Red Berisha) as opposed to Berisha of Pukë, Mërturi and

3612-399: The Latin alphabet due to their existence in Polish , but which must be created ad hoc using combining characters when typesetting Cyrillic. Many literary works of authors from Montenegro provide examples of the local Montenegrin vernacular. The medieval literature was mostly written in Old Church Slavonic and its recensions , but most of the 19th century works were written in some of

3696-445: The Monastery of Prečista Krajinska as a significant center. The Zeta period begins with the fall of Duklja to Serbian rule and extends through the rule of the Balšić and Crnojević families. While there is no consensus on the dating of Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts in present-day Montenegro, it is established that Old Church Slavonic and Cyrillic became dominant during the Zeta period, replacing Glagolitic script . In Zeta

3780-469: The Montenegrin Language, which aims to standardize the Montenegrin language according to international norms. Proceeding documents will, after verification, become a part of the educational programme in Montenegrin schools. The first Montenegrin standard was officially proposed in July 2009. In addition to the letters prescribed by the Serbo-Croatian standard, the proposal introduced two additional letters, ⟨ś⟩ and ⟨ź⟩ , to replace

3864-415: The Montenegrin language gained official status for the first time. The establishment of the Council for the Standardization of the Montenegrin Language in 2008 and the adoption of the Montenegrin Spelling Book in 2009 represent significant steps in the standardization and affirmation of the Montenegrin language. In January 2008, the government of Montenegro formed the Board (Council) for Standardization of

3948-724: The Montenegrin language state that the issue is chiefly one of self-determination and the people's right to call the language what they want, rather than an attempt to artificially create a new language when there is none. The Declaration of the Montenegrin PEN Center states that the " Montenegrin language does not mean a systemically separate language, but just one of four names (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian) by which Montenegrins name their part of [the] Shtokavian system, commonly inherited with Muslims , Serbs and Croats ". Therefore, in 2017, numerous prominent writers, scientists, journalists, activists and other public figures from Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Serbia signed

4032-462: The Montenegrin literary language encompasses the period after World War II, with the improvement of the country's status, the language's standing also improved. Although Montenegro did not gain the right to name its language with its own name, during this period, institutions promoting the Montenegrin language were substantively developed. Associations and organizations like the Montenegrin PEN Center, Matica crnogorska, Duklja Academy of Sciences and Arts,

4116-508: The Venetian nobleman Mariano Bolizza in Cattaro (Kotor), who wrote the Relazione e descrizione del sangiacato di Scutari ("Relations and Description of the Sanjak of Scutari") in 1614 Plav was mostly inhabited by Albanians under the command of Sem Zaus (Cem Çaushi) of Podgorica. The two strongest feudal families in the Plav - Gusinje region (~90 km to the northeast of Gruemirë) trace their origin to Gruemiri . The Rexhepagaj of Plav, Montenegro (now, Redžepagić-Rexhepagiqi) moved to Plav in

4200-413: The ancestry of Berisha with certainty back to 1370 and formulated a probable lineage as far back as 1270. Edith Durham , Baron Nopcsa and others recorded the most widely known oral tradition about the origin of Berisha, which is also part of the tradition of all other tribes in the area. According to it, the tribe's first direct ancestor is Kol Poga, son of Pog Murri, son of Murr Dedi. Kol Poga's brother

4284-421: The beginning of the 1650s where their ancestor took the Muslim name Veli when he converted. Rexhep Aga who gave the name to the family was a great-great-grandson of Veli. The Shabanagaj (now also known as Šabanagić) were related via marriage with the Bushati family of Shkodra . Shaban Aga, their eponymous ancestor was the son-in-law of Sulejman Pasha Bushati , sanjakbey of Shkodra. He was sent in Gusinje as

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4368-446: The coastal region. While traces of Latin and Greek literacy from the Duklja period are partially preserved, there is only indirect evidence of literacy in the Slavic language. The use of Glagolitic script in Duklja was influenced by the strong center of Bulgarian literacy in Ohrid , although some argue that Slavic literature in Duklja was written in Latin script. Literary activity flourished around Lake Skadar during this period, with

