68-597: The Prudential Trophy was the name used for One Day International cricket tournaments held in England from 1972 until 1982. During this time, Prudential also sponsored the World Cup tournaments in 1975 , 1979 and 1983 . Depending on the number of teams touring England in a given season, there would typically be either one or two series each year, involving the home side and each visiting side. This article related to an English domestic cricket competition
136-553: A flaw in how it handled very high first innings scores (350+) became apparent from the 1999 Cricket World Cup match in Bristol between India and Kenya. Tony Lewis noticed that there was an inherent weakness in the formula that would give a noticeable advantage to the side chasing a total in excess of 350. A correction was built into the formula and the software, but was not fully adopted until 2004. One-day matches were achieving significantly higher scores than in previous decades, affecting
204-529: A further reduction to 44, or a par score of 43, and hence Sri Lanka won the match by 14 runs. The DLS method was also used after the rain disruption in the 2023 Indian Premier League final , when Chennai Super Kings had scored 4/0 (0.3 overs) and the Gujarat Titans just scored 214/4 (20 overs). The target was reduced at 171 runs from 15 overs from earlier target of 215 runs from 20 overs for Chennai Super Kings. Chennai Super Kings won by 5 wickets by
272-424: A given number of overs remaining (called u {\displaystyle u} ) and wickets lost (called w {\displaystyle w} ), takes the following exponential decay relationship: where the constant Z 0 {\displaystyle Z_{0}} is the asymptotic average total score in unlimited overs (under one-day rules), and b {\displaystyle b}
340-522: A higher run rate . The DLS method is an attempt to set a statistically fair target for the second team's innings, which is the same difficulty as the original target. The basic principle is that each team in a limited-overs match has two resources available with which to score runs (overs to play and wickets remaining), and the target is adjusted proportionally to the change in the combination of these two resources. Various different methods had been used previously to resolve rain-affected cricket matches, with
408-433: A particular combination of u {\displaystyle u} and w {\displaystyle w} (by putting in u {\displaystyle u} and the values of these constants for the particular w {\displaystyle w} ), and dividing this by the score achievable at the start of the innings, i.e. finding gives the proportion of the combined run scoring resources of
476-422: A published table or computer. The target score for the team batting second ('Team 2') can be adjusted up or down from the total the team batting first ('Team 1') achieved using these resource percentages, to reflect the loss of resources to one or both teams when a match is shortened one or more times. In the version of D/L most commonly in use in international and first-class matches (the 'Professional Edition'),
544-607: A reference table for the Standard Edition, or from a computer for the Professional Edition) can be entered into the formula, with the rest left blank. Note that a delay at the start of an innings counts as the 1st interruption. Standard Edition G50 G50 is the average score expected from the team batting first in an uninterrupted 50 overs-per-innings match. This will vary with the level of competition and over time. The annual ICC Playing Handbook gives
612-406: A result of disputes and poor performances, Kenya's ODI status was reduced to temporary in 2005, meaning that it had to perform well at World Cup Qualifiers to keep ODI status. Kenya lost ODI status after finishing in fifth place at the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier event. The ICC can also grant special ODI status to all matches within certain high-profile tournaments, with the result being that
680-528: A revised target of 139. Perth won the game by 8 wickets with a boundary off the final ball. The published table that underpins the D/L method is regularly updated, using source data from more recent matches; this is done on 1 July annually. For 50-over matches decided by D/L, each team must face at least 20 overs for the result to be valid, and for Twenty20 games decided by D/L, each side must face at least five overs, unless one or both teams are bowled out and/or
748-499: A second rain interval, England, who had scored some quick runs (knowing they needed to get ahead in D/L terms) would correspondingly have won if play had not resumed. Play was finally called off with just 7 balls of the match remaining and England's score equal to the Duckworth–Lewis 'par' score, therefore resulting in a tie. This example does show how crucial (and difficult) the decisions of the umpires can be, in assessing when rain
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#1732783372686816-539: A white ball became more commonplace over time, and the use of white flannels and a red ball in ODIs ended in 2001. The ICC , international cricket's governing body, maintains the ICC ODI Rankings for teams (see table on the right), batsmen, bowlers and all-rounders. First-class cricket One Day International Limited overs (domestic) Twenty20 International Twenty20 (domestic) Other forms In
