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93-654: The town lies at an altitude of 770 m (2,530 ft). In the Middle Ages, Pljevlja had been a crossroad of the important commercial roads and cultural streams, with important roads connecting the littoral with the Balkan interior. In 2023, the municipality of Pljevlja had a population of 24,542, while the city itself had a population of 16,419. The municipality borders those of Žabljak , Bijelo Polje and Mojkovac in Montenegro, as well as Bosnia and Herzegovina to

186-634: A Bosniak-majority old City and east bank (with ca. 50,000 residents), with the frontline running parallel to the Neretva River. Most Serbs had fled the city. Since the end of the wider war in 1995, great progress has been made in the reconstruction of the city of Mostar under the European Union Administration of the City of Mostar (EUAM). Over 15 million dollars has been spent on restoration. A monumental project to rebuild

279-597: A battalion of Sandžak Muslim militia in Metaljka , near Čajniče, composed of about 500 Muslims from villages around Pljevlja and Čajniče. A little later a command post of Sandžak Muslim militia was established in Bukovica , near Pljevlja. In February 1943, over five hundred civilians were killed during the Bukovica massacre . Since the end of 1943 Pljevlja belonged to the German occupied territory of Montenegro and after

372-674: A glass vase trimmed with blue glass threads, are kept in the Heritage Museum Pljevlja . In the Middle Ages, the region of Pljevlja was also a part of nucleus of the Serbsn state under the Nemanjić dynasty , until the end of the rule of the Emperor Stefan Dušan . After his death, Pljevlja was under the rule of Serbian autonomous rulers Vojislav Vojinović and Nikola Altomanović . After the defeat of Altomanović 1373 by

465-641: A group of former tanneries round an open courtyard. Once again, the 19th-century commercial buildings are predominantly neoclassical. A number of elements of the early fortifications are visible, namely the Hercegusa Tower dating from the medieval period. By contrast, the Ottoman defence edifices are represented by the Halebinovka and Tara Towers – the watchtowers on the ends of the Old Bridge, and

558-660: A result of this agreement, Pljevlja was formally incorporated into the Kingdom of Montenegro. From 1929 to 1941, Pljevlja was part of the Zeta Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . At the beginning of the Second World War Pljevlja, like the rest of Sandžak, was occupied by NDH Ustaše forces. Notable Muslims from Pljevlja, Bijelo Polje and Prijepolje wrote to Pavelić and expressed their loyalty to

651-688: A series of stalemates. The Croat–Bosniak conflict ended with the signing of the Washington Agreement in 1994, and the Bosnian War ended with the Dayton Agreement in 1995. Around 2,000 people died in Mostar during the war. Two wars (Serb forces versus Bosniak and Croatian and Croat-Bosniak war) left Mostar physically devastated and ethno-territorially divided between a Croat-majority west bank (with ca. 55,000 residents) and

744-548: A stretch of the ramparts. The oldest single arch stone bridge in Mostar, the Kriva Cuprija ("Sloping Bridge") , was built in 1558 by the Ottoman architect Cejvan Kethoda. It is said that this was to be a test before the major construction of the Stari Most began. The Old Bridge was completed in 1566 and was hailed as one of the greatest architectural achievements in the Ottoman [Balkans]]. The single-arch stone bridge

837-470: A teacher in Nova Varoš). Enrollment lasted until November 5, 1901. 44 male and 16 female students entered the first mixed high school class; within the gymnasium, an all-female Workers' School with 26 girls began its work. From November 22, other teachers also started to work for the department. The gymnasium, however, soon completely burned on the 30th October 1904 and with it all its archives. The gymnasium

930-454: A wonder in its own time. Later becoming the city's symbol, the Old Bridge was designed by Mimar Hayruddin , a student and apprentice of Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan . In the late 16th century, Köprühisar was one of the towns of the Sanjak of Herzegovina . In the 17th century, Turkish traveler and author Evliya Çelebi wrote of the bridge thus: the bridge is like a rainbow arch soaring up to

1023-428: Is Jedinstvo , who have spent several seasons in the country's top tier . They share their Gradski stadion with lower league team OFK Borac . The town's basketball teams are Jedinstvo and KK Centar . Bijelo Polje is connected to the rest of Montenegro by two major roads. It is situated on the main road connecting Montenegro's coast and Podgorica with northern Montenegro and Serbia ( E65 , E80 ). Bijelo Polje

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1116-530: Is twinned with: Mostar Mostar ( Serbian Cyrillic : Мостар , pronounced [mǒstaːr] ) is a city and the administrative centre of Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina , and the historical capital of Herzegovina . Mostar is situated on the Neretva River and is the fifth-largest city in

