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47-692: Plimoth Patuxet is a complex of living history museums in Plymouth, Massachusetts founded in 1947, formerly Plimoth Plantation . It replicates the original settlement of the Plymouth Colony established in the 17th century by the English colonists who became known as the Pilgrims . They were among the first people who emigrated to America to seek religious separation from the Church of England . It

94-532: A master's degree is not usually required, a background or degree in history, public history , museum studies , or education is beneficial. The average salary for full-time museum workers in the United States was $ 44,430 in 2019. A large part of the competencies acquired by the interpreter are gained through experience and on-the-job-training at each individual site. The main interpretative technique of living history museums, aside from exhibitions, are

141-493: A wave of name changes caused by the George Floyd protests that year meant to be more inclusive. While the word "plantation" historically referred to a type of colony , and this was the sense intended for Plimoth Plantation, it soon came to refer to a type of farming estate established to grow cash crops, and in the modern era has become popularly associated with those plantations that employed slave labor , especially in

188-659: A background in history, public history, museum studies, or education, and conduct significant historical research in order to effectively and accurately provide interpretation to the public. Freeman Tilden, a National Park Service Interpreter known as the father of interpretation, wrote Interpreting Our Heritage in 1957. His book is one of the first comprehensive instructional texts on the subject of interpretation and outlines six basic interpretative principles that are still taught today in interpretive training sessions nationwide. The six principles of interpretation are: Scholars and museum professionals have done significant work exploring

235-528: A certain idealized image. One such example is Wichita's Old Cowtown Museum, which in its small, rural representation of Wichita resembles Western movies and Wild West myths more than the bustling urban city that Wichita quickly became. This living history narrative developed because of the availability of small historical buildings and inaccurate replicas, prodding from the city, and the influence of Hollywood. Museum professionals must grapple with these issues of conflicting audience and institutional needs which impact

282-544: A constantly changing past. It additionally was affirmed by the ALHFAM that they also support Dr. Scott Magelssen's idea that living history museums produce history as others do, such as teachers in classrooms, authors in monographs, and even directors in film. Costume Costume is the distinctive style of dress and/or makeup of an individual or group that reflects class, gender, occupation, ethnicity, nationality, activity or epoch—in short, culture . The term also

329-509: A costumed historian will say that "I am making cornbread". Third-person interpretation does not limit the costumed historian to a particular historical character or time period and maintain a working knowledge of both the past and present. Instead, they represent a gender, status, and occupation. Plimoth Plantation employs third-person interpretation at the Wampanoag Homesite where, although dressed in historically accurate clothing,

376-462: A culture's unique attributes. They are often a source of national pride. Examples include the Scottish kilt , Turkish Zeybek , or Japanese kimono . In Bhutan there is a traditional national dress prescribed for men and women, including the monarchy. These have been in vogue for thousands of years and have developed into a distinctive dress style. The dress worn by men is known as Gho which

423-563: A final costume. Wearing costumes is an important part of holidays developed from religious festivals such as Mardi Gras (in the lead up to Easter ), and Halloween (related to All Hallow's Eve ). Mardi Gras costumes usually take the form of jesters and other fantasy characters; Halloween costumes traditionally take the form of supernatural creatures such as ghosts , vampires , pop-culture icons and angels . Halloween costumes developed from pre-Christian religious traditions: to avoid being terrorized by evil spirits walking

470-856: A fort on Plymouth's waterfront. Since then, the museum has grown to include the Mayflower II , a 1957 replica of the Mayflower , the English Village (1959), the Wampanoag Homesite (1973), the Hornblower Visitor Center (1987), the Craft Center (1992), the Maxwell and Nye Barns (1994), and the Plimoth Grist Mill (2013). Alongside the settlement is a recreation of a Wampanoag home site, where Indians from

517-401: A gathering or convention. A significant number of these costumes are homemade and unique, and depend on the character, idea, or object the costume wearer is attempting to imitate or represent. The costumes themselves are often artistically judged to how well they represent the subject or object that the costume wearer is attempting to contrive. Costume design is the envisioning of clothing and

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564-421: A living history activity and the piece of the past it is meant to re-create. A major difference between living history museums and other historical interpretation is that at living history sites, the interpretation is usually given in the first-person present, versus the third-person past narratives given at other sites. Living history museums seek to convey to visitors the experience of what it felt like to live in