884-417: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . One Day International One Day International ( ODI ) is a format of Cricket , played between two teams with international status, in which each team faces a fixed number of fifty overs , with the game lasting up to 7 hours. The Cricket World Cup , generally held every four years, is played in this format. They are major matches and considered
952-399: Is actually the same each time − it's just that different scenarios, with more or less interruptions and restarts, need to use more or less of the same formula. The total resources available to a team are given by: which can alternatively be written as: Each time there's an interruption or a restart after an interruption, the resource remaining percentages at those times (obtained from
1020-402: Is heavy enough to justify ceasing play. If the umpires of that match had halted play one ball earlier, England would have been ahead on D/L, and so would have won the match. Equally, if play had stopped one ball later, India could have won the match with a dot ball – indicating how finely-tuned D/L calculations can be in such situations. During the 2012/13 KFC Big Bash League , D/L was used in
1088-411: Is one more than the number of runs scored by the team that batted first. When overs are lost, setting an adjusted target for the team batting second is not as simple as reducing the run target proportionally to the loss in overs, because a team with ten wickets in hand and 25 overs to bat can play more aggressively than if they had ten wickets and a full 50 overs, for example, and can consequently achieve
1156-459: Is the exponential decay constant. Both vary with w {\displaystyle w} (only). The values of these two parameters for each w {\displaystyle w} from 0 to 9 were estimated from scores from 'hundreds of one-day internationals' and 'extensive research and experimentation', though were not disclosed due to 'commercial confidentiality'. Finding the value of Z {\displaystyle Z} for
1224-491: The Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method (DLS, formerly known as the Duckworth–Lewis method), which is a method with statistical approach. It takes into consideration the fact that the wickets in hand plays a crucial role in pacing the run-rate and that a team with more wickets in hand can play way more aggressively than the team with fewer wickets in hand. When insufficient overs are played (usually 20 overs) to apply
1292-630: The ICC World Cup Qualifier , which is the final event of the ICC World Cricket League . In 2019, ICC increased the number of teams holding Temporary ODI status to eight. The following eight teams currently have this status (the dates listed in brackets are of their first ODI match after gaining temporary ODI status): Additionally, eight teams have previously held this temporary ODI status before either being promoted to Test Status or relegated after under-performing at
1360-503: The notation of the ICC Playing Handbook, the team that bats first is called Team 1, their final score is called S, the total resources available to Team 1 for their innings is called R1, the team that bats second is called Team 2, and the total resources available to Team 2 for their innings is called R2. After each reduction in overs, the new total batting resources available to the two teams are found, using figures for
1428-527: The 2nd semi-final played between the Melbourne Stars and the Perth Scorchers . After rain delayed the start of the match, it interrupted Melbourne's innings when they had scored 159/1 off 15.2 overs, and both innings were reduced by 2 overs to 18, and Melbourne finished on 183/2. After a further rain delay reduced Perth's innings to 17 overs, Perth returned to the field to face 13 overs, with
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#17327833726861496-563: The DLS method. This was achieved by reaching 171/5 from 15 overs. An example of a D/L tied match was the ODI between England and India on 11 September 2011. This match was frequently interrupted by rain in the final overs, and a ball-by-ball calculation of the Duckworth–Lewis 'par' score played a key role in tactical decisions during those overs. At one point, India were leading under D/L during one rain delay, and would have won if play had not resumed. At
1564-412: The DLS, a match is declared no result. Important one-day matches particularly in the latter stages of major tournaments, may have two days set aside, such that a result can be achieved on the "reserve day" if the first day is washed out—either by playing a new game, or by resuming the match which was rain-interrupted. Because the game uses a white ball instead of the red ball used in first-class cricket ,
