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73-529: The Praeparatio consists of fifteen books completely preserved. Eusebius considered it an introduction to Christianity for pagans. It remains a valuable resource for classicists because Eusebius excerpts historians and philosophers not preserved elsewhere. Among the most important of these otherwise lost works are: This work was used by Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494) as a resource for his well-known oration A Speech by Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Prince of Concord . The first Latin translation of

146-552: A Commento sopra una canzone d'amore di Girolamo Benivieni , in which he revealed his plan to write a book entitled Poetica Theologia : It was the opinion of the ancient theologians that divine subjects and the secret Mysteries must not be rashly divulged... the Egyptians had sculpted sphinxes in all their temples, for no other reason than to indicate that divine things, even when they are committed to writing, must be covered with enigmatic veils and poetic dissimulation... How that

219-575: A Guelph allied force, including Florentine troops, at Civitella on 14 November 1276; and at Forlì itself against a powerful French contingent sent by Pope Martin IV , on 15 May 1282, in a battle cited by Dante Alighieri (who was hosted in the city in 1303 by Scarpetta Ordelaffi ), Inferno 27. In 1282, Forlì's forces were led by Guido da Montefeltro, while the French were under Jean d'Eppe . The astrologer Guido Bonatti (advisor of Emperor Frederick II )

292-407: A deep respect for Aristotle. Although he was a product of the studia humanitatis , Pico was constitutionally an eclectic , and in some respects he represented a reaction against the exaggerations of pure humanism, defending what he believed to be the best of the medieval and Islamic commentators, such as Averroes and Avicenna , on Aristotle in a famous long letter to Ermolao Barbaro in 1485. It

365-471: A good example of humanist syncretism, because Pico combined Platonism , Neoplatonism, Aristotelianism, Hermeticism and Kabbalah. They also included 72 theses describing what Pico believed to be a complete system of physics. Pico's De animae immortalitate (Paris, 1541), and other works, developed the doctrine that man's possession of an immortal soul freed him from the hierarchical stasis. Pico believed in universal reconciliation , as one of his 900 theses

438-540: A means of preserving its independence – and the city supported all the Holy Roman Emperors in their campaigns in Italy. Local competition was involved in the loyalties: in 1241, during Frederick II's struggles with Pope Gregory IX the people of Forlì offered their support to Frederick II during the capture of the rival city, Faenza , and in gratitude, they were granted an addition to their coat of arms –

511-578: A number of years. Pico also wrote sonnets in Latin and Italian which, because of the influence of Savonarola, he destroyed at the end of his life. He spent the next four years either at home or visiting humanist centres elsewhere in Italy. In 1485, he travelled to the University of Paris , the most important centre in Europe for scholastic philosophy and theology, and a hotbed of secular Averroism. It

584-656: A preparation for Greek philosophy (at least Platonic philosophy, see Praep.ev. 11–13). For Eusebius, the Greeks stole any truths they possessed from the "more ancient" Hebrews. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola Giovanni Pico dei conti della Mirandola e della Concordia ( / ˈ p iː k oʊ ˌ d ɛ l ə m ɪ ˈ r æ n d ə l ə , - ˈ r ɑː n -/ PEE -koh DEL -ə mirr- A(H)N -də-lə ; Italian: [dʒoˈvanni ˈpiːko della miˈrandola] ; Latin : Johannes Picus de Mirandula ; 24 February 1463 – 17 November 1494), known as Pico della Mirandola ,

657-428: A result, he became the founder of the tradition known as Christian Kabbalah , which went on to be a central part of early modern Western esotericism . Pico's approach to different philosophies was one of extreme syncretism , placing them in parallel, it has been claimed, rather than attempting to describe a developmental history. Pico based his ideas chiefly on Plato, as did his teacher, Marsilio Ficino, but retained

730-634: Is a comune (municipality) and city in Emilia-Romagna , Northern Italy , and is, together with Cesena , the capital of the Province of Forlì-Cesena . It is the central city of Romagna . The city is situated along the Via Emilia , to the east of the Montone river , and is an important agricultural centre. The city hosts some of Italy's culturally and artistically significant landmarks; it

