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50-572: Prandtl was born in Freising , near Munich , on 4 February 1875. His mother suffered from a lengthy illness and, as a result, Ludwig spent more time with his father, a professor of engineering. His father also encouraged him to observe nature and think about his observations. Prandtl entered the Technische Hochschule Munich in 1894 and graduated with a Ph.D. under guidance of Professor August Foeppl in six years. His thesis

100-574: A barracks building of the Jägerkaserne (Vimy Barracks from 1938), which was built in 1906 and has since been abandoned. It will remain in this listed building until a new building is realized in Fischergasse, east of the former prison. Freising is twinned with: Freising has 4 sport clubs: SE Freising , SV Vötting-Weihenstephan , SC Freising, and SG Eichenfeld. Frederick Lanchester Too Many Requests If you report this error to

150-472: A bell-like lift distribution, reducing the loads near the tip of the wings by washing out the wing tips until negative downwash was obtained, which gave the minimum induced drag for any given wing structural weight. However, this new lift distribution drew less interest than the elliptical distribution and was initially ignored in most practical aircraft designs. This concept has been rediscovered by other researchers and has become increasingly important (see also

200-490: A kind of world competition. The competition was gentlemanly, of course. But it was first-class rivalry nonetheless, a kind of Olympic games, between Prandtl and me, and beyond that between Göttingen and Aachen. The ‘playing field’ was the Congress of Applied Mechanics. Our ‘ball’ was the search for a universal law of turbulence.” Around 1930, the race ended in a draw as both men concluded that the inverse square of skin friction

250-558: A large research establishment with many tasks including lift and drag on airfoils, aerodynamics of bombs, and cavitation on submarine propeller blades. In 1925 , the university spun off his research arm to create the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Flow Research (now the Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization ). Due to the complexity of Prandtl's boundary layer ideas in his 1904 paper,

300-847: A member of the German Physical Society (DPG) , Prandtl assisted Carl Ramsauer in drafting the DPG Petition in 1941. The DPG Petition would be published in 1942 and argued that physics in Germany was falling behind that of the United States due to rejection of "Jewish Physics" ( relativity and quantum theory ) from German physicists. After publication of the DPG Petition, the belief of "German Physics" superiority deteriorated to allow for German students to study these new fields in school. Prandtl worked at Göttingen until he died on 15 August 1953. His work in fluid dynamics

350-551: A result of the boundary layer, clearly explaining the concept of stall for the first time. Several of his students made attempts at closed-form solutions, but failed, and in the end the approximation contained in his original paper remains in widespread use. The effect of the paper was so great that Prandtl would succeed Hans Lorenz as director of the Institute for Technical Physics at the University of Göttingen later in

400-486: A state-certified designer for floral art. The Freising-Weihenstephan campus is an extensive complex of higher education institutions and research institutes in the western urban area of Freising, in the Weihenstephan and Vötting districts. It has been developed into the so-called "Green Center of Bavaria" for decades and continues to be modernized and designed as a "science and research campus". It includes not only

450-708: A trusted associate of Osama Bin Laden , was apprehended in Freising. In 2006, Pope Benedict XVI visited Freising during a papal visit. He was formerly archbishop of Munich/Freising from 1977 to 1982. There are several elementary schools in the city of Freising. The St. Korbinian elementary school is located in the city center, the Neustift elementary school in Neustift, the St. Lantbert elementary school in Lerchenfeld and

500-445: A uniform stream. Boltze's research was similar to Blasius' but applied Prandtl's theory to spherical shapes instead of flat objects. Prandtl expanded upon the ideas in his student's dissertations to include a thermal boundary layer associated with heat transfer. There would be three more papers from Gottingen researchers regarding the boundary layer released by 1914. Due to similar reasons to Prandtl's 1904 paper, these first 7 papers on

550-566: Is 448 meters above sea level. Freising is one of the oldest settlements in Bavaria, becoming a major religious centre in the early Middle Ages. It is the centre of an important diocese . Some important historical documents were created between 900 and 1200 in its monastery: The above and other scripts from that time can be found in the "Bayerische Staatsbibliothek" ( Bavarian State Library ) in Munich. Even though archaeological finds show that

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600-489: Is a scientific institution of the city of Freising. It holds documents from the 14th century to the present day. It has existed as an institution since 1909. It is a public institution, open to all citizens and offers a reference library with about 4500 volumes in a reading room. Since 2003, the Freising Municipal Archives have been temporarily located in the "Haus der Vereine" (House of Associations),