611-436: A particular style of clothing worn to portray the wearer as a character or type of character at a social event in a theatrical performance on the stage or in film or television. In combination with other aspects of stagecraft, theatrical costumes can help actors portray characters' and their contexts as well as communicate information about the historical period/era, geographic location and time of day, season or weather of

658-474: A space, or portraying a historical character, they are also involved in the research process that aides the site interpretation. Full-time staff interpreters develop public programs, tours, and write scripts for interpretative panels, pamphlets, and videos. They often work closely with the curatorial and educational staff to collaborate on ideas about collection tours, school tours , educational programs, and site interpretation. Supervisors are also responsible for

705-515: A variety of tribes explain and demonstrate how the Wampanoags' ancestors lived. The museum grounds at Plimoth Patuxet also include Nye Barn where historical breeds of livestock are kept, a crafts center where many objects are created for use in the village exhibits, a cinema where educational videos are shown, a Colonial Education site for youth and adult groups, and a visitors' center with indoor exhibits and educational programs. The two houses on

752-427: A word of Japanese origin that in English is short for "costume display" or "costume play", is a performance art in which participants wear costumes and accessories to represent a specific character or idea that is usually always identified with a unique name (as opposed to a generic word). These costume wearers often interact to create a subculture centered on role play, so they can be seen most often in play groups, or at

799-411: Is a not-for-profit museum supported by administrations, contributions, grants, and volunteers. The recreations are based upon a wide variety of first-hand and second-hand records, accounts, articles, and period paintings and artifacts, and the museum conducts ongoing research and scholarship, including historical archaeological excavation and curation locally and abroad. In the English Village section of

846-463: Is a robe worn up to knee-length and is fastened at the waist by a band called the Kera . The front part of the dress which is formed like a pouch, in olden days was used to hold baskets of food and short dagger, but now it is used to keep cell phone, purse and the betel nut called Doma . The dress worn by women consist of three pieces known as Kira , Tego and Wonju . The long dress which extends up to

893-878: Is an 80 year old association of professional costumers and costume shops. The Costume Designer is a quarterly magazine devoted to the costume design industry. Notable costume designers include recipients of the Academy Award for Best Costume Design , Tony Award for Best Costume Design , and Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Costume Design . Edith Head and Orry-Kelly , both of whom were born late in 1897, were two of Hollywood's most notable costume designers. Professional-grade costumes are typically designed and produced by costume companies who can design and create unique costumes. These companies have often been in business for over 100 years, and continue to work with individual clients to create professional quality costumes. Professional costume houses rent and sell costumes for

940-448: Is important for a technician to keep the ideas of the designer in mind when building the garment. Draping is the art of manipulating the fabric using pins and hand stitching to create structure on a body. This is usually done on a dress form to get the adequate shape for the performer . Cutting is the act of laying out fabric on a flat surface, using scissors to cut and follow along a pattern. These pieces are put together to create

987-604: Is popular; in the Netherlands, the costume of Zwarte Piet is customary. Easter costumes are associated with the Easter Bunny or other animal costumes . In Judaism , a common practice is to dress up on Purim . During this holiday, Jews celebrate the change of their destiny. They were delivered from being the victims of an evil decree against them and were instead allowed by the King to destroy their enemies. A quote from

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1034-671: The Book of Esther , which says: "On the contrary" ( Hebrew : ונהפוך הוא ) is the reason that wearing a costume has become customary for this holiday. Buddhist religious festivals in Tibet , Bhutan , Mongolia and Lhasa and Sikkim in India perform the Cham dance , which is a popular dance form utilising masks and costumes. Parades and processions provide opportunities for people to dress up in historical or imaginative costumes. For example, in 1879

1081-643: The furry fandom , where the costumes are referred to as fursuits and match one's animal persona, or " fursona ". Costumes also serve as an avenue for children to explore and role-play. For example, children may dress up as characters from history or fiction, such as pirates, princesses , cowboys, or superheroes. They may also dress in uniforms used in common jobs, such as nurses, police officers, or firefighters, or as zoo or farm animals. Young boys tend to prefer costumes that reinforce stereotypical ideas of being male, and young girls tend to prefer costumes that reinforce stereotypical ideas of being female. Cosplay ,