4452-480: The commander of the fortress around 1690. The Shabanagaj family owned large estates in Berane . Ali Pasha of Gusinje , commander of the League of Prizren was a Shabanagaj and Jashar Rexhepagiq , pedagogue in Kosovo, was a Rexhepagaj. Many other families in Plav also trace their origin to different historical tribes who migrated to the area. The Ferri (Ferović), Kërcaj (Krcić), Kuçi (Kuč), Medunaj (Medunanjin), Shabaj (Šabović), Toskaj (Toskić) descend from Kuči/Kuçi ;

4536-422: The country's official language to be Montenegrin, but this policy is opposed by the Socialist People's Party of Montenegro , the People's Party , the Democratic Serb Party , the Bosniak Party , and the Movement for Changes as well as by the Serb List coalition led by the Serb People's Party . A referendum was not needed, however, as a two-thirds majority of the parliament voted for the Constitution, including

4620-406: The development of the Montenegrin spoken language, progressively shedding Church Slavonic elements as time passed. The most significant writers during the period of written language emerged in the late Baroque period - Andrija Zmajević in the coastal part Bay of Kotor and Danilo Petrović Njegoš in the continental part Cetinje . Both wrote in the Montenegrin vernacular. From the second half of

4704-470: The dialect. The Zeta–Raška dialect is prevalent in mostly southern Montenegro and parts of the historical region of Raška in Serbia. It is mainly spoken by local ethnic Serbs , Montenegrins, Bosniaks and Muslims. The proponents of the separate Montenegrin language prefer using Gaj's Latin alphabet over the Serbian Cyrillic . In both scripts, the Montenegrin alphabets have two additional letters (bold), which are easier to render in digital typography in

4788-443: The dialects of Montenegro. They include the folk literature collected by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić and other authors, as well as the books of writers from Montenegro such as Petar Petrović Njegoš 's The Mountain Wreath ( Gorski vijenac ), Marko Miljanov 's The Examples of Humanity and Bravery ( Primjeri čojstva i junaštva ), etc. In the second half of the 19th century and later, the Eastern Herzegovinian dialect , which served as

4872-428: The draft of the constitution but did not address the language and church issues, calling them symbolic. The new constitution ratified on 19 October 2007 declared Montenegrin to be the official language of Montenegro, but also gave some recognition to Albanian , Bosnian , Croatian , and Serbian. The ruling Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro and Social Democratic Party of Montenegro stand for simply stating

4956-559: The end of the 13th and during the long 14th century, Berisha was in a process of de-tribalization and reorganization of some branches as feudal families. This process stopped in the wake of the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans in the 15th century and was followed by a strengthening of tribal and kinship ties in the region. Berisha of Pukë is a Catholic fis . In the Ottoman period, brotherhoods ( vllazni ) from Puka settled in parts of Tropojë , some areas of Kosovo and Skopska Crna Gora in Macedonia. These branches converted to Islam starting from

5040-401: The formal acknowledgment of ijekavian in literary language, the interwar period in Montenegro was marked by an increasing use of ekavian . The introduction of ekavian was implemented through education, as textbooks and teaching staff predominantly followed ekavian norms. This is vividly illustrated by writings in the Montenegrin press of that time. The contemporary stage in the development of

5124-548: The government's webpage. In 2004, the government of Montenegro changed the school curriculum so that the name of the mandatory classes teaching the language was changed from "Serbian language" to "Mother tongue (Serbian, Montenegrin, Croatian, Bosnian)". This change was made, according to the government, in order to better reflect the diversity of languages spoken among citizens in the republic and to protect human rights of non-Serb citizens in Montenegro who declare themselves as speakers of other languages. This decision resulted in

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5208-429: The language in Montenegro was officially referred to as Serbian , and the assimilation of the Montenegrin language toward the general štokavian Karadžić model was primarily implemented through textbooks and external teaching staff that wholeheartedly followed the principles of Vuk Karadžić's linguistic reform. Vuk's principle of introducing the vernacular into literature encountered little opposition in Montenegro, as it

5292-400: The letter З, for example, and the corresponding letters were not proposed for Cyrillic). Prime minister Milo Đukanović declared his open support for the formalization of the Montenegrin language by declaring himself as a speaker of Montenegrin in an October 2004 interview with Belgrade daily Politika . Official Montenegrin government communiqués are given in English and Montenegrin on