650-684: Is dedicated to the continuing education of pastoral counselors. The Kardinal-Döpfner-Haus educational center is also located in the former residence on the Domberg. Further offers are provided by the Katholisches Kreisbildungswerk and the Pallotti-Haus, a Christian educational house and therapy center. The oldest library in Freising is the Freising Cathedral Library, located on the Domberg. This

700-748: Is located on the Isar river in Upper Bavaria , north of Munich and near the Munich International Airport . The city is built on and around two prominent hills: the Cathedral Hill with the former Bishop's Residence and Freising Cathedral , and Weihenstephan Hill with the former Weihenstephan Abbey , containing the oldest working brewery in the world. It was also the location of the first recorded tornado in Europe. The city

750-457: Is still used today in many areas of aerodynamics and chemical engineering . He is often referred to as the father of modern aerodynamics. The crater Prandtl on the far side of the Moon is named in his honor. The Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring is awarded by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt in his honor for outstanding contribution in the field of aerospace engineering. In 1992, Prandtl

800-623: The Bavarian Eastern Railway Company built the first railway line from Munich to Freising, Landshut and Regensburg for passenger and rail traffic. Near the end of the Second World War , Allied aircraft bombed Freising on April 18, 1945. By April 30, units of the US Army arrived in Freising. In 1998, Mamdouh Mahmud Salim , also known as Abu Hajir al-Iraqi, a key figure in the founding of al-Qaeda and

850-743: The Free State of Bavaria . Other non-university institutions include the German Research Institute for Food Chemistry, the Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, DEULA Bavaria and the IZB Freising-Weihenstephan start-up center for green biotechnology. In addition to the natural sciences and technology, there are facilities in the area of religious education. The Institut für Theologische und Pastorale Fortbildung Freising

900-551: The Prandtl-D experimental aircraft). Prandtl and his student Theodor Meyer developed the first theories of supersonic shock waves and flow in 1908. The Prandtl–Meyer expansion fans allowed for the construction of supersonic wind tunnels . He had little time to work on the problem further until the 1920s, when he worked with Adolf Busemann and created a method for designing a supersonic nozzle in 1929. Today, all supersonic wind tunnels and rocket nozzles are designed using

950-750: The University of Hannover . It was here that he developed many of his most important theories. On August 8, 1904, he delivered a groundbreaking paper, Über Flüssigkeitsbewegung bei sehr kleiner Reibung ( On the Motion of Fluids in Very Little Friction ), at the Third International Mathematics Congress in Heidelberg . In this paper, he described the boundary layer and its importance for drag and streamlining . The paper also described flow separation as

1000-673: The " Center of Life Sciences ", the Weihenstephan Science Center for Nutrition, Land Use and Environment of the Technical University of Munich , but also the most important part of the Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences . The Freising Clinic is an academic teaching hospital of the Technical University of Munich . It is located north of the old town. Several research centers have been established in

1050-571: The 10th century, in order to collect additional revenue, monks were sent from Freising down the Isar River to build a toll bridge on the Salt Road between Salzburg and Augsburg. This village would be later known as München (or Munich , which means 'of the monks'). By 1158, Duke Henry the Lion destroyed the bridge and customs building and built new ones closer to his home further downriver, (near

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1100-606: The Dom-Gymnasium, is Freising's largest grammar school. The Freising Vocational School and the Vocational School for Child Care are located in the same building. The latter is a full-time school that trains pediatric nurses in two years. The vocational school for nursing is affiliated with the Freising Clinic. The Weihenstephan State Vocational School for Floral Art offers advanced training to become

1150-652: The Paul-Gerhard-Schule. At Guten Änger in Lerchenfeld, the new Montessori school building was opened in 2015 and a second Realschule in 2018. The Wippenhauser Straße is home to the Wirtschaftsschule and the Fachoberschule / Berufsoberschule . The oldest of Freising's three high schools is the Dom-Gymnasium on the Domberg. The Camerloher-Gymnasium is one of the few artistic grammar schools. The Josef-Hofmiller-Gymnasium , which emerged from

1200-620: The Paul-Gerhardt elementary school in the north of the city. Another elementary school is the Vötting Elementary School, to which the schoolhouse in Pulling also belongs. Secondary schools include the three secondary schools Neustift, Paul-Gerhard and Lerchenfeld. The first two are located at the sites of the elementary schools of the same names. The Karl-Meichelbeck-Realschule is located in the immediate vicinity of

1250-685: The area was settled in the late Stone Age and Bronze Age , no proof has been found yet to suggest a continuous settlement until the 8th century AD. Around 700 AD the Frankish Agilolfing dukes built a simple palace on the highest hill in Freising as part of its Duchy of Bavaria . In 724 AD, the Frankish Saint Corbinian was sent to the Duchy of Bavaria by the Catholic Church to spread Christianity . On