1209-494: Is twinned with: The coat of arms of Pljevlja has three lines near the bottom that represents the three rivers that run through the cities: Breznica, Ćehotina , and Vezičnica. First layer is clock tower from the center of Pljevlja and in the back are town-hall and the largest arc of bridge over Tara river which connects municipality of Pljevlja with the rest of the Montenegro . Colours are blue, white and red which represent

1302-498: Is Montenegrin (17.78%), and Bosnian speaks 4.03% of population. A total of 1.74% of the population have not declared their language. Religion in Pljevlja (2023) In the past, a total of 26 mosques were built in the area of the city and surrounding settlements. There were 9 of them in Pljevlja, and today four of them exist and serve their purpose, while one is being rebuilt. There are two Orthodox Christian churches and Monastery of

1395-609: Is Pljevlja and its lumber industry. Agriculture is widespread in the whole municipality. Pljevaljski sir ( Pljevlja's cheese , from Пљеваљски сир) is considered a delicacy. The main transit road connections are: The first educational life began at the Monastery of the Holy Trinity , as well as in Muslim schools madrasas and rushdiyes, and in the mosques themselves. The school in the monastery has been working continuously since

1488-735: Is a home of music festival named Melodije Mostara (Mostar Melodies), which has been held annually since 1995. Theatre festivals include Mostarska Liska (organized by the National Theatre Mostar ) and The Mostar Spring (organized by the Matica hrvatska Mostar). Mostar art institutions include: Mostar cuisine is balanced between Western and Eastern influences. Traditional Mostar food is closely related to Turkish , Middle Eastern and other Mediterranean cuisines . However, due to years of Austrian rule and influence, there are many culinary influences from Central Europe . Some of

1581-399: Is a perfect semicircle 8.56 m (28.1 ft) in width and 4.15 m (13.6 ft) in height. The frontage and vault are made of regular stone cubes incorporated into the horizontal layers all along the vault. The space between vault, frontal walls and footpath is filled with cracked stone. The bridge footpath and the approaching roads are paved with cobblestones, as are the main roads in

1674-414: Is a treasure trove of rich historical and cultural heritage of the city and region. Main features of the town include: The main football team is FK Rudar Pljevlja , which play in the country's top tier . They share their Gradski stadion with lower league side FK Pljevlja 1997 . The town's basketball team is KK Rudar Pljevlja and the handball team is RK Rudar Pljevlja . Pljevlja Municipality

1767-419: Is also a station on Belgrade–Bar railway , the last station in Montenegro for trains leaving for Belgrade , and it serves as a regional train station. Podgorica Airport is 130 km (81 mi) away, and has regular flights to major European destinations. Bijelo Polje has a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ) with warm summers, cold winters, and abundant precipitation year round. Bijelo Polje

1860-566: Is also open to the public and is accessible from inside the mosque. Just around the corner from the mosque is the Tepa Market. This has been a busy marketplace since Ottoman times. It now sells mostly fresh produce grown in Herzegovina and, when in season, the figs and pomegranates are extremely popular. Local honey is also a prominent specialty, being produced all around Herzegovina. Magazine Most , along with Šantić 's Poetry Evenings,

1953-475: Is an exact replica of the original bridge that stood for over 400 years and that was designed by Hajrudin, a student of the great Ottoman architect Sinan. It spans 28.7 m (94 ft) of the Neretva river, 21 m (69 ft) above the summer water level. The Halebija and Tara towers have always housed the guardians of the bridge and during Ottoman times were also used as storehouses for ammunition. The arch

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2046-411: Is known for its peaceful coexistence and tolerance between different religious communities. Bijelo Polje was the birthplace of the oral poet Avdo Međedović and of many prominent writers such as Ćamil Sijarić , Miodrag Bulatović , Risto Ratković and Dragomir Brajković as well as basketball player Nikola Peković and Swedish footballing brothers Ajsel and Emir Kujović . The major football team

2139-410: Is named after the goldsmiths who traditionally created and sold their wares on this street, and still sells authentic paintings and copper or bronze carvings of the Stari Most, pomegranates (the natural symbol of Herzegovina), or the stećaks (medieval tombstones). The Koski Mehmed Paša Mosque, built in 1617, is open to visitors. Visitors may enter the mosque and take photos free of charge. The minaret

2232-496: Is religiously diverse, with the majority of the population adhering to Islam and Eastern Orthodoxy . The Islamic community primarily consists of Bosniaks and ethnic Muslims , while Orthodox Christianity is predominantly practiced by Serbs and Montenegrins . Religious institutions, such as mosques and Orthodox churches, are an integral part of the town’s cultural and social fabric, reflecting its multi-ethnic and multi-religious character. Despite historical challenges, Bijelo Polje

