55-549: Prasat Thong ( Thai : ปราสาททอง , pronounced [prāː.sàːt.tʰɔ̄ːŋ] ; c. 1599–1655; r. 1629–1655) was the first king of the Prasat Thong dynasty , the fourth dynasty of the Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom . Before being king, he defeated a rebellion led by the king 's son Phra Sisin by working with Japanese mercenary Yamada Nagamasa . He gained power in 1629 by attacking the palace and placed
110-411: A dialect continuum . Thai language is spoken by over 69 million people (2020). Moreover, most Thais in the northern (Lanna) and the northeastern (Isan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects because Central Thai is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research found that the speakers of
165-447: A puppet king who he would later execute. Under his reign, he subjugated Cambodia but lost Siam's Northern principalities. Accounts vary on the origin of Prasat Thong. While traditional Thai historians hold that he was an illegitimate son of King Ekathotsarot , Jeremias van Vliet 's account states that he was the maternal cousin of King Songtham – his father was Okya Sithammathirat ( Thai : ออกญาศรีธรรมาธิราช ), elder brother of
220-565: A second language among the country's minority ethnic groups from the mid-late Ayutthaya period onward. Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect. Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Northern Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with the Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form
275-534: A few cyclones so is not purely equatorial but subequatorial. Temperatures remain very warm to hot throughout the year. While some rain falls in all months, it is drier in February and March when about 90 millimetres (3.5 in) of rain falls in each month, and wetter in October to December when very heavy rain may fall; November sees 631 millimetres (24.8 in) of rain on average each year. Nakhon Si Thammarat
330-533: A four-way distinction among stops and affricates . The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ b ʔb/ ) and denti-alveolars ( /t tʰ d ʔd/ ); the three-way distinction among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing. The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant tone split . This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of
385-555: A great purge of the mandarins who had supported Phra Sisin was instigated, including the Samuha Kalahom or Defence Minister. Prasat Thong then replaced him as the defence minister with the new title of Okya Suriyawong ( Thai : ออกญากลาโหมสุริยวงศ์ ). During the King Chetthathirat’s reign, Prasat Thong had Yamada Nagamasa , the head of Japanese mercenaries then known as Okya Senaphimok ( Thai : ออกญาเสนาภิมุข ), as
440-530: A king. King Songtham had had his brother Phra Phanpi Sisin or Phra Sisin (Siamese chronicles states that Phra Sisin was one of the King Songtham's three sons) as the Front Palace , technically his successor, but a palace faction including Prasat Thong persuaded the king to give the throne instead to his son Prince Chetthathirat . When King Songtham died in 1628, Chetthathirat ascended the throne and
495-664: A rebellion in Petchaburi. Prasat Thong sent Okya Kamhaeng and Yamada Nagamasa to lead the Japanese troops to crush the rebels. Phra Sisin was captured and executed in Ayutthaya . With the Phra Sisin gone, Prasat Thong was in full power. In 1629, his father died. A grand funeral was held and his father's ashes were cremated twice – a practice reserved for royalty. On that day King Chetthathirat called for an audience with all
550-434: A relative autonomy and emerged as the political and cultural center of Southern Siam. Sir John Bowring mentioned in 1857 that the city of Ligor had the population of 12,000 people, perhaps the largest city in southern Siam before being surpassed by Surat Thani and Hatyai in modern times. After Nakhon Noi, his son and grandson became respective governors of Nakhon Si Thammarat. During the reforms of King Chulalongkorn ,
605-430: A supporter. After Chetthathirat accession to the throne, Phra Sisin escaped into monkhood to save his life. However, he was lured into the palace with his monastic robes off and with princely attire. He was arrested and then exiled to Phetchaburi where he was thrown into a well to be starved to death. The prince was narrowly saved by the local monks who threw a body into the well as a substitute. Phra Sisin then organized
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#1732793844082660-530: A syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original /p t k tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and
715-576: Is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by the Central Thai , Mon , Lao Wiang , Phuan people in Central Thailand and the vast majority of Thai Chinese enclaves throughout the country. It is the sole official language of Thailand . Thai is the most spoken of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary
770-403: Is a bodhisatta , invited by Indra to be reborn as the king of Ayutthaya , and destined to become the tenth in a sequence of ten future Buddhas beginning with Metteyya . It recounts the major events of the reign including religious constructions, amending the calendar, almsgivings, and festivals. Thai language Thai , or Central Thai (historically Siamese ; Thai: ภาษาไทย ),
825-623: Is a city municipality ( thesaban nakhon ) located in Mueang Nakhon Si Thammarat, the capital of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. Nakhon Si Thammarat Province is situated in the South of Thailand. It is about 610 km (380 mi) south of Bangkok , on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula . The city was the administrative centre of Southern Thailand during most of its history. Originally, a coastal city, silting moved
880-523: Is derived from or borrowed from Pali , Sanskrit , Mon and Old Khmer . It is a tonal and analytic language . Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers . Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and the urban/rural divide, is partly mutually intelligible with Lao , Isan , and some fellow Thai topolects . These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form
935-575: Is one of the oldest cities in Thailand with a rich history. The earliest settlement in the vicinity of the city was Tha Rua, about ten kilometers south of the modern city, where ceramics from the Song dynasty were found dated to the twelfth century. The settlement then moved to Muang Phra Wieng, which was associated with the Tambralinga Kingdom , four kilometers to the south. An inscription
