A motion detector is an electrical device that utilizes a sensor to detect nearby motion ( motion detection ). Such a device is often integrated as a component of a system that automatically performs a task or alerts a user of motion in an area. They form a vital component of security, automated lighting control , home control, energy efficiency , and other useful systems. It can be achieved by either mechanical or electronic methods. When it is done by natural organisms, it is called motion perception .
31-585: The PlayStation Camera is a motion sensor and camera accessory for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 , developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to the PlayStation Eye for the PlayStation 3 , which was released in 2007. It is also the motion sensor used to track the PlayStation VR virtual reality headset . On February 21, 2013, a day after the PlayStation 4
62-427: A delay time before switching. This delay time is often user-selectable, but a typical default value is 15 minutes. This means that the sensor must detect no motion for the entire delay time before the lights are switched. Most systems switch lights off at the end of the delay time, but more sophisticated systems with dimming technology reduce lighting slowly to a minimum level (or zero) over several minutes, to minimize
93-509: A sensor and only senses a signature from the moving object via emission or reflection. Changes in the optical, microwave or acoustic field in the device's proximity are interpreted by the electronics based on one of several technologies. Most low-cost motion detectors can detect motion at distances of about 4.6 metres (15 ft). Specialized systems are more expensive but have either increased sensitivity or much longer ranges. Tomographic motion detection systems can cover much larger areas because
124-410: A sensor selective to traffic in the path toward the door is superior. These systems sense disturbances to radio waves as they pass from node to node of a mesh network. They have the ability to detect over large areas completely because they can sense through walls and other obstructions. RF tomographic motion detection systems may use dedicated hardware, other wireless-capable devices or a combination of
155-567: A separate transmitter and receiver processing 20,200 cycles per second of sound energy. Mr. Fraser was employed by and developed the device for the Embarcadero Center high-rise office complex in San Francisco, and as such employee did not profit from the invention. He took the concept to Unisec security devices and had them build a single piece transceiver based on 277VAC - the level of electricity used for commercial lighting in
186-405: A spaces with access to daylight the occupant may decide on their return that they no longer require supplemental electric light. Originally invented by Kevin D. Fraser of San Francisco. The prototype utilized existing ultrasonic intrusion alarm technology coupled to conventional industrial timers, with basic switching elements. First prototype was crafted on a plywood base; the first model required
217-656: A weight of 183 grams (6.5 oz). It records video in RAW and YUV formats and connects to the console via its specified port. The following is a list of PlayStation 4 games and software with Camera functionality, some of which were not specifically developed for the PlayStation Camera. All PlayStation VR games require the camera for head tracking as well as the Move controllers, if they are used. The PlayStation 4 system menu supports motion controls and voice commands via
248-489: Is panning , or when a specific object's motion must be detected in a field containing other, irrelevant movement—for example, a painting surrounded by visitors in an art gallery . With a panning camera, models based on optical flow are used to distinguish between apparent background motion caused by the camera's movement and that of independently moving objects. Photodetectors and infrared lighting elements can support digital screens to detect hand motions and gestures with
279-491: Is conserved by only powering the lights for the duration of a timer, after which the person has presumably left the area. A motion detector may be among the sensors of a burglar alarm that is used to alert the home owner or security service when it detects the motion of a possible intruder. Such a detector may also trigger a security camera to record the possible intrusion. Motion controllers are also used for video game consoles as game controllers . A camera can also allow
310-536: Is no longer detected. Occupancy sensor types include: Motion sensors are often used in indoor spaces to control electric lighting. If no motion is detected, it is assumed that the space is empty, and thus does not need to be lit. Turning off the lights in such circumstances can save substantial amounts of energy. In lighting practice occupancy sensors are sometime also called "presence sensors" or "vacancy sensors". Some occupancy sensors (e.g. LSG's Pixelview, Philips Lumimotion, Ecoamicatechs Sirius etc.) also classify