2325-525: Is the administrative centre of the Bijelo Polje municipality, which in 2011 had a population of 46,251. The town of Bijelo Polje itself has 12,900 citizens. Town Municipality The ethnic composition of the municipality in the 2023 census was as follows: 43.13% Serbs , 31.85% Bosniaks , 14.88% Montenegrins , 7.54 ethnic Muslims . A total of 2.6% of the population are part of other ethnic groups. Religion in Bijelo Polje (2023) Bijelo Polje

2418-456: Is the largest financial center in Bosnia and Herzegovina. One of three largest banks in the country has its headquarters in Mostar. Bosnia and Herzegovina has three national electric, postal and telecommunication service corporations; the seat of one per each group is placed in Mostar (electric utility provider Elektroprivreda HZHB , postal service company Hrvatska pošta Mostar and HT Eronet ,

2511-1235: Is the place where the UNESCO Miroslav's Gospel of Miroslav , brother of Serbian ruler Stefan Nemanja was written. During World War II, Bijelo Pole was a prominent location for the anti-fascist resistance movement in Yugoslavia, Montenegro in particular. A significant number of Muslim families in Bijelo Polje originate from historical Muslim brotherhoods from Kuči , including the Abdići, Adžajlići, Adžibegovići, Alići, Aličkovići, Babajići, Bajramspahići, Bakija, Beganovići, Bektaševići, Biso, Bisonjići, Višnjići, Drekovići, Durovići, Zaimovići, Zajmovići, Zajimovići, Zejnilovići, Zećirovići, Kajevići, Kasumovići, Kolići, Kos, Kočani, Kršići, Kujovići, Kukuljac, Kuči, Kučevići, Ličine, Lukači, Medunjani, Mehovići, Mekići, Mekići (Ličine), Memići, Mulalići, Muratovići, Muslići, Numanovići , Omerovići, Omerhodžići, Pepeljak, Premtići, Radončići, Rastoderi, Rizvanovići, Smailovići, Smakići, Spahići, Ćemani, Fetahovići, Fetići, Hadžajlići, Hadžibegovići, Halilovići, Hodžići, Cokovići, Čokrlije, Džogovići , and Šabovići . Bijelo Polje

2604-632: The Croat–Bosniak War escalated and by mid-April 1993 Mostar had become a divided city with the western part dominated by HVO forces and the eastern part controlled by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH). Fighting broke out in May when both sides of the city came under intense artillery fire. The city was divided along ethnic lines, with a number of offensives taking place, resulting in

2697-653: The Independent State of Croatia allegedly in the name of all Muslims of Sandjak. By September 1941 Ustaše left Sandžak which was occupied by Italian forces within Italian governorate of Montenegro . The Battle of Pljevlja , fought on 1 December 1941 between attacking Partisans and the Italian Pljevlja garrison, was the biggest battle of the Uprising in Montenegro . In April 1942 Italians established

2790-685: The Nazi German fascist puppet state , the Independent State of Croatia . During the period of Austro-Hungarian rule (1878–1918), Mostar's city council cooperated with the Austro-Hungarian administration to implement sweeping reforms in city planning: broad avenues and an urban grid were imposed on the western bank of the Neretva, and significant investments were made in infrastructure, communications and housing. City administrators like Mustafa Mujaga Komadina were central players in these transformations, which facilitated growth and linked

2883-723: The Netherlands , and Croatia . A grand opening was held on 23 July 2004 under heavy security. In parallel, the Aga Khan Trust for Culture and the World Monuments Fund , with funding provided by the World Bank , undertook a five-year-long restoration and rehabilitation effort to regenerate the most significant areas of historic Mostar, and particularly the urban tissue around the Old Bridge. Also in July 2004,

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2976-679: The Pljevlja Gymnasium was built by the Serbian Orthodox Church , with the approval of the Ottoman administration. As a result of the Bosnian crisis , Austria-Hungary withdrew its forces from Pljevlja in 1908. From 1908 to 1912, Pljevlja remained under the control of Young Turks . In the first days of the First Balkan War Pljevlja was freed on October 26, 1912. On October 8, 1912, Montenegro

3069-565: The Royal Serbian Army 's Javorska brigade arrived, which was accompanied by 150 soldiers from Montenegro. With the departure of Ottoman forces, Montenegro and Serbia eliminated the Ottoman "wedge" in the Sandžak and now shared a border. On November 13, 1913, a formal border agreement between Serbia and Montenegro was signed by Serbian general Miloš Božanović and Montenegro's Minister of Education and Religious Affairs, Mirko Mijušković. As