5376-585: The linguistic demographics were: According to an early 2017 poll, 42.6% of Montenegro's citizens have opted for Serbian as the name of their native language, while 37.9% for Montenegrin. A declaration of Montenegrin as their native language is not confined to ethnic Montenegrins. According to the 2011 census, a proportion of other ethnic groups in Montenegro have also claimed Montenegrin to be their native language. Most openly, Matica Muslimanska called on Muslims living in Montenegro to name their native language as Montenegrin. Montenegrins speak Shtokavian , which

5460-422: The local language of medieval Zeta, influencing Bosnian and Serbian redactions. Despite being erroneously labeled as Zeta-Hum redaction, it originated in Zeta and then spread to Hum. The period of written language spans from the late 15th to the 18th century. During this time, written language represents the written realization of the local spoken language. In new socio-historical circumstances in Montenegro, there

5544-525: The major Montenegrin publishing houses such as Obod in Cetinje opted for the official nomenclature specified in the Constitution (Serbian until 1974, Serbo-Croatian to 1992, Serbian until 2007). Nikčević advocates amending the Latin alphabet with three letters Ś, Ź, and З and corresponding Cyrillic letters С́, З́ and Ѕ (representing IPA [ ɕ ] , [ ʑ ] and [ dz ] respectively). Opponents acknowledge that these sounds can be heard by many Montenegrin speakers, however, they do not form

5628-424: The municipality include Gusinje. The toponym Hotina Gora (mountains of Hoti) in the Plav and Gusinje regions on the Lim river basin in 1330 is the first mention of the Hoti name in historical records in the chrysobulls of Dečani. Šufflay considers this region as the original area of settlement of Hoti from which they moved southwards. The Ottoman census organised in 1582-83 registered the Plav nahiyah within

5712-418: The narrative that the Kuči were "kin" to Kastrati, Berisha and Kelmendi because their distant ancestor once, ostensibly, settled in the same general area as Kuči. In later times, one brotherhood of Kuči, the Drekaloviči traced their descent to Berisha. In turn, from them a part of the Kastrati trace their origin. Thus, these groups have the custom of avoiding intermarriage with each other. In Koja e Kuçit ,

5796-400: The period in question, the highest achievement of such literary language is seen in the letters of Petar I Petrović-Njegoš . As a result of Vuk Karadžić's linguistic reform, during the transitional period of the Montenegrin language (from the 1830s to World War I), significant changes occurred, and some typical Montenegrin linguistic features were officially abolished. Throughout this period,

5880-483: The phase marked by the influence of Serbian linguist Aleksandar Belić , between the two World Wars. Montenegrin linguistic peculiarities, preserved in the literary style in the first two decades of the 20th century, were assimilated into the common "Serbo-Croatian" linguistic template in the new socio-historical framework. Although Belić's Orthography from 1923 formally allowed the use of ijekavian , he emphasized in that edition and subsequent ones that jekavian jotization

5964-448: The reach of the mentioned reform, entering the 20th century with preserved foundational Montenegrin language characteristics. The preservation of typical Montenegrin language features in the literary style is evident in the works of three representative figures from that period: Petar II Petrović Njegoš , Stefan Mitrov Ljubiša , and Marko Miljanov Popović . The most significant changes in the Montenegrin literary language occurred during

6048-532: The representative of the tribe Helias Bossi was granted the flag of Saint Mark (Vadit pars quod sub nostra obedient ia accipiantur et mittatur eis Insigne sancti Marci in ...) as well as a Pellanda (Item Illustrissimis Helyas Induatur una veste veluti more suo). Marin Barleti in his book published in 1508, mentions two Berisha brothers as notable commanders of Skanderbeg . These are the brothers, Demetrius (Dhimitër) and Nicola (Nikollë) Berisha. The family itself

6132-492: The school year 1863/64, Montenegro began the continuous implementation of Karadžić's linguistic reform in Cetinje schools. This reform would ultimately achieve a definitive victory in Montenegro by the end of the 19th century, primarily in administrative, journalistic, and scientific styles. The literary style, which retained fundamental Montenegrin linguistic features, resisted this process the longest and mostly remained beyond

6216-465: The south. The main settlements are Berisha e Vogël (Lower Berisha), Shopël and Berisha e Epërme (Upper Berisha). Its inhabitants are called Berishas . In terms of administrative division, Berisha is part of the Iballë municipal unit of Fushë-Arrëz . Oral traditions and fragmentary stories were collected and interpreted by writers who travelled in the region in the 19th century about the early history of