1632-478: The Professional Edition are not publicly available, so a computer must be used which has the software loaded. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] These are just the different ways of having one interruption. With multiple interruptions possible, it may seem like finding the total resource percentage requires a different calculation for each different scenario. However, the formula
1700-571: The Supersub was of far more benefit to the side that won the toss, unbalancing the game. Several international captains reached "gentleman's agreements" to discontinue this rule late in 2005. They continued to name Supersubs, as required but they did not field them by simply using them as a normal 12th man. On 15 February 2006, the ICC announced their intention to discontinue the Supersub rule on 21 March 2006. Two balls were trialed in ODI for two years but it
1768-557: The Team 1 innings. This became the Professional Edition. In the 4th India–England ODI in the 2008 series , the first innings was interrupted by rain on two occasions, reducing the match to 22 overs each. India (batting first) made 166/4. The D/L method increased England's target to 198 from 22 overs. As England knew they had only 22 overs, the expectation is that they could score more runs from those overs than India had from their (interrupted) innings. England made 178/8 from 22 overs, and so
1836-571: The Team 1 innings." The Professional Edition has been in use in all international one-day cricket matches since early 2004. This edition also removed the use of the G50 constant when dealing with interruptions in the first innings. The decision on which edition should be used is for the cricket authority which runs the particular competition. The ICC Playing Handbook requires the use of the Professional Edition for internationals. This also applies to most countries' national competitions. At lower levels of
1904-590: The Twenty20 game." For the 2015 World Cup , the ICC implemented the Duckworth–Lewis–Stern formula, which included work by the new custodian of the method, Professor Steven Stern , from the Department of Statistics at Queensland University of Technology . These changes recognised that teams need to start out with a higher scoring rate when chasing high targets rather than keep wickets in hand. Using
1972-526: The World Cup Qualifier: The ICC occasionally granted associate members permanent ODI status without granting them full membership and Test status. This was originally introduced to allow the best associate members to gain regular experience in internationals before making the step up to full membership. First Bangladesh and then Kenya received this status. Bangladesh have since made the step up to Test status and full membership; but as
2040-454: The ball can become discolored and hard to see as the innings progresses, so the ICC has used various rules to help keep the ball playable. Most recently, ICC has made the use of two new balls (one from each end), the same strategy that was used in the 1992 and 1996 World Cups so that each ball is used for only 25 overs. Previously, in October 2007, the ICC sanctioned that after the 34th over,
2108-410: The ball would be replaced with a cleaned previously used ball. Before October 2007 (except 1992 and 1996 World Cups), only one ball would be used during an innings of an ODI and it was up to the umpire to decide whether to change the ball. The bowling side is subjected to fielding restrictions during an ODI, in order to prevent teams from setting wholly defensive fields. Fielding restrictions dictate
Prudential Trophy - Misplaced Pages Continue
2176-429: The circle in the first fifteen overs, then five fielders allowed outside the circle for the remaining overs. This was shortened to ten overs in 2005, and two five-over powerplays were introduced, with the bowling team and batting team having discretion over the timing for one-one each. In 2008, the batting team was given discretion for the timing of one of the two powerplays. In 2011, the teams were restricted to completing
2244-459: The combination of these two resources they have left. Looking at historical scores, there is a very close correspondence between the availability of these resources and a team's final score, a correspondence which D/L exploits. The D/L method converts all possible combinations of overs (or, more accurately, balls) and wickets left into a combined resources remaining percentage figure (with 50 overs and 10 wickets = 100%), and these are all stored in
2312-400: The discretionary powerplays between the 16th and 40th overs; previously, the powerplays could take place at any time between the 11th and 50th overs. Finally, in 2012, the bowling powerplay was abandoned, and the number of fielders allowed outside the 30-yard circle during non-powerplay overs was reduced from five to four. The trial regulations also introduced a substitution rule that allowed
2380-402: The following countries have also participated in full ODIs, with some later gaining temporary or permanent ODI status also fitting into this category: Finally, since 2005, three composite teams have played matches with full ODI status. These matches were: Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method The Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method ( DLS ) is a mathematical formulation designed to calculate