3162-402: The functionalist style appeared on the historic eastern side of the city as well, replacing more intimate timber constructions that had survived since Ottoman times. In the 1970s and 1980s, a healthy local economy fueled by foreign investment spurred recognition and conservation of the city's cultural heritage. An economically sustainable plan to preserve the old town of Mostar was implemented by

3255-670: The pan-Slavic tricolour system. Bijelo Polje Bijelo Polje ( Serbian : Бијело Поље , pronounced [bîjɛlɔː pɔ̂ʎɛ] ) is a town located in the Northern Region of Montenegro , situated along Lim River . It has an urban population of 12,900 (2011 census). It is the administrative, economic, cultural and educational centre of northern Montenegro. Bijelo Polje is the center of Bijelo Polje Municipality (population of 38,662). Bijelo Polje means 'white field' in Serbian . Bijelo Polje's Saint Peter and Paul Church

3348-429: The 16th century. Rushdiyes worked from the end of the 16th to the end of the 18th century. The first elementary school in Pljevlja started working in 1823. A very important date in the history of education in Pljevlja is the opening of Tanasije Pejatović Gymnasium , on September 17, 1901. The first manager was Tanasije Pejatović (until then the substitute of Skopje Gymnasium) and the teacher - Stevan Samardžić (until then

3441-417: The 17th century Pljevlja had around 650 houses in the city center and over 400 in the surrounding area. The first Muslim religious school (madrasa), was built in the 17th century; water-works were constructed in the 18th century. The Russian consul visited Pljevlja in the 19th century and wrote that Pljevlja was a very beautiful oriental city with gardens and fountains, mosques and churches and over 800 houses in

3534-502: The 20th century for ideological reasons or by bombardment. One of the two 19th-century Orthodox churches has also disappeared, while the early 20th-century synagogue , after suffering severe damage in the World War II , has been converted into a theatre. Several Ottoman inns also survived, along with other buildings from this period of Mostar's history, such as fountains and schools. The majority of administrative buildings are from

3627-505: The Austro-Hungarian period and have neoclassical and Secessionist characteristics. A number of surviving late Ottoman houses demonstrate the component features of this form of domestic architecture – upper storey for residential use, hall, paved courtyard, and veranda on one or two storeys. The later 19th-century residential houses are predominantly in neoclassical style. A number of early trading and craft buildings still exist, notably some low shops in wood or stone, stone storehouses, and

3720-417: The Holy Trinity . Pljevlja is also one of the main economic engines of Montenegro . The only thermal power plant in Montenegro, which provides 45% of the electric power supply for Montenegro, is situated outside Pljevlja as well as the biggest coal mine with 100% of the coal production in Montenegro. Zinc and lead can be found in Šuplja stijena mine . The richest municipality with forest in Montenegro

3813-601: The Middle Ages to the present times. The school in the Holy Trinity Monastery has been working continuously since the 16th century. In 1823, a primary school in Pljevlja started working. The school in Dovolja monastery worked since the 18th century. The very important date in the history of education in Pljevlja is the opening of the Pljevaljska Gymnasium in 1901. The Heritage Museum Pljevlja

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3906-458: The Neretva, including the sites of Zahum, Cim , Ilići , Raštani and Vojno . It was at the center of this area, which in 1408 belonged to Radivojević , who built Cim Fort (prior to 1443). Mostar is indirectly referred to in a 1454 charter of King Alfonso V of Aragon as Pons ("bridge"), for a bridge had already been built there. Prior to 1444, the Nebojša Tower was built on the left bank of

3999-482: The Neretva, which belonged to the late medieval county still known as Večenike or Večerić. The earliest documentary reference to Mostar as a settlement dates from 3 April 1452, when Ragusans from Dubrovnik wrote to their fellow countrymen in the service of Serbian Despot Đorđe Branković to say that Vladislav Hercegović had turned against his father Stjepan and occupied the town of Blagaj and other places, including “Duo Castelli al ponte de Neretua.” . In 1468

4092-543: The Old Bridge, which was destroyed during the Bosnian War by HVO, to the original design, and restore surrounding structures and historic neighbourhoods was initiated in 1999 and mostly completed by spring 2004. The money for this reconstruction was donated by Spain (who had a sizable contingent of peacekeeping troops stationed in the surrounding area during the conflict), the United States , Turkey , Italy ,