1300-616: The bear free. The saddled bear is still the symbol of the city, displayed in the coat of arms, as well as statues and paintings. After Corbinian's death, Saint Boniface established Freising as a Catholic diocese . Between 764–783, Bishop Arbeo founded a library and a scriptorium (writing room) at the abbey. The settlement started to become a religious centre. The earliest recorded tornado in Europe struck Freising in 788. The mortal remains of Pope Alexander I are said to have been transferred to Freising in 834. In 996, Freising received city rights from Emperor Otto III . As early as

1350-436: The boundary layer would be slow to spread outside of Gottingen. Partially due to World War I, there would be a lack of papers published regarding the boundary layer until another of Prandtl's students, Theodore Von Karman, published a paper in 1921 on the momentum integral equation across the boundary layer. Following earlier leads by Frederick Lanchester from 1902–1907, Prandtl worked with Albert Betz and Max Munk on

1400-533: The boundary was influential and adopted by aerodynamic and hydrodynamic experts around the world after WWI. In May 1932, the International Conference on Hydromechanical Problems of Ship Propulsion was held in Hamburg . Günther Kempf showcased a number of experiments at the conference which confirmed many of the theoretical discoveries of von Kármán and Prandtl. After Hitler 's rise to power and

1450-691: The center of modern downtown Munich), so that he could collect the revenue instead. The construction of the Freising Cathedral in its current romanesque style started in 1159 and was completed in 1205. The Romanesque wooden ceiling was replaced by a gothic vault in 1481–1483. Freising went through difficult times during the Thirty Years' War . In 1632, the Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus came through Freising on his way to Munich. He demanded 30,000 guilders as

1500-844: The establishment of the Third Reich , Prandtl continued his role as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society . During this period, the Nazi air ministry, led by Hermann Göring , often used Prandtl's international reputation as a scientist to promote Germany's scientific agenda. Prandtl appears to have happily served as an ambassador for the Nazi regime, writing in 1937 to a NACA representative "I believe that Fascism in Italy and National Socialism in Germany represent very good beginnings of new thinking and economics." Prandtl's support for

1550-453: The field of tribology . Following Prandtl's investigation into instabilities from 1921-1929, he then moved to exploring developed turbulence. This was also being investigated by Kármán, resulting in a race to formulate a solution for the velocity profile in developed turbulence. Regarding the professional rivalry that started between the two, Kármán commented: “I came to realize that ever since I had come to Aachen my old professor and I were in

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1600-597: The highest hill in Freising, where there was already a simple sanctuary, Corbinian erected a Benedictine monastery and a school, to help preach the Gospel to the local people . According to his Vita by Bishop Arbeo , Corbinian was on his way to Rome when his packhorse was attacked and killed by a wild bear. By divine power, Corbinian ordered the bear to carry his luggage over the Alps . When he finally arrived in Rome he let

1650-425: The influence of Napoleonic France in which church controlled lands were secularized . In Freising, the more than thousand-year-old bishopric was abolished. The Roman Catholic Church lost most of its properties and authority over the city. Though the seat of the diocese was moved to Munich in 1821, including the elevation to an archdiocese, Freising has remained the seat of diocesan administration until today. In 1858

1700-482: The overall performance and characterization of the wing. Considerable work was included on the nature of induced drag and wingtip vortices , which had previously been ignored. Prandtl showed that an elliptical spanwise lift distribution the most efficient, giving the minimum induced drag for the given span. These tools enabled aircraft designers to make meaningful theoretical studies of their aircraft before they were built. Prandtl later extended his theory to describe

1750-515: The problem of a useful mathematical tool for examining lift from "real world" wings. The results were published in 1918–1919, known as the Lanchester–Prandtl wing theory . He also made specific additions to study cambered airfoils, like those on World War I aircraft, and published a simplified thin-airfoil theory for these designs. This work led to the realization that on any wing of finite length, wing-tip effects became very important to

1800-470: The regime is apparent in his letters to G. I. Taylor and his wife in 1938 and 1939. Referring to Nazi Germany's treatment of Jews, Prandtl wrote "The struggle, which Germany unfortunately had to fight against the Jews, was necessary for its self-preservation." Prandtl also claimed that "If there will be war, the guilt to have caused it by political measures is this time unequivocally on the side of England." As

1850-537: The same method. A full development of supersonics would have to wait for the work of Theodore von Kármán , a student of Prandtl at Göttingen. Prandtl developed the concept of "circulation" which proved to be particularly important for the hydrodynamics of ship propellers. He did most of the experimental work at his lab in Göttingen from 1910-1918 with his assistant Albert Betz and student Max Munk. Most of his discoveries related to circulation would be kept secret from