803-472: Is a prosperous agricultural and industrial centre, with manufacture primarily focused on silk , rayon , clothing, machinery, metals, and household appliances. In the city also has seat the Ferretti Group , one of the most famous producers of yachts. Forlì is the location of various buildings of architectural, artistic and historical significance, that include frescoes as part of their decorations. At

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876-549: Is also notable as the birthplace of painters Melozzo da Forlì and Marco Palmezzano , humanist historian Flavio Biondo , physicians Geronimo Mercuriali and Giovanni Battista Morgagni . The University Campus of Forlì (part of the University of Bologna ) is specialized in Economics, Engineering, Political Sciences as well as the Advanced school of Modern Languages for Interpreters and Translators (SSLMIT). The climate of

949-673: Is the main religious building in the city; and contains the famed Sepulchre of Barbara Manfredi . Also of note is the Dominican Church of San Giacomo Apostolo ; better known as the Church of San Domenico – a late medieval church built in the 13th century in the southern part of the town. Other medieval buildings include the Rocca di Ravaldino, a fortress enlarged in the 14th century by the Ordelaffi and Gil de Albornoz , and later in

1022-767: The Carbonari in 1831 and 1848. Napoléon Louis Bonaparte , Napoleon I's nephew who was involved with the Carbonari, died there in 1831. In the 19th century, Forlì was part of the Italian unification (or "the Risorgimento"), a political and social movement that agglomerated the different states of the Italian Peninsula into the single state of Italy . The citizens of Forlì were particularly inspired by military figure Giuseppe Garibaldi , who at this time

1095-653: The Castle of Mirandola (Duchy of Modena), which had become independent in the fourteenth century and had received in 1414 from the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund the fief of Concordia. Mirandola was a small autonomous county (later, a duchy) in Emilia , near Ferrara . The Pico della Mirandola were closely related to the Sforza , Gonzaga and Este dynasties, and Giovanni's siblings wed the descendants of

1168-518: The Civil Defence . This recreational aerodrome is complementary to Forlì's main airport, south of the city. Forlì railway station is on the Bologna–Ancona line. Opened for use in 1926, it replaced the original station, which had been in use since 1861. The passenger building of the original station still stands, about 100 metres (330 ft) west of the present station. Forlì Airport

1241-602: The Donation of Pepin . By the 9th century the commune had taken control from its bishops, and Forlì was established as an independent Italian city-state, alongside the other communes that signalled the first revival of urban life in Italy. Forlì became a republic for the first time in 889. At this time the city was allied with the Ghibelline factions in the medieval struggles between the Guelphs and Ghibellines , partly as

1314-674: The Hohenstaufen eagle. With the collapse of Hohenstaufen power in 1257, imperial lieutenant Guido I da Montefeltro was forced to take refuge in Forlì, the only remaining Ghibelline stronghold in Italy. He accepted the position of capitano del popolo ("Captain of the People") and led Forlì to notable victories: against the Bolognesi at the Ponte di San Proculo, on 15 June 1275; against

1387-516: The Ordelaffi came into power. Local factions with papal support ousted the family in 1327–29 and again in 1359–75, and at other turns of events the bishops were expelled by the Ordelaffi. Until the Renaissance the Ordelaffi strived to maintain the possession of the city and its countryside, especially against Papal attempts to assert back their authority. Often civil wars between members of

1460-522: The Parco della Resistenza ("Resistance Park") city park, and the Parco di Via Dragoni – which provides performance facilities alongside standard amenities. The Teatro Diego Fabbri is a theatre which opened in September 2000. Forlì is divided into territorial subdivisions, or frazioni . Villafranca di Forlì is a hamlet which a dependency of the municipality of Forlì, located on the north side of

1533-489: The Praeparatio was made by George of Trebizond and printed at Venice by Nicolas Jenson in 1470. The Jesuit François Viger also translated the text into Latin for his edition with commentary of 1628. The term also denotes an early church doctrine, praeparatio evangelica , meaning a preparation for the gospel among cultures yet to hear of the message of Christ. "[Early Christians] argued that God had already sowed