4185-588: The Ottoman Empire. In 1880, Pljevlja was named the capital of the newly formed Sanjak of Pljevlja (in Turkish: Taşlıca Sancağı ). Administration remained in Turkish hands, with Austro-Hungarian military presence in the cities of Pljevlja, Prijepolje and Priboj . Some 5,000 Austro-Hungarian soldiers and their families came to Pljevlja. As a result, Austro-Hungarian businesses expanded in Pljevlja;

4278-554: The Stari Grad Agency was launched to operate and maintain the restored buildings, including the Old Bridge complex, and promote Mostar as a cultural and tourist destination. In July 2005, UNESCO inscribed the Old Bridge and its closest vicinity onto the World Heritage List . International reconstruction efforts also aimed at the reunification of the divided city. The February 1996 Mostar Agreement led to

4371-603: The adoption of the Interim Statute of the city the same month, and to a 1-year period of EUAM, headed by former Bremen mayor Hans Koschnick , until early 1997. After six years of implementation, in 2003 OHR Paddy Ashdown established an "international commission for reforming Mostar", whose final report noted how the HDZ/SDA power-sharing in Mostar had entrenched division and corruption, with "rampant parallelism" in administrative structures and usurpation of power by

4464-400: The annual International Economic Fair Mostar ("Međunarodni sajam gospodarstva Mostar") which was first held in 1997. In 2013 the municipality had a total population of 105,797 according to the census results and the city itself had a population of 60,195. Its population consists of the following ethnic groups: Croats (48.4%); Bosniaks (44.1%) and Serbs (4.1%). The city of Mostar has

4557-585: The cave under Gospić Peak. The traces of settlements in the later stages of the Stone Age were found in two large archaeological sites called Mališina Stijena and Medena Stijena (around 10,000 stone tools and arms), dating to 12,000–8,000 BC. During the Bronze and Iron Age , since around 2,000 BC up until the Roman conquests, a large number of necropolises with tumuli, as well as fortified settlements rose along

4650-517: The city center (7,000 citizens) which made Pljevlja the second largest city in the Herzegovina Sanjak besides Mostar . After two big fires that burned the city center to the ground, the city's economy was ruined. That was the reason for displacing the center of Herzegovina to Mostar in 1833. After 1833 the city stagnated in both an economic and cultural sense. In 1875, after a failed uprising, mass emigration took place around Pljevlja in

4743-634: The conduct of the vote in Mostar on 20 December 2020. Mostar has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles. Historicist architectural styles reflected cosmopolitan interest and exposure to foreign aesthetic trends and were artfully merged with indigenous styles. Examples include the Italianate Franciscan church, the Ottoman Muslibegovića house , the Dalmatian Ćorović House and an Orthodox church which

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4836-659: The country. Mostar was named after the bridge keepers ( mostari ) who guarded the Stari Most (Old Bridge) over the Neretva during the Ottoman era. The Old Bridge, a UNESCO World Heritage Site , commissioned by Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century, is one of Bosnia and Herzegovina's most visited landmarks, and is considered an exemplary piece of Islamic architecture in the Balkans . Human settlements on

4929-613: The direction of Užice, Valjevo and the Drina river basin. As a result of the Congress of Berlin in 1878, Pljevlja and the rest of the Sandžak region were given to Austria-Hungary , interrupting Ottoman rule in the area for the first time in four centuries. However, by 1879, a special convention between Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire transferred western parts of the Sanjak of Novi Pazar into dual jurisdiction between Austria-Hungary and

5022-452: The dishes include ćevapčići , burek , sarma , japrak , musaka , dolma , sujuk , sač , đuveč , and sataraš . Local desserts include baklava , hurmašice , sutlijaš , tulumbe , tufahije , and šampita . Mostar's economy relies heavily on the aluminium and metal industry, banking services and the telecommunication sector. The city is home of some of the country's largest corporations. Along with Sarajevo and Banja Luka , it

5115-412: The east (Bosniak-majority) had 34,712 voters. The ethnic composition of the city of Mostar, per indicated census years: The City of Mostar (aside from city proper) includes the following settlements: After the Bosnian War , following the Dayton Agreement , the villages of Kamena , Kokorina and Zijemlje were separated from Mostar to form the new municipality of Istočni Mostar (East Mostar), in

5208-629: The eastern and western banks of the city. Noteworthy examples of Austro-Hungarian architecture include Hotel Neretva , the Municipality building, which was designed by the architect Josip Vancaš from Sarajevo , residential districts around the Rondo, and Gimnazija Mostar from 1902 designed by František Blažek . After World War II, Mostar developed industries producing plastics , tobacco , bauxite , wine , aircraft and aluminium . Several dams ( Grabovica , Salakovac , Mostar ) were built in