2448-493: The game by 5 wickets. ODIs were played in white-coloured kits with a red-coloured ball. In the late 1970s, Kerry Packer established the rival World Series Cricket competition, and it introduced many of the features of One Day International cricket that are now commonplace, including coloured uniforms, matches played at night under floodlights with a white ball and dark sight screens, and, for television broadcasts, multiple camera angles, effects microphones to capture sounds from
2516-446: The game, where use of a computer cannot always be guaranteed, the Standard Edition is used. In June 2009, it was reported that the D/L method would be reviewed for the Twenty20 format after its appropriateness was questioned in the quickest version of the game. Lewis was quoted admitting that "Certainly, people have suggested that we need to look very carefully and see whether in fact the numbers in our formula are totally appropriate for
2584-520: The highest standard of List A , limited-overs competition. The international one-day game is a late-twentieth-century development. The first ODI was played on 5 January 1971 between Australia and England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . When the first three days of the third Test were washed out officials decided to abandon the match and, instead, play a one-off one day game consisting of 40 eight-ball overs per side. Australia won
2652-454: The historical relationship between resources and runs. The second version uses more sophisticated statistical modelling, but does not use a single table of resource percentages. Instead, the percentages also vary with score, so a computer is required. Therefore, it loses some of the previous advantages of transparency and simplicity. In 2002 the resource percentages were revised, following an extensive analysis of limited overs matches, and there
2720-507: The innings remaining when u {\displaystyle u} overs are left and w {\displaystyle w} wickets are down. These proportions can be plotted in a graph, as shown right, or shown in a single table, as shown below. This became the Standard Edition. When it was introduced, it was necessary that D/L could be implemented with a single table of resource percentages, as it could not be guaranteed that computers would be present. Therefore, this single formula
2788-436: The interruption, so the total resource used by Sri Lanka was still slightly more than England had available, hence the slightly decreased target for England. A simple example of the D/L method being applied was the 1st ODI between India and Pakistan in their 2006 ODI series . India batted first, and were all out for 328. Pakistan, batting second, were 311/7 when bad light stopped play after the 47th over. Pakistan's target, had
Prudential Trophy - Misplaced Pages Continue
2856-412: The introduction of a replacement player at any stage in the match and until he was called up to play he assumed the role of 12th man. Teams nominated their replacement player, called a Supersub , before the toss. The Supersub could bat, bowl, field or keep wicket once a player was replaced; the replaced player took over the role of 12th man. Over the six months it was in operation, it became very clear that
2924-417: The main the laws of cricket apply, but with each team batting for a fixed number of overs . In the early days of ODI cricket the number of overs varied from 40 to 60 overs per side (or 35 to 40 eight-ball overs), but it has been uniformly fixed at 50 overs since the mid-1990s. Simply stated, the game works as follows: Where a number of overs are lost, for example, due to inclement weather conditions, then
2992-436: The match continued, was 18 runs in 18 balls, with three wickets in hand. Considering the overall scoring rate throughout the match, this is a target most teams would be favoured to achieve. And indeed, application of the D/L method resulted in a retrospective target score of 305 (or par score of 304) at the end of the 47th over, with the result therefore officially listed as " Pakistan won by 7 runs (D/L Method)". The D/L method
3060-583: The match was listed as "India won by 19 runs (D/L method)". During the 5th ODI between India and South Africa in January 2011 , rain halted play twice during the first innings. The match was reduced to 46 overs each. South Africa scored 250/9. The D/L method increased India's target to 268. As the number of overs was reduced during South Africa's innings, this method takes into account what South Africa were likely to have scored if they had known throughout their innings that it would only be 46 overs long. The match
3128-405: The match. If the match ends when Team 2 has exactly met (but not passed) the par score then the match is a tie. If Team 2 fail to reach the par score then they have lost. For example, if a rain delay means that Team 2 only has 90% of resources available, and Team 1 scored 254 with 100% of resources available, then 254 × 90% / 100% = 228.6, so Team 2's target is 229, and