6300-451: The uprising was quelled. These events resulted in a large influx of Albanians migrating to Albania . Plav is almost entirely Muslim and either Slavic-speaking or Albanian-speaking. The Slavic dialect of Gusinje and Plav shows very high structural influence from Albanian. Its uniqueness in terms of language contact between Albanian and Slavic is explained by the fact that most Slavic-speakers in today's Plav are of Albanian origin, representing

6384-542: The vast majority of the population declared Serbian to be their native language. Such had also been the case with the first recorded population census in Montenegro, in 1909, when approximately 95% of the population of the Principality of Montenegro claimed Serbian as their native language. According to the Constitution of Montenegro , the official language of the republic since 1992 has been 'Serbian language of

6468-520: Was Lekë Poga, ancestor of Mërturi . Pog Murri's brother was Dit Murri, ancestor of Shala , Shoshi and Mirdita . The grandfather of Kol Poga, Berisha's ancestor, Murr Dedi was also the progenitor of the Thaçi and Toplana tribes. Berisha of Pukë form four brotherhoods, all of whom trace their origin to Kol Poga: Tetaj (Teta), Maroj (Poga), Deskaj (Desku), Doçaj (Doçi). In Montenegro, Marko Miljanov from Kuči wrote in his book about his home region that

6552-468: Was Montenegrin, and 42.88% (265,895) declared it to be Serbian. Mijat Šuković , a prominent Montenegrin lawyer, wrote a draft version of the constitution which passed the parliament's constitutional committee. Šuković suggested that Montenegrin be declared the official language of Montenegro . The Venice Commission , an advisory body of the Council of Europe , had a generally positive attitude towards

6636-567: Was a gradual shift towards the reintegration of the Montenegrin language with a popular basis. However, Old Church Slavonic continued to be used in the Orthodox Church for a long time. In this phase, Old Church Slavonic books and Cyrillic script dominated. Yet, in the coastal region, the influence of the Montenegrin type of Old Church Slavonic had little impact on the literature of the period, where Latin and Italian language prevailed. The written language in secular use continued to follow

6720-565: Was already present there before Vuk. However, the complete acceptance of all aspects of this reform did not proceed smoothly, leading to divisions among Montenegrin cultural figures. In lengthy debates, Jovan Pavlović (a consistent follower of Vuk) and Lazar Tomanović stood out, with Tomanović advocating for the introduction of graphemes ś and ź. Đuro Špadijer, in his Serbian Grammar (intended for 3rd and 4th grades in Montenegrin elementary schools), introduced some characteristics considered by Vuk's model as dialectal and provincial. However, from

6804-460: Was applied early in Montenegrin literature, making it unsurprising that Vuk Karadžić's linguistic reforms were later accepted without significant issues. In the period of the uncodified Montenegrin literary language, three styles can be observed: literary, business, and scientific, all formed in the process of spontaneous Montenegrin linguistic standardization. Montenegrin literature, both linguistically and thematically, originated from everyday life. In

6888-423: Was assigned to the Montenegrin language, effective December 21, 2017. The language remains an ongoing issue in Montenegro. In the census of 1991, the vast majority of Montenegrin citizens, 510,320 or 82.97%, declared themselves speakers of the then-official language: Serbo-Croatian . The earlier 1981 population census had also recorded a Serbo-Croatian-speaking majority. However, in the first Communist censuses,

6972-684: Was established a printing press by Đurađ Crnojević , starting in Obod and later moving to Cetinje . This press produced five incunabula , making Montenegro one of the four Slavic nations with incunabula in their language. During this period there was a development of the Zetan (Montenegrin) redaction of Old Church Slavonic, exemplified by the Miroslavljevo Gospel from the 12th century, written in Kotor . This redaction adapted Old Church Slavonic to

7056-596: Was later said that the population was 2,300. Some members of the Berisha tribe migrated to Kosovo , mostly to the region of Gjakova , and converted to Islam . According to British intelligence report, the reason for this migration was the small size of the territory this tribe controlled. The feast of the Catholic Berisha who lived in villages around Peć was the Assumption of Mary (to which they refer to as Zoja e Berishes , or Zoja e Alshiqes , because

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