5301-410: The fact that three dams are situated on the city of Mostar's territory, the city has a solid base for further development of production. There is also an ongoing project for the possible use of wind power and building of windmills. The private sector has seen a notable increase in small and medium enterprises over the past couple of years contributing to the positive business climate. Mostar also hosts

5394-837: The fighting. Among them were the Catholic Cathedral of Mary, Mother of the Church , the Franciscan Church and Monastery, the Bishop's Palace and 12 out of 14 mosques in the city. After the VRS was pushed from the city, the Serbian Orthodox Žitomislić Monastery and the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity were demolished. Throughout late 1992, tensions between Croats and Bosniaks increased in Mostar. In early 1993

5487-410: The first modern drug store was opened in 1879, a photo store in 1892, and a hospital in 1880. The Austro-Hungarian Army built the first brewery in Pljevlja in 1889. The Pljevlja brewery's annual production was limited to 2,000 hectoliters, and demand was greater than what the brewery could produce. As a result, the Austro-Hungarian garrison in Pljevlja consumed most of the beer produced there. In 1901,

5580-402: The joint forces of Serbian lord Lazar Hrebeljanović and Bosnian Ban Tvrtko I , the region of Pljevlja became part of the eastern section of the Kingdom of Bosnia , subsequently part of Sandalj Hranić 's province and later the Duchy of Saint Sava . In 1465, the Ottoman Empire conquered Pljevlja. During the Ottoman offensive, the fortress of Kukanj, the residence of Stjepan Vukčić Kosača ,

5673-421: The largest population of Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina. As in many other cities, its demographic profile was significantly altered after the Bosnian War; in the case of Mostar, most of the Serbs left or were forced out of the city . According to the official data of the local elections of 2008, among six city election districts, three western ones (Croat-majority) had 53,917 registered voters, and those three on

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5766-413: The mineral-rich regions of central Bosnia , the settlement began to spread to the right bank of the river. Prior to 1474 the names of two towns appear in medieval historical sources, along with their later medieval territories and properties – the towns of Nebojša and Cimski grad. In the early 15th century the county ( župa ) of Večenike covered the site of the present-day Mostar along the right bank of

5859-469: The municipal assembly of Pljevlja threatened a secession from Montenegro following the Montenegrin recognition of Kosovo . On 2 September 2020, glass was broken on the door of the Islamic Community of Pljevlja and a message was left saying "The black bird has taken off, Pljevlja will be Srebrenica ." The city lies at an altitude of 770 m (2,530 ft). The municipality borders those of Žabljak , Bijelo Polje and Mojkovac in Montenegro, as well as

5952-487: The municipalities over the City. A new Statute was negotiated, and finally imposed in February 2004 by OHR Paddy Ashdown . In November 2010, the Constitutional Court struck down as discriminatory the electoral framework for Mostar. The Bosniak and Croat ruling parties were unable, however, to reach a new compromise. Lacking a legal basis, local elections could not take place in Mostar in 2012 and 2016 , and outgoing mayor Ljubo Bešlić (HDZ BiH) remained in office as

6045-517: The municipality, which drew thousands of tourists from the Adriatic coast and invigorated the economy of the city. The results of this ten-year project earned Mostar an Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1986. According to the 1991 census , Mostar had 127,000 inhabitants with roughly an equal number of Bosniaks (34.6%) and Croats (34%), 18.8% Serbs , and 13.6% of those who declared themselves Yugoslavs or Others. After Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia in April 1992,

6138-431: The objective of which was to relieve Mostar and break the JNA siege of Dubrovnik . The offensive was supported by the HVO, which attacked the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) positions around Mostar. By 12 June the HVO secured the western part of the city and by 21 June the VRS was completely pushed out from the eastern part. Numerous religious buildings and most of the city's bridges were destroyed or severely damaged during

6231-460: The only person authorised to allocate the city budget on an emergency basis. Almost a decade without administration led to a decline in service provision, including trash collection. In October 2019 Irma Baralija won a case against Bosnia and Herzegovina at the European Court of Human Rights for the lack of elections in Mostar. Finally, a political deal, agreed under international mediation in June 2020, enabled legislative amendments in July 2020 and

6324-465: The paramilitaries and add reinforcements of the Yugoslav People's Army to patrol the town. To satisfy the militia, Bulatović and Ćosić asked the local Muslims not to seek autonomy, although they had not done so over the course of the meeting. In spite of the resolution, Pljevlja's Muslim community suffered various incidents up to 1995, particularly in the village of Bukovica where 6 Muslim inhabitants were killed from 1992 onwards. In 2008, some members of