1900-558: The sharply-divergent tube never occurred. This phenomenon had been previously noted by Daniel Bernoulli in a similar hydraulic case. Prandtl recalled that this discovery led to the reasoning behind his boundary-layer approach to resistance in slightly-viscous fluids. In 1901 Prandtl became a professor of fluid mechanics at the technical school in Hannover , later the Technical University Hannover and then

1950-404: The spread of the concept was initially slow. Many people failed to adopt the idea due to lack of understanding. There was a halt on new boundary layer discoveries until 1908 when two of his students at Gottingen, Blasius and Boltze, released their dissertations on the boundary layer. Blasius' dissertation explained what happened with the boundary layer when a flat plate comes in parallel contact with

2000-653: The sum to protect the city from destruction. Nevertheless, his army sacked the city. Hunger and plague raged when the Swedes invaded the city again in 1646. In 1674, the Church placed a statue of the Virgin Mary in the city square as a sign that war and plague had been overcome. A wave of witch hunts and trials broke out from 1715–1717 in Freising, and again in 1721–1723. Most of the accused were child beggars. Several children were executed. In 1802/1803 Bavaria fell under

2050-652: The vicinity of the two universities, i.e. mostly located on campus. The TUM Weihenstephan Research Center for Brewing and Food Quality, the TUM Central Institute for Nutrition and Food Research and the TUM Hans Eisenmann Center for Agricultural Sciences belong to the Technical University of Munich . The Bavarian State Institute of Agriculture and the Bavarian State Institute of Forestry and Forestry are authorities of

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2100-535: The war. In the same year, physicists primarily from industrial laboratories formed a new society called the German Physical Society (DGTP). In September 1921, the two societies held a meeting with the German Mathematical Society (DMV) in Jena . In its first volume, ZAMM (Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics) stated that this meeting "for the first time, applied mathematics and mechanics

2150-572: The western world until after World War I. Prior to World War I, the Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians (GDNÄ) was the only opportunity for applied mathematicians, physicists, and engineers in German speaking countries to discuss. In 1920, they met in Bad Nauheim and came to the conclusion that there was a need for a new umbrella for applied sciences due to their experience during

2200-489: The year. In 1907, during his time at Göttingen, Prandtl was tasked with establishing a new facility for model studies of motorized airships called Motorluftschiffmodell-Versuchsanstalt (MVA), later the Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt (AVA) in 1919. The facility was focused on wind tunnel measurements of airship models with the goal of shapes with minimal air resistance. During WWI , it was used as

2250-496: Was "On Tilting Phenomena, an Example of Unstable Elastic Equilibrium" (1900), After university, Prandtl went to work in the Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg to improve a suction device for shavings removal in the manufacturing process. While working there, he discovered that the suction tube did not work because the lines of flow separated from the walls of the tube, so the expected pressure rise in

2300-452: Was coming to its own to a larger extent" This journal advertised the common goals of Prandtl, Theodore von Kármán , Richard von Mises , and Hans Reissner . On top of the foundation of ZAMM, the GAMM (International Association of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics) was also formed due to the joint efforts of Prandtl and his peers. After these initial meetings of GAMM, it became clear that there

2350-701: Was founded by Bishop Arbeo and is the central library of the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising and one of the largest church libraries in Germany . The city library was founded in 1959. The central library of the Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences is located in the Hofgarten in Weihenstephan . Also in Weihenstephan is a branch library of the University Library of the Technical University of Munich . The Stadtarchiv Freising

2400-664: Was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum . Freising Freising ( German pronunciation: [ˈfʁaɪzɪŋ] ) is a university town in Bavaria , Germany , and the capital of the Freising Landkreis (district) , with a population of about 50,000. Freising is the oldest town between Regensburg and Bolzano , and

2450-447: Was now a new international community of mathematicians, "scientific engineers", and physicists. Other work examined the problem of compressibility at high subsonic speeds, known as the Prandtl–Glauert correction . This became very useful during World War II as aircraft began approaching supersonic speeds for the first time. He also worked on meteorology , plasticity and structural mechanics . He also made significant contributions to

2500-401: Was related to the logarithmic value of the product of Reynold's number and skin friction as seen below where k and C are constants. k c f = log 10 ⁡ ( R e ∗ C f ) + C {\displaystyle {\frac {k}{\sqrt {c_{f}}}}=\log _{10}{(Re*C_{f})}+C} Prandtl and von Kármán's work on

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