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1606-577: The "Hermetic Reformation". He was the founder of the tradition of Christian Kabbalah , a key tenet of early modern Western esotericism . The 900 Theses was the first printed book to be universally banned by the Church. Pico is sometimes seen as a proto-Protestant , because his 900 theses anticipated many Protestant views. Giovanni was born at Mirandola , near Modena , the youngest son of Gianfrancesco I Pico , Lord of Mirandola and Count of Concordia , by his wife Giulia, daughter of Feltrino Boiardo , Count of Scandiano . The family had long dwelt in

1679-525: The 15th century. The city hosts the Palazzo Hercolani , with decorations dating from the 19th century; containing the artwork La Beata Vergine del Fuoco con i Santi Mercuriale, Pellegrino, Marcolino e Valeriano by Italian painter Pompeo Randi  [ it ] . The Palazzo del Podestà  [ it ] is a civic building which was frescoed by Adolfo de Carolis in the 20th century. Forlì has parks located in green areas, including

1752-464: The Dignity of Man , 1486), Pico justified the importance of the human quest for knowledge, masterfully blending Neoplatonism and Aristotelian Scholasticism . The Oration also served as an introduction to Pico's 900 theses, which he believed to provide a complete and sufficient basis for the discovery of all knowledge, and hence a model for mankind's ascent of the chain of being. The 900 Theses are

1825-596: The Hebrews to stand by the ancient traditions of their fathers; if anywhere they disagree, then drawn up in Catholic legions we shall make an attack upon them. In short, whatever we detect foreign to the truth of the Gospels we shall refute to the extent of our power, while whatever we find holy and true we shall bear off from the synagogue, as from a wrongful possessor, to ourselves, the legitimate Israelites. On Being and

1898-580: The Hermetics, because he thought they represented the same concept of God that is seen in the Old Testament , but in different words. He finished his "Oration on the Dignity of Man" to accompany his 900 Theses and travelled to Rome to continue his plan to defend them. He had them published together in December 1486 as "Conclusiones philosophicae, cabalasticae et theologicae" , and offered to pay

1971-582: The One ( Latin : De ente et uno ) has explanations of several passages in the Pentateuch , Plato and Aristotle. It is an attempted reconciliation between Platonic and Aristotelian writings on the relative places of being and " the one " and a refutation of opposing arguments. He wrote in Italian an imitation of Plato's Symposium . His letters ( Aureae ad familiares epistolae Paris, 1499) are important for

2044-603: The Paleolithic. Forlì was founded after the Roman conquest of the remaining Gallic villages, about the time the Via Aemilia was built. With no clear evidence, the exact date this occurred is still under debate, though some historians believe that the first settlement of the ancient Roman Forum was built in approximately 188 BC by consul Gaius Livius Salinator (the same that fought Hasdrubal Barca and vanquished him at

2117-411: The age of 31, Pico died under mysterious circumstances along with his friend Poliziano . It was rumoured that his own secretary had poisoned him because Pico had become too close to Savonarola. He was interred together with Girolamo Benivieni at San Marco, and Savonarola delivered the funeral oration. Ficino wrote: Our dear Pico left us on the same day that Charles VIII was entering Florence, and

2190-477: The area is humid subtropical ( Cfa in the Köppen climate classification ) with Mediterranean features, fairly mitigated by the relative closeness of the city to the sea. Forlì is characterized by hot and sunny summers, with temperatures that can exceed 30 °C (86 °F) and even reach 40 °C (104 °F) during the hottest weeks of the year. Winters are cool and moist, with frequent fog. Occasionally

2263-428: The arguments against astrology espoused by one of his intellectual heroes, Augustine of Hippo , and also by the medieval philosophical tale Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān by ibn Tufail , which promoted autodidacticism as a philosophical program. Pico's antagonism to astrology seems to derive mainly from the conflict of astrology with Christian notions of free will. But Pico's arguments moved beyond the objections of Ficino, who