1128-636: The Colonial Education site were built for the PBS show Colonial House , which was filmed in Maine . Following the filming, the museum disassembled the houses and reconstructed them at on their current site. The roof of the Cooke House was destroyed by a fire from a fireplace on November 19, 2011, and the building had to be demolished. Mayflower II is docked near Plymouth Rock and is also under

1175-645: The Earth during the harvest festival Samhain , the Celts donned disguises. In the eighth century, Pope Gregory VIII designated November 1 as All Saints Day, and the preceding days as All Hallows Eve; Samhain's costuming tradition was incorporated into these Christian holidays. Given the Catholic and pagan roots of the holiday, it has been repudiated by some Protestants. However, in the modern era, Halloween "is widely celebrated in almost every corner of American life," and

1222-680: The South . Officials stated that discussions had been ongoing for more than a year to assess whether the existing name reflected "the full, multivalent history that is at the core of the museum's mission." While a new name was not yet revealed, the museum began using a new logo that read "Plimoth Patuxet" instead of "Plimoth Plantation". 41°56′20.64″N 70°37′33.69″W  /  41.9390667°N 70.6260250°W  / 41.9390667; -70.6260250 Living history museum A costumed historian has many roles and responsibilities at historical sites. In addition to conducting tours, interpreting

1269-482: The ankle is Kira. The jacket worn above this is Tego which is provided with Wonju, the inner jacket. However, while visiting the Dzong or monastery a long scarf or stoll, called Kabney is worn by men across the shoulder, in colours appropriate to their ranks. Women also wear scarfs or stolls called Rachus , made of raw silk with embroidery, over their shoulder but not indicative of their rank. Costume often refers to

1316-510: The artist Hans Makart designed costumes and scenery to celebrate the wedding anniversary of the Austro-Hungarian Emperor and Empress and led the people of Vienna in a costume parade that became a regular event until the mid-twentieth century. Uncle Sam costumes are worn on Independence Day in the United States. The Lion Dance , which is part of Chinese New Year celebrations, is performed in costume. Some costumes, such as

1363-476: The care of the museum. Museum employees in modern dress interpret history to guests from a third-person perspective. In July 2020, officials announced that the museum would be renamed, noting that their plan, "for some time, has been to announce a new name for the Museum later this year as we commemorate the 400th anniversary (1620–2020) of the Pilgrims' arrival on the shores of historic Patuxet ." It coincided with

1410-438: The character being portrayed. Since the interpreters are representing a historical character during a particular time period, their knowledge and therefore how they interact with the public, is limited to their designated character and historic time period. For example, interpreters at the English Village at Plimoth Plantation are first-person interpreters who portray some of the original residents of Plymouth Colony. For example,

1457-444: The costumed historians speak from a modern perspective about Wampanoag history and culture. For example, a costumed historian will say that "They ate a healthy, seasonally varied diet that included corn, beans, squash, fish, venison, fruit, and vegetables". Both first- and third-person costumed historians participate in demonstrating and performing daily tasks and crafts of the time period. Most interpreters at living history sites have

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1504-623: The demand for complicated or intimate female costume, including millinery and corsetry . Derived from the Italian language and passed down through French , the term "costume" shares its origins with the word signifying fashion or custom. Variedly, the term "costume," indicating clothing exclusively from the eighteenth century onward, can be traced back to the Latin consuetudo, meaning "custom" or "usage." National costume or regional costume expresses local (or exiled ) identity and emphasizes

1551-625: The different interpretation styles, how the museum presents and explains the role of the costumed historian, and how the interaction between visitor and costumed interpreter impacts the visitor's overall museum experience. Jay Anderson, in his 1984 book, Time Machines: The World of Living History, defines living history as an “attempt by people to simulate life in another time” and stresses its importance within American culture. He argues that living history museums function as powerful “time machines” that transport visitors both mentally and emotionally into

1598-410: The extensive training of new staff members, volunteers, and interns. As a career, historical interpretation positions do not usually require the applicant to have a specific degree or background. Prospective employers are looking for interpreters who have good communication skills and are comfortable speaking in front of large audiences. They should also possess strong research and writing skills. While

1645-413: The museum, trained first-person ("historical") interpreters speak, act, and dress appropriately for the period, interacting with visitors by answering questions, discussing their lives and viewpoints, and participating in tasks such as cooking, planting, and animal husbandry. Third-person ("modern") interpreters answer guests' questions that the first-person interpreters cannot. The English Village represents