3196-464: The maximum number of fielders allowed to be outside the thirty-yard circle. Under current ODI rules, there are three levels of fielding restrictions: The three powerplays are referenced by P1, P2 and P3 respectively, usually displayed near the score in modern scorecards. Fielding restrictions were first introduced in the Australian 1980–81 season. By 1992, only two fielders were allowed outside
3264-639: The most common being the Average Run Rate method , and later, the Most Productive Overs method . While simple in nature, these methods had intrinsic flaws and were easily exploitable: The D/L method was devised by two British statisticians , Frank Duckworth and Tony Lewis , as a result of the outcome of the semi-final in the 1992 World Cup between England and South Africa , where the Most Productive Overs method
3332-719: The players on the pitch, and on-screen graphics. The first of the matches with coloured uniforms was the WSC Australians in wattle gold versus WSC West Indians in coral pink, played at VFL Park in Melbourne on 17 January 1979. This led not only to Packer's Channel 9 getting the TV rights to cricket in Australia but also led to players worldwide being paid to play, and becoming international professionals, no longer needing jobs outside cricket. Matches played with coloured kits and
3400-604: The retirement of both Duckworth and Lewis, the Australian statistician Steven Stern became the custodian of the method, which was renamed to its current title in November 2014. In 2014, he refined the model to better fit modern scoring trends, especially in T20 cricket, resulting in the updated Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method. This refined method remains the standard for handling rain-affected matches in international cricket today. The target score in cricket matches without interruptions
3468-478: The score to tie is 228. The actual resource values used in the Professional Edition are not publicly available, so a computer which has this software loaded must be used. If it is a 50-over match and Team 1 completed its innings uninterrupted, then they had 100% resource available to them, so the formula simplifies to: The original D/L model started by assuming that the number of runs that can still be scored (called Z {\displaystyle Z} ), for
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#17327833726863536-461: The second team reaches its target in fewer overs. If the conditions prevent a match from reaching this minimum length, it is declared a no result . Until 2003, a single version of D/L was in use. This used a single published reference table of total resource percentages remaining for all possible combinations of overs and wickets, and some simple mathematical calculations, and was relatively transparent and straightforward to implement. However,
3604-403: The side batting first score at or below the average for top level cricket ..., the results of applying the Professional Edition are generally similar to those from the Standard Edition. For higher scoring matches, the results start to diverge and the difference increases the higher the first innings total. In effect there is now a different table of resource percentages for every total score in
3672-413: The target for Team 2 is adjusted simply in proportion to the two teams' resources, i.e. If, as usually occurs, this 'par score' is a non- integer number of runs, then Team 2's target to win is this number rounded up to the next integer, and the score to tie (also called the par score), is this number rounded down to the preceding integer. If Team 2 reaches or passes the target score, then they have won
3740-563: The target score (number of runs needed to win) for the team batting second in a limited overs cricket match interrupted by weather or other circumstances. The method was devised by two English statisticians , Frank Duckworth and Tony Lewis , and was formerly known as the Duckworth–Lewis method ( D/L ). It was introduced in 1997, and adopted officially by the International Cricket Council (ICC) in 1999. After
3808-438: The times of their ODI debuts): Between 2005 and 2017, the ICC granted temporary ODI status to six other teams (known as Associate members ). In 2017, this was changed to four teams, following the promotion of Afghanistan and Ireland to Test status (and permanent ODI status). The ICC had previously decided to limit ODI status to 16 teams. Teams earn this temporary status for a period of four years based on their performance in
3876-399: The total amount of batting resources remaining for any combination of overs and wickets. While the process for converting these resources remaining figures into total resource available figures is the same in the two Editions, this can be done manually in the Standard Edition, as the resource remaining figures are published in a reference table. However, the resource remaining figures used in