6417-400: The police force turned themselves over to Dačević during his custody in what was essentially a coup d'état on a municipal level. In addition to the stand-off with Dačević, his militia included forces of the Kornjača brothers from Čajniče , who helped blocked off the town from a garrison of the Yugoslav People's Army. Duško Kornjača threatened to kill all of the Muslims in Pljevlja unless Dačević

6510-427: The region came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire and the urbanization of the settlement began. It was named Köprühisar , meaning fortress at the bridge, at the centre of which was a cluster of 15 houses. The town was organized into two distinct areas: čaršija , the crafts and commercial centre of the settlement, and mahala or a residential area. The town was fortified between the years 1520 and 1566, and

6603-405: The region to harness the hydroelectric power of the Neretva. The city was a major industrial and tourist center and prospered economically during the time of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Between 1948 and 1974 the industrial base was expanded with construction of a metal-working factory, cotton textile mills , and an aluminum plant. Skilled workers, both men and women, entered

6696-587: The region until the aftermath of World War I in 1918, when it became part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and then Yugoslavia . During this period, Mostar was the main urban centre of Herzegovina . In 1881, the town became the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mostar-Duvno and, in 1939, it became a part of the Banovina of Croatia . During World War II , Mostar was annexed into

6789-459: The republics of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina . With a total area of 1,346 km (520 sq mi), it is the third largest municipality in Montenegro. Pljevlja is the administrative center of Pljevlja municipality, which has a population of 24,542. As of the last census data in 2023, town of Pljevlja itself has 16,419 citizens, and is the only town in the municipality with a population of over 1,000. The town's population in 2023 census

6882-548: The river Neretva, between Mount Hum and the Velež Mountain , have existed since prehistory, as witnessed by discoveries of fortified enceintes and cemeteries. Evidence of Roman occupation was discovered beneath the present town. As far as medieval Mostar goes, although the Christian basilicas of late antiquity remained in use, few historical sources were preserved and not much is known about this period. The name of Mostar

6975-412: The skies, extending from one cliff to the other... I, a poor and miserable servant of Allah, have passed through 16 countries, but I have never seen such a high bridge. It is thrown from rock to rock as high as the sky. The first church in the city of Mostar, a Serbian Orthodox Church , was built in 1834 during Ottoman rule. Austria-Hungary took control over Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 and ruled

7068-469: The third largest telecommunication company in the country). These three companies (along with banks and aluminium factory) make a vast portion of overall economic activity in the city. Prior to the 1992–1995 Bosnian War , Mostar relied on other important companies which had been closed, damaged or downsized. They included SOKO (military aircraft factory), Fabrika duhana Mostar (tobacco industry), and Hepok (food industry). In 1981, Mostar's GDP per capita

7161-672: The town was besieged by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), following clashes between the JNA and Croat forces. The Croats were organized into the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) and were joined by a sizable number of Bosniaks. The JNA artillery periodically shelled neighbourhoods outside of their control from early April. On 7 June the Croatian Army (HV) launched an offensive code named Operation Jackal ,

7254-458: The town. Stone steps enable people to ascend to the bridge from either side. During the armed conflict between Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats in the Bosnian War in the 1990s, the bridge was destroyed by the HVO (Croatian Defence Council). The Cejvan Cehaj Mosque, built in 1552, is the oldest mosque in Mostar. Later a madrasa (Islamic school) was built on the same compound. The Old Bazaar, Kujundziluk,

7347-436: The war to Yugoslav Socialist Republic of Montenegro . During the breakup of Yugoslavia , Pljevlja was the site of intense tension, with its Muslim community subject to intimidation and violence. On August 6, 1992, a local warlord named Milika "Čeko" Dačević walked into Pljevlja's police headquarters to ask that a vehicle which was seized be returned to his personal envoy, threatening to "declare war" on Pljevlja. Over half of

7440-422: The west and Serbia to the northeast. With a total area of 1,346 km (520 sq mi), it is the third largest municipality in Montenegro . The first traces of human life in the region date between 50,000 and 40,000 BC , while reliable findings show that the Ćehotina River valley was inhabited no later than 30,000 BC. The oldest traces of human presence in the town area, a flint tool, had been found in

7533-507: The wooden bridge rebuilt in stone. In 1519 ( Hijri 925) the settlement was recorded as a castle and both as Mostar and as Köprühisar and it was inhabited by Muslims and Christians. It had four Muslim households and 85 Christian households. The stone bridge, the Old Bridge ( Stari most ), was erected in 1566 on the orders of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and at 28 m (92 ft) long and 20 m (66 ft) high, quickly became