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2336-540: The banks of the Metaurus River in 207 BC), who gave it the Latin name Forum Livii , meaning "the place of the gens Livia ". Others argue the town may have been founded later, during the time of Julius Caesar . In 88 BC, the city was destroyed during the civil wars of Gaius Marius and Sulla , but later rebuilt by the praetor Livius Clodius. After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire ,

2409-713: The city was incorporated into the realms of Odoacer and of the Ostrogothic Kingdom . From the end of the 6th century to 751, Forlì was an outlying part of the Byzantine / Eastern Roman power in Italy known as the Exarchate of Ravenna . During this time the Germanic Lombards repeatedly took the city – in 665, 728, and 742. It was finally incorporated with the Papal States in 757, as part of

2482-593: The exiled male line becoming extinct in 1747. Giovanni's maternal family was singularly distinguished in the arts and scholarship of the Italian Renaissance . His cousin and contemporary was the poet Matteo Maria Boiardo, who grew up under the influence of his own uncle, the Florentine patron of the arts and scholar-poet Tito Vespasiano Strozzi . Giovanni had a paradoxical relationship with his nephew Giovanni Francesco Pico della Mirandola , who

2555-451: The expenses of any scholars who came to Rome to debate them publicly. He wanted the debate to begin on 6 January, which was, as historian Steven Farmer has observed, the feast of Epiphany and "symbolic date of the submission of the pagan gentes to Christ in the persons of the Magi". After emerging victorious at the culmination of the debate, Pico planned not only on the symbolic acquiescence of

2628-458: The family occurred. They also fought as condottieri for other states to earn themselves money to protect or embellish Forlì. The most renowned of the Ordelaffi was Pino III , who held the Signiory of Forlì from 1466 to 1480. Pino was a ruthless lord; nevertheless he enriched the city with new walls and buildings and was a sponsor of the arts. When he died aged 40, under suspicion of poisoning,

2701-600: The heart of the city sits the Piazza Aurelio Saffi , which includes a statue of Italian politician Aurelio Saffi – who was an important figure in the radical republican current within the Risorgimento movement , headed by Giuseppe Mazzini in the 19th century. The Piazza Saffi also includes the Abbey of San Mercuriale (named after Saint Mercurialis , a bishop of the city who died in the 5th century), which

2774-543: The hereditary rulers of Corsica , Ferrara, Bologna, and Forlì . Born twenty-three years into his parents' marriage, Giovanni had two much older brothers, both of whom outlived him: Count Galeotto I continued the dynasty, while Antonio became a general in the Imperial army. The Pico family would reign as dukes until Mirandola, an ally of Louis XIV of France , was conquered by his rival, Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor , in 1708 and annexed to Modena by Duke Rinaldo d'Este ,

2847-576: The history of contemporary thought. The many editions of his entire works in the sixteenth century sufficiently prove his influence. Another notorious text by Pico is De omnibus rebus et de quibusdam aliis ("Of all things that exist and a little more"), which is mentioned in some entries on Thomas More's Utopia and makes fun of the title of Lucretius' De rerum natura . Forl%C3%AC Forlì ( / f ɔːr ˈ l iː / for- LEE ; Italian: [forˈli] ; Romagnol : Furlè [furˈlɛ] ; Latin : Forum Livii )

2920-457: The identity with the absolute reality. This paradigm is universal, because it can be retraced in every tradition." A portion of his Disputationes adversus astrologiam divinatricem was published in Bologna after his death. In this book, Pico presents arguments against the practice of astrology that have had enormous resonance for centuries, up to our own time. Disputationes is influenced by

2993-453: The impertinence of the Jews; a number of them, finally, under the pretext of 'natural philosophy', favour arts [i.e., magic ] that are enemies to the Catholic faith and to the human race. This was the first time that a printed book had been banned by the Church, and nearly all copies were burned. Pico fled to France in 1488, where he was arrested by Philip II, Duke of Savoy , at the demand of