3944-434: The total number of overs may be reduced. In the early days of ODI cricket, the team with the better run rate won (see Average Run Rate method ), but this favoured the second team. For the 1992 World Cup , an alternative method was used of simply omitting the first team's worst overs (see Most Productive Overs method ) but that favoured the first team. Since the late 1990s, the target or result has usually been determined by
4012-484: The values of G50 to be used each year when the D/L Standard Edition is applied: Duckworth and Lewis wrote: We accept that the value of G50, perhaps, should be different for each country, or even for each ground, and there is no reason why any cricket authority may not choose the value it believes to be the most appropriate. In fact it would be possible for the two captains to agree a value of G50 before
4080-557: Was a change to the G50 for ODIs. (G50 is the average score expected from the team batting first in an uninterrupted 50 overs-per-innings match.) G50 was changed to 235 for ODIs. These changes came into effect on 1 September 2002. As of 2014, these resource percentages are the ones still in use in the Standard Edition, though G50 has subsequently changed. The tables show how the percentages were in 1999 and 2001, and what they were changed to in 2002. Mostly they were reduced. The original version
4148-481: Was a mathematical problem that required a mathematical solution." The D/L method avoids this flaw: in this match, the revised D/L target of 236 would have left South Africa needing four to tie or five to win from the final ball. The D/L method was first used in international cricket on 1 January 1997 in the second match of the Zimbabwe versus England ODI series , which Zimbabwe won by seven runs. The D/L method
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#17327833726864216-480: Was formally adopted by the ICC in 1999 as the standard method of calculating target scores in rain-shortened one-day matches. The essence of the D/L method is 'resources'. Each team is taken to have two 'resources' to use to score as many runs as possible: the number of overs they have to receive; and the number of wickets they have in hand. At any point in any innings , a team's ability to score more runs depends on
4284-537: Was listed as "South Africa won by 33 runs (D/L method)". On 3 December 2014, Sri Lanka played England and batted first, but play was interrupted when Sri Lanka had scored 6/1 from 2 overs. At the restart, both innings were reduced to 35 overs, and Sri Lanka finished on 242/8. D/L reduced England's target to 236 from 35 overs. Although Sri Lanka had less resource remaining after the interruption than England would have for their whole innings (about 7% less), they had used up 8% of their resource (2 overs and 1 wicket) before
4352-445: Was named the Standard Edition, and the new version was named the Professional Edition. Tony Lewis said, "We were then [at the time of the 2003 World Cup Final ] using what is now known as the Standard Edition. ... Australia got 359 and that showed up the flaws and straight away the next edition was introduced which handled high scores much better. The par score for India is likely to be much higher now." Duckworth and Lewis wrote, "When
4420-577: Was rejected. The International Cricket Council (ICC) determines which teams have ODI status (meaning that any match played between two such teams under standard one-day rules is classified as an ODI). The twelve Test-playing nations (which are also the twelve full members of the ICC) have permanent ODI status. The nations are listed below with the date of each nation's ODI debut after gaining full ODI status shown in brackets (Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, Ireland, and Afghanistan were ICC associate members at
4488-417: Was used giving average resources. This method relies on the assumption that average performance is proportional to the mean, irrespective of the actual score. This was good enough in 95 per cent of matches, but in the 5 per cent of matches with very high scores, the simple approach started to break down. To overcome the problem, an upgraded formula was proposed with an additional parameter whose value depends on
4556-463: Was used in the group stage match between Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe at the T20 World Cup in 2010 . Sri Lanka scored 173/7 in 20 overs batting first, and in reply Zimbabwe were 4/0 from 1 over when rain interrupted play. At the restart Zimbabwe's target was reduced to 108 from 12 overs, but rain stopped the match when they had scored 29/1 from 5 overs. The retrospective D/L target from 5 overs was
4624-522: Was used. When rain stopped play for 12 minutes, South Africa needed 22 runs from 13 balls, but when play resumed, the revised target left South Africa needing 21 runs from one ball, a reduction of only one run compared to a reduction of two overs, and a virtually impossible target given that the maximum score from one ball is generally six runs. Duckworth said, "I recall hearing Christopher Martin-Jenkins on radio saying 'surely someone, somewhere could come up with something better' and I soon realised that it
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