341-524: The depth perception of objects in its field of vision, akin to the Xbox 's Kinect peripheral. Alternatively, one of the cameras can be used for recording video, and the other for motion tracking . The camera features a four-channel microphone array, which reduces background noise and may even be used to receive voice commands. It is 186 mm × 27 mm × 27 mm (7.3 in × 1.1 in × 1.1 in) (width × height × depth), with
SECTION 10
#1732780747648372-533: The Embarcadero Center complex. Four hundred of these units were installed under a newly named UNENCO brand, and installed in the bathrooms of the four high-rise towers. This was an immediate success. This application received Congressional Mention for Kevin Fraser's efforts, as well as various Pacific Gas & Electric awards. Noted local columnist Herb Cain made mention that one should not sit too long in
403-877: The PIR sensor is tripped, it activates a microwave sensor. If the latter also picks up an intruder, then the alarm is sounded. Occupancy sensor An occupancy sensor is an indoor device used to detect the presence of a person. Applications include automatic adjustment of lights or temperature or ventilation systems in response to the quantity of people present. The sensors typically use infrared , ultrasonic , microwave , or other technology. The term encompasses devices as different as PIR sensors , hotel room keycard locks and smart meters . Occupancy sensors are typically used to save energy , provide automatic control, and comply with building codes. A vacancy sensor works like an occupancy sensor, however, lights must be manually turned ON, but will automatically turn OFF when motion
434-474: The PlayStation 4 console, leading to shortages of stock supply. It was estimated that 15% of PlayStation 4 owners also owned a PlayStation Camera. Alongside the unveiling of the PlayStation 4 Pro and PlayStation 4 Slim on September 7, 2016, a design revision of the PlayStation Camera was unveiled for release on September 15, 2016. The new design has a cylindrical shape instead of the rectangular shape of
465-410: The PlayStation Camera (the latter is supported using any microphone). Since the release of PlayStation VR virtual reality headset on October 13, 2016 the PlayStation Camera is used as a major component of the PlayStation VR system. The camera detects LEDs embedded in the headset for the purposes of motion tracking. A USB dongle is required for the camera to be used on the PlayStation 5. This dongle
496-477: The aid of machine learning algorithms. Many modern motion detectors use combinations of different technologies. While combining multiple sensing technologies into one detector can help reduce false triggering, it does so at the expense of reduced detection probabilities and increased vulnerability. For example, many dual-tech sensors combine both a PIR sensor and a microwave sensor into one unit. For motion to be detected, both sensors must trip together. This lowers
527-463: The body's movements to be used for control, such as in the Kinect system. Motion can be detected by monitoring changes in: Several types of motion detection are in wide use: Passive infrared (PIR) sensors are sensitive to a person's skin temperature through emitted black-body radiation at mid-infrared wavelengths, in contrast to background objects at room temperature. No energy is emitted from
558-401: The camera and computer is needed. Since the observed field may be normally illuminated, this may be considered another passive technology. However, it can also be used together with near-infrared illumination to detect motion in the dark , that is, with the illumination at a wavelength undetectable by a human eye. More complex algorithms are necessary to detect motion when the camera itself
589-441: The keys of a typewriter use a mechanical method of detecting motion, where each key is a switch that is either off or on, and each letter that appears is a result of the key's motion. These detect motion through the principle of Doppler radar , and are similar to a radar speed gun . A continuous wave of microwave radiation is emitted, and phase shifts in the reflected microwaves due to motion of an object toward (or away from)
620-469: The number of occupants, their direction of motion, etc., through image processing. Pixelview is a camera-based occupancy sensor, using a camera that is built into each light fixture. Occupancy sensors for lighting control typically use infrared (IR), ultrasonic, tomographic motion detection, microwave sensors, or camera-based sensors (image processing). The field of view of the sensor must be carefully selected/adjusted so that it responds only to motion in