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3066-597: The increasing influence of Savonarola, whose reactionary opposition to Renaissance expansion and style had already brought about conflict with the Medici family (they eventually were expelled from Florence) and would lead to the wholesale destruction of books and paintings. Nevertheless, Pico became a follower of Savonarola. Determined to become a monk, he dismissed his former interest in Egyptian and Chaldean texts, destroyed his own poetry and gave away his fortune. In 1494, at

3139-477: The local politics, before becoming dictator of Italy – a situation that remained for 20 years before the start of World War II . The war left the city with destroyed monuments and artistic losses, such as the Church of San Biagio  [ it ] , which included frescoes by Melozzo da Forlì . After the war, however, the city experienced a quick economic recovery, entering a new stage of democratic life. Forlì

3212-681: The magi, which contain a brief and dry interpretation of Chaldean philosophy, but full of mystery." Pico was introduced in Perugia to the mystical Hebrew Kabbalah , which fascinated him, as did the late classical Hermetic writers, such as Hermes Trismegistus . The Kabbalah and Hermetica were thought in Pico's time to be as ancient as the Old Testament. Pico's "tutor" in Kabbalah was Rabbi Johannan Alemanno (1430s – c. 1510), who argued that

3285-562: The main town, and spans over a territory sided on the west side by the River Montone . The hamlet was the birthplace of Benito Mussolini 's mother, Rosa. An aerodrome , with a runway approximately 800 metres (2,600 ft) long and 29 metres (95 ft) wide, is close to the hamlet; it is used as a landing field for ULM and R/C model aircraft. It is the seat of the Flight School Ali Soccorso belonging to

3358-455: The older cultures with ideas and themes that would grow to fruition once they were interpreted in a fully Christian context." Eusebius' own Praeparatio Evangelica does not adopt the common notion (which occurs at least as early as Clement of Alexandria) of Greek philosophy as a "preparation for the Gospel." Eusebius instead offers a lengthy argument for the wisdom of the ancient Hebrews becoming

3431-464: The order of Lorenzo's successor, Piero de' Medici. Subsequent scientific investigation found that while Pico may have died from acute arsenic poisoning (intentional or otherwise), there was not enough evidence to conclude the same for Poliziano, and levels of arsenic found in his remains may have been from chronic exposure or have taken place post-mortem. In the Oratio de hominis dignitate ( Oration on

3504-424: The orthodoxy of the 900 Theses . Although Pico answered the charges against them, thirteen theses were condemned. Pico agreed in writing to retract them, but he did not change his mind about their validity. Eventually, all 900 theses were condemned. He proceeded to write an apologia defending them, Apologia J. Pici Mirandolani, Concordiae comitis , published in 1489, which he dedicated to his patron, Lorenzo. When

3577-525: The pagan sages, but also the conversion of Jews as they realised that Jesus was the true secret of their traditions. According to Farmer, Pico may have been expecting quite literally that "his Vatican debate would end with the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse crashing through the Roman skies". In February 1487, Pope Innocent VIII halted the proposed debate, and established a commission to review

3650-496: The papacy. The experience deeply shook Pico. He reconciled with Savonarola, who remained a very close friend. It was at Pico's persuasion that Lorenzo invited Savonarola to Florence. But Pico never renounced his syncretist convictions. He settled in a villa near Fiesole prepared for him by Lorenzo, where he wrote and published the Heptaplus id est de Dei creatoris opere (1489) and De Ente et Uno ( Of Being and Unity , 1491). It

3723-415: The papal nuncios , and imprisoned at Vincennes . Through the intercession of several Italian princes – all instigated by Lorenzo de' Medici – King Charles VIII had him released, and the pope was persuaded to allow Pico to move to Florence and to live under Lorenzo's protection. But he was not cleared of the papal censures and restrictions until 1493, after the accession of Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia) to

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3796-522: The pope than ever before (apart from a short-lived return of the Ordelaffi in 1503–1504). In June 1796, during the French Revolution , Jacobin French troops entered the city – with Napoleon arriving on 4 February 1797. The French General recruited local officials and soldiers, resulting in political turmoil between 1820 and 1830, with risings in 1821 – including the revolutionary movement of