7626-451: The work force and the social and demographic profile of the city was broadened dramatically; between 1945 and 1980, Mostar's population grew from 18,000 to 100,000. Because Mostar's eastern bank was burdened by inadequate infrastructure, the city expanded on the western bank with the construction of large residential blocks. Local architects favored an austere modernist aesthetic, prefabrication and repetitive modules. Commercial buildings in

7719-506: The Ćehotina valley, especially around villages of Mataruge, Kakmuža, Hoćevina and Gotovuša. The tumuli found in Ljutići, Gotovuša and Borovica have been archeologically researched. The Romans had a town built on the ruins of their town, and it was called Municipium S ,located in the Komini neighbourhood. Several hundred artifacts from the Komini necropolis including a diatreta or cage cup ,

7812-495: Was 103% of the Yugoslav average. Aluminum manufacturing company Aluminij Industries is the sole remaining large company that was prominent during the former Yugoslavia. It is one of the country's largest exporter companies and it has a number of international partners. It is one of the most influential companies in the region as well. The city of Mostar alone has direct income of €40 million annually from Aluminij. Considering

7905-474: Was 66.41% Serbs , 18.14% Montenegrins , 7.31% Bosniaks , 3.30% ethnic Muslims . A total of 2.86% of the population have not declared their ethnicity. Serbian , Bosnian , Montenegrin and Croatian are mutually intelligible as standard varieties of the Serbo-Croatian language . Serbian language speaks absolute majority of 72.92% and it‘s the most spoken language in the town. The second most spoken

7998-504: Was built as gift from the Sultan. The Ottomans used monumental architecture to affirm, extend and consolidate their colonial holdings. Administrators and bureaucrats – many of them indigenous people who converted from Christianity to Islam – founded mosque complexes that generally included Koranic schools, soup kitchens or markets. Out of the thirteen original mosques dating from the 16th and 17th centuries, seven have been lost during

8091-535: Was destroyed. Fearing an onslaught, many merchants, almost all feudal land owners and wealthier population fled from Pljevlja, seeking refuge in the Republic of Venice , Republic of Ragusa , or further north into the Kingdom of Hungary or Austrian Empire . In Turkish, the town was known as Taslıca ("rocky"). In the Ottoman defter (census book) of 1475/76, the majority of local inhabitants were Eastern Orthodox Christian , numbering some 101 households. The town

8184-563: Was expanded into a kasaba , a larger Ottoman city without a fortress. The 15th and 16th centuries were a period of much construction in the city: in 1465 the Holy Trinity Monastery was founded, in 1569 Husein-paša's mosque was built and during the 16th century the city got a sewage system. When the center of Sanjak of Herzegovina was moved to Pljevlja from Foča in 1572, the city started to change rapidly: urban housing increased: 72 houses in 1468, 150 in 1516, 300 in 1570; in

8277-461: Was first mentioned in a document dating from 1474, taking its name from the bridge-keepers ( mostari ); this refers to the existence of a wooden bridge from the market on the left bank of the river which was used by traders, soldiers, and other travelers. During this time it was also the seat of a kadiluk (district with a regional judge). Since Mostar was on the trade route between the Adriatic and

8370-683: Was most important outlet for cultural and artistic production in the city and the region, offering space for upstart poets and writers. Dani Matice Hrvatske is one of city's significant cultural events and it is commonly sponsored by the Croatian Government and the Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Mostar Summer is another umbrella event which includes Šantić Poetry Evenings, Mostar Summer Festival and Festival of Bosnia and Herzegovina choirs/ensembles. The city

8463-475: Was rebuilt and is still working today. There are three elementary and two highschools in Pljevlja. Culture and education are all present throughout history of Pljevlja and its region. The first educational life, churches and monasteries, as well as in the mosques some time later. Monastery of the Holy Trinity is the richest treasury of cultural and spiritual life of the Orthodox Christians from

8556-547: Was released. The militia's control over Pljevlja was strong enough that the Yugoslav People's Army garrison in Pljevlja, composed of only 73 soldiers, refused to confront them. On August 7, 1992, Momir Bulatović and Yugoslav President Dobrica Ćosić came to Pljevlja to negotiate with all parties involved. As a result, Bulatović along with Ćosić promised the Islamic community in Pljevlja that they would attempt to disarm

8649-566: Was the first of the Balkan states to declare war on the Ottoman Empire, starting the First Balkan War. As a result, territories with significant populations of Serbs and Montenegrins were subject to conflict between the Ottoman occupation and incoming armies of Serbia and Montenegro. This was particularly the case with Sandžak, in which Pljevlja had been wedged in an Ottoman Sanjak between Montenegro and Serbia. By October 28, 1912, Ottoman forces had been completely removed from Pljevlja when

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