651-449: The original revision, and now features a stand that can be used to adjust the camera's angle, instead of a movable part of the camera itself. PlayStation Camera has two 1280×800 pixel cameras with lenses having an f f / 2.0, with a 30 cm focusing distance, and an 85° field of view . With the dual camera setup, the camera can operate at different modes, depending on the target application. The two cameras can be used together for
SECTION 20
#1732780747648682-428: The potential disruption in adjacent spaces. If lights are off and an occupant re-enters a space, most current systems switch lights back on when motion is detected. However, systems designed to switch lights off automatically with no occupancy, and that require the occupant to switch lights on when they re-enter are gaining in popularity due to their potential for increased energy savings. These savings accrue because in
713-492: The probability of a false alarm since heat and light changes may trip the (passive infrared) PIR but not the microwave, or moving tree branches may trigger the microwave but not the PIR. If an intruder is able to fool either the PIR or microwave, however, the sensor will not detect it. Often, PIR technology is paired with another model to maximize accuracy and reduce energy use. PIR draws less energy than emissive microwave detection, and so many sensors are calibrated so that when
744-498: The radio waves it senses are at frequencies which penetrate most walls and obstructions, and are detected in multiple locations. Motion detectors have found wide use in commercial applications. One common application is activating automatic door openers in businesses and public buildings. Motion sensors are also widely used in lieu of a true occupancy sensor in activating street lights or indoor lights in walkways, such as lobbies and staircases. In such smart lighting systems, energy
775-466: The receiver result in a heterodyne signal at a low audio frequency . An ultrasonic transducer emits an ultrasonic wave (sound at a frequency higher than a human ear can hear) and receives reflections from nearby objects. Exactly as in Doppler radar , heterodyne detection of the received field indicates motion. The detected doppler shift is also at low audio frequencies (for walking speeds) since
806-430: The sensor, thus the name passive infrared . This distinguishes it from the electric eye for instance (not usually considered a motion detector ), in which the crossing of a person or vehicle interrupts a visible or infrared beam. These devices can detect objects, people, or animals by picking up one's infrared radiation. The most basic forms of mechanical motion detection utilize a switch or trigger. For example,
837-482: The space served by the controlled lighting. For example, an occupancy sensor controlling lights in an office should not detect motion in the corridor outside the office. Tomographic motion detection systems have the unique benefit of detecting motion through walls and obstructions, yet do not trigger as easily from motion on the outside of the detection area like traditional microwave sensors. Sensors and their placement are never perfect, therefore most systems incorporate
868-417: The two. Other wireless capable devices can act as nodes on the mesh after receiving a software update. With the proliferation of low-cost digital cameras able to shoot video, it is possible to use the output of such a camera to detect motion in its field of view using software . This solution is particularly attractive when the intent is to record video triggered by motion detection, as no hardware beyond
899-481: The ultrasonic wavelength of around a centimeter is similar to the wavelengths used in microwave motion detectors. One potential drawback of ultrasonic sensors is that the sensor can be sensitive to motion in areas where coverage is undesired, for instance, due to reflections of sound waves around corners. Such extended coverage may be desirable for lighting control, where the goal is the detection of any occupancy in an area, but for opening an automatic door, for example,
930-404: Was announced, a camera was revealed to be in development for the PlayStation 4, nicknamed the "PlayStation 4 Eye" after its predecessor, the PlayStation Eye . It was also featured in the trailer that teased the PlayStation 4. The PlayStation Camera was released on November 15, 2013, alongside the PlayStation 4. In March 2014, Sony announced that over 900,000 PlayStation Cameras were sold alongside
961-408: Was freely available from Sony directly, provided the user could supply the serial number of their VR breakout box, but as of Nov. 26, 2024 this adapter will no longer be provided by Sony, although third-party options also exist. Motion sensing An active electronic motion detector contains an optical, microwave, or acoustic sensor, as well as a transmitter. However, a passive contains only