3869-494: The pope was apprised of the circulation of this manuscript, he set up an inquisitorial tribunal, forcing Pico to renounce the Apologia , in addition to his condemned theses, which he agreed to do. The pope censured 900 Theses as: In part heretical, in part the flower of heresy; several are scandalous and offensive to pious ears; most do nothing but reproduce the errors of pagan philosophers [...] others are capable of inflaming

3942-572: The rest of his life, he remained very close friends with all three. He may also have been a lover of Poliziano. From 1480 to 1482, he continued his studies at the University of Padua , a major centre of Aristotelianism in Italy. Already proficient in Latin and Greek, he studied Hebrew and Arabic in Padua with Elia del Medigo , a Jewish Averroist , and read Aramaic manuscripts with him as well. Del Medigo also translated Judaic manuscripts from Hebrew into Latin for Pico, as he would continue to do for

4015-480: The situation of Forlì was weakened as factions of Ordelaffi fought one another, until Pope Sixtus IV claimed the signory for his nephew Girolamo Riario . Riario was married to Caterina Sforza , the indomitable Lady of Forlì whose name is associated with the city's last independent history. Forlì was seized in 1488 by the Visconti and in 1499 by Cesare Borgia , after whose death it became more directly subject to

4088-510: The study and mastery of magic was to be regarded as the final stage of one's intellectual and spiritual education. This contact, initiated as a result of Christian interest in probing the ancient wisdom found in Jewish mystical sources, resulted in unprecedented mutual influence between Jewish and Christian Renaissance thought. The most original of Pico's 900 theses concerned the Kabbalah . As

4161-515: The tears of men of letters compensated for the joy of the people. Without the light brought by the king of France, Florence might perhaps have never seen a more somber day than that which extinguished Mirandola's light. In 2007, the bodies of Poliziano and Pico were exhumed from the Church of San Marco in Florence to establish the causes of their deaths. Forensic tests showed that both Poliziano and Pico likely died of arsenic poisoning, possibly at

4234-606: The travel expenses from his own funds. During this time two life-changing events occurred. The first was when he returned to settle for a time in Florence in November 1484 and met Lorenzo de' Medici and Marsilio Ficino . It was an astrologically auspicious day that Ficino had chosen to publish his translations of the works of Plato from Greek into Latin, under Lorenzo's enthusiastic patronage. Pico appears to have charmed both men, and despite Ficino's philosophical differences, he

4307-404: The warm Sirocco wind blows from the south, bringing warmer temperatures for brief periods. The surroundings of Forlì have been inhabited since the Paleolithic : a site, Ca' Belvedere of Monte Poggiolo , has revealed thousands of chipped flints in strata dated 800,000 years before the present era, which indicates a flint-knapping industry producing sharp-edged tools in a pre- Acheulean phase of

4380-542: The wife of one of Lorenzo de' Medici's cousins, which almost cost him his life. Giovanni attempted to run off with the woman, but he was caught, wounded and thrown into prison by her husband. He was released only upon the intervention of Lorenzo himself. Pico spent several months in Perugia and nearby Fratta, recovering from his injuries. It was there, as he wrote to Ficino, that "divine Providence ... caused certain books to fall into my hands. They are Chaldean books ... of Esdras , of Zoroaster and of Melchior , oracles of

4453-457: Was "A mortal sin of finite duration is not deserving of eternal but only of temporal punishment;" it was among the theses pronounced heretical by Pope Innocent VIII in his bull of 4 August 1487. In the Oration he argues, in the words of Pier Cesare Bori , that "human vocation is a mystical vocation that has to be realized following a three-stage way, which comprehends necessarily moral transformation, intellectual research and final perfection in

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4526-402: Was a commander. However, the city and its farmers had difficulty adapting to agrarian reform under the unification, thus lending rise to republican and socialist parties. Forlì participated considerably during World War I , resulting in it being awarded the " Fulcieri Paolucci De' Calboli  [ it ] " gold medal. Afterwards in the 1920s, Benito Mussolini became actively involved in