1692-544: The ones used in the Dragon Dance , need teams of people to create the required effect. Public sporting events such as fun runs also provide opportunities for wearing costumes, as do private masquerade balls and fancy dress parties . Costumes are popularly employed at sporting events, during which fans dress as their team's representative mascot to show their support. Businesses use mascot costumes to bring in people to their business either by placing their mascot in

1739-919: The overall appearance of a character or performer. Costume may refer to the style of dress particular to a nation, a class, or a period. In many cases, it may contribute to the fullness of the artistic, visual world that is unique to a particular theatrical or cinematic production. The most basic designs are produced to denote status, provide protection or modesty, or provide visual interest to a character. Costumes may be for, but not limited to, theater, cinema, or musical performances. Costume design should not be confused with costume coordination, which merely involves altering existing clothing, although both processes are used to create stage clothes. The Costume Designers Guild 's international membership includes motion picture, television, and commercial costume designers , assistant costume designers and costume illustrators, and totals over 750 members. The National Costumers Association

1786-473: The overall structure of living history. Living history museums have also been criticized for their ability to teach, particularly from those that believe "living history is antiquarian, idyllic, or downright misleading." In response to this question, the Association for Living History, Farm, and Agricultural Museums (ALHFAM) has stated that they distinguish between an unchanging past and an interpretation of

1833-436: The past for a unique learning experience. Anderson divides the recreated historical experience enacted at living history museums into three categories based on their purpose and outcome: educational for museum purposes, research for archaeological inquiries, and recreation for entertainment. A major concern at living history museums is the idea of authenticity. Living historians define authenticity as perfect simulation between

1880-399: The past. Critics of living history museums argue that replication of past states of mind is impossible, and therefore living history is inherently inaccurate. The relative authenticity of living history farms varies significantly. At its best, they most accurately reflect the past appropriate to the time period while at their worst they may portray gross inaccuracies in an attempt to portray

1927-406: The street by their business or sending their mascot out to sporting events, festivals, national celebrations, fairs, and parades. Mascots appear at organizations wanting to raise awareness of their work. Children's Book authors create mascots from the main character to present at their book signings. Animal costumes that are visually very similar to mascot costumes are also popular among the members of

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1974-453: The terms "dress", "attire", "robes" or "wear" and usage of "costume" has become more limited to unusual or out-of-date clothing and to attire intended to evoke a change in identity, such as theatrical, Halloween, and mascot costumes. Before the advent of ready-to-wear apparel, clothing was made by hand. When made for commercial sale it was made, as late as the beginning of the 20th century, by "costumiers", often women who ran businesses that met

2021-478: The theatrical performance. Some stylized theatrical costumes, such as Harlequin and Pantaloon in the Commedia dell'arte , exaggerate an aspect of a character. A costume technician is a term used for a person that constructs and/or alters the costumes. The costume technician is responsible for taking the two dimensional sketch and translating it to create a garment that resembles the designer's rendering . It

2068-514: The use of costumed interpreters or historians. Costumed historians make history come alive through interactions that formulate social, cultural, and political connections with the past. There are two different types of costumed interpretation utilized at living history sites: first-person and third-person interpretation. In first-person interpretation, the costumed historian portrays a specific historical character. The historian adopts speech patterns, mannerisms, worldviews, and attitudes appropriate to

2115-464: The wearing of costumes forms part of a secular tradition. In 2022, United States households spent an average of $ 100 preparing for Halloween, with $ 34 going to costume-related spending. Christmas costumes typically portray characters such as Santa Claus (developed from Saint Nicholas ). In Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States the American version of a Santa suit and beard

2162-534: The year 1627 through most of the museum season (which lasts from early April to late November), depicting day-to-day life and seasonal activities. In November, the English Village typically represents the year 1621, which is the year of the first Thanksgiving to take place in Plymouth Colony. Henry Hornblower II, son of Ralph Hornblower , started the museum in 1947 with help and support from friends, family, and business associates as two English cottages and

2209-527: Was traditionally used to describe typical appropriate clothing for certain activities, such as riding costume , swimming costume , dance costume , and evening costume . Appropriate and acceptable costume is subject to changes in fashion and local cultural norms. "But sable is worn more in carriages, lined with real lace over ivory satin, and worn over some smart costume suitable for an afternoon reception." A Woman's Letter from London (23 November 1899). This general usage has gradually been replaced by

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