4599-421: Was a great admirer of his uncle, yet published Examen vanitatis doctrinae gentium (1520) in opposition to the "ancient wisdom narrative" espoused by Giovanni, described by historian Charles B. Schmitt as an attempt "to destroy what his uncle had built." A precocious child with an exceptional memory, Giovanni was schooled in Latin and possibly Greek at a very early age. Intended for the Church by his mother, he

4672-408: Was always Pico's aim to reconcile the schools of Plato and Aristotle since he believed they used different words to express the same concepts. It was perhaps for this reason his friends called him "Princeps Concordiae", or "Prince of Harmony" (a pun on Prince of Concordia, one of his family's holdings). Similarly, Pico believed that an educated person should also study Hebrew and Talmudic sources, and

4745-415: Was an Italian Renaissance nobleman and philosopher . He is famed for the events of 1486, when, at the age of 23, he proposed to defend 900 theses on religion, philosophy, natural philosophy , and magic against all comers, for which he wrote the Oration on the Dignity of Man , which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance", and a key text of Renaissance humanism and of what has been called

4818-429: Was closed on 29 March 2013 due to bankruptcy of the company that ran it. Operations resumed at the airport on 29 October 2020. The best-known painter of the comune was Melozzo da Forlì , who worked in Rome and other Italian cities during the brief years of the High Renaissance . Other Forlivese painters were: Ansuino da Forlì , Marco Palmezzano , Francesco Menzocchi , and Livio Agresti . Together they formed

4891-407: Was convinced of their Saturnine affinity and the divine providence of his arrival. Lorenzo would support and protect Pico until his death in 1492. Soon after this stay in Florence, Pico was travelling on his way to Rome where he intended to publish his 900 Theses and prepare for a congress of scholars from all over Europe to debate them. Stopping in Arezzo he became embroiled in a love affair with

4964-414: Was done... by Latin and Greek poets we shall explain in the book of our Poetic Theology. Pico's Heptaplus , a mystical-allegorical exposition of the creation according to the seven Biblical senses, elaborates on his idea that different religions and traditions describe the same God. The book is written in his characteristic apologetic and polemic style: If they agree with us anywhere, we shall order

5037-454: Was here that he also wrote his other most celebrated work, the Disputationes adversus astrologiam divinicatrium ( Treatise Against Predictive Astrology ), which was not published until after his death. In it, Pico acidly condemned the deterministic practices of the astrologers of his day. After the death of Lorenzo de' Medici, in 1492, Pico moved to Ferrara, although he continued to visit Florence. In Florence, political instability gave rise to

5110-412: Was himself an astrologer. The manuscript was edited for publication after Pico's death by his nephew Giovanni Francesco Pico della Mirandola , an ardent follower of Savonarola, and may possibly have been amended to be more forcefully critical. This might possibly explain the fact that Ficino championed the manuscript and enthusiastically endorsed it before its publication. Early in his career, Pico wrote

5183-431: Was named a papal protonotary (probably honorary) at the age of 10 and in 1477, he went to Bologna to study canon law . At the sudden death of his mother three years later, Pico renounced canon law and began to study philosophy at the University of Ferrara . During a brief trip to Florence, he met Angelo Poliziano , the courtly poet Girolamo Benivieni , and probably the young Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola . For

5256-514: Was one of his advisors. The following year the city's exhausted Senate was forced to cede to papal power and asked Guido to take his leave. The commune soon submitted to a local condottiere rather than accept a representative of direct papal control, and Simone Mestaguerra had himself proclaimed Lord of Forlì . He did not succeed in leaving the new signory peacefully to an heir, however, and Forlì passed to Maghinardo Pagano , then to Uguccione della Faggiuola (1297), and to others, until in 1302

5329-513: Was probably in Paris that Giovanni began his 900 Theses and conceived the idea of defending them in public debate. THE CONCLUSIONS will not be disputed until after the Epiphany. In the meantime they will be published in all Italian universities. And if any philosopher or theologian, even from the ends of Italy, wishes to come to Rome for the sake of debating, his lord the disputer promises to pay

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