990-473: Is the most important temple of Nakhon Si Thammarat and southern Thailand. It was constructed at the time of the founding of the town, and contains a tooth relic of Buddha. The 78 m high chedi is surrounded by 173 smaller ones. While the chedi is now in Sri Lankan style, it is said to be built on top of an earlier Srivijaya style chedi. The chedi was renovated in early 2009 and now appears like new. At
1045-466: The Northern Thai language (also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and only seasoning their speech with the "Kham Mueang" accent. Standard Thai is based on the register of the educated classes by Central Thai and ethnic minorities in the area along
1100-521: The Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard is based on
1155-555: The Khmer system first before the Thai borrowed. Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel). There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all fricative and sonorant consonants, and up to
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#17327938440821210-491: The Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction: However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to
1265-491: The base of the chedi is a gallery named Viharn Tap Kaset , decorated with many Buddha statues and elephant heads emerging from the chedi. Viharn Phra Song Ma are the buildings which contain the staircase which leads to a walkway around the chedi above the gallery. At the bottom of the staircase are demon giants ( yak ) as guardians. Adjoining to the north is the Viharn Kien , which contains a small temple museum. South of
1320-457: The capital city using Nakhon Thom as a model and built "places of temporary rest on the way to the footprint of the Buddha ." Upon King Prasatthong’s death in 1655, Chao Fa Chai , his eldest son, succeeded his father as King Sanpet VI. Prasat Thong built the monastery Chumphon Nikayaram where his mother resided and a rest palace, Bang Pa-In Royal Palace , at Bang Pa-In . Multiple projects that
1375-554: The chedi is the large ubosot building, the Viharn Luang . Monk living quarters are across the street in a separate temple, Wat Na Phra Boromathat. The chedi is the symbol of the Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, present on the seal of the province. It is also displayed on the 25 satang coin. The city chronicle mentions a fortification when the town was refounded in 1278. Restorations were recorded at
1430-489: The coastline away from the city. The city has a much larger north to south extension than west to east, which dates back to its original location on a flood-save dune. The modern city centre on the train station is north of Old Town. As of 2019, the city had a population of 102,152. Thai honorific Sri or Si is from Sanskrit Sri ; Thamma , from Dharma ; rat , from Raja . Dhammaraja means "righteous ruler", an important Theravada concept. Nakhon Si Thammarat
1485-596: The coup at Ayutthaya and rebelled. Prasat Thong had him poisoned and then expelled the remaining Japanese. As a powerful and decisive leader, he promulgated many criminal laws and sometimes, according to Van Vliet, even executed prisoners by himself. Siam was a major trading center attracting Europeans merchants. Prasat Thong was interested in controlling the towns in the southern peninsula, perhaps because of profits from overseas trade. Ayutthaya lost its northern subjugated principalities such as Chiang Mai. Under Prasat Thong, Cambodia became subject to Siam again. He then built
1540-545: The dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai script . Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Tai Lue language Shan language others Northern Thai language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language (PDR Lao, Isan language ) Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of
1595-535: The governors of Ligor was then curbed and Ligor was put under the authority of Samuha Kalahom the Prime Minister of Southern Siam. After the Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, Phra Palat Nu the vice-governor of Ligor established himself as the local warlord and ruler over Southern Thailand. King Taksin of Thonburi marched south to subjugate Phra Palat Nu or Chao Phraya Nakhon Nu in 1769. Chao Phraya Nakhon Nu
1650-496: The influence of Central Siamese Kingdom of Ayutthaya under the mandala system . Nakhon Si Thammarat was further incorporated into Ayutthaya, who appointed governors to the city, through centralization under King Trailokanat in the fifteenth century. Nakhon Si Thammarat served as the main seat of Siamese authority over Southern Thailand and the Malay Peninsula, becoming Muang Ek or first-level city. Nakhon Si Thammarat
1705-518: The king’s brother – the eleven-year-old Prince Athittayawong – as the new puppet king with Prasat Thong as the regent who crowned himself as the second king. Prasat Thong strived to eliminate his allies-turned-rivals – the Okya Kamhaeng who contested for the throne and Yamada Nagamasa who objected to the takeover of the throne by Prasat Thong. He quickly condemned Okya Kamhaeng for treason and execution followed. And he sent Yamada Nagamasa to
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1760-408: The largest private pre-kindergarten that serves students through grade 12. Sithammarat Suksa School is the largest kindergarten and primary school which offers nursery-grade 6 classes on all three campuses in the city. They also offer the largest English program housed on a separate campus. Sithammart Suksa is often referred to as "Sirat" "AMC" or "EP AMC". Several kindergarten and primary schools in
1815-528: The local patois as pronounced in Guangdong Ayutthaya , the old capital of Thailand from 1351 - 1767 A.D., was from the beginning a bilingual society, speaking Thai and Khmer . Bilingualism must have been strengthened and maintained for some time by the great number of Khmer-speaking captives the Thais took from Angkor Thom after their victories in 1369, 1388 and 1431. Gradually toward the end of
1870-551: The most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography . According to a Chinese source, during the Ming dynasty , Yingya Shenglan (1405–1433), Ma Huan reported on the language of the Xiānluó (暹羅) or Ayutthaya Kingdom, saying that it somewhat resembled
1925-400: The mother of King Songtham. He was born during the reign of King Naresuan around 1599 and was known to have caused mischief in the royal court. He ruined the palace Agricultural Initiation Ceremony, a royal ceremony of ploughing, and was threatened with imprisonment; only pleas from the queen of King Naresuan, Chao Khruamanichan, won a reduction of the punishment to five months imprisonment. He
1980-470: The nobles but all of them had gone to the funeral – much to the king's great displeasure. The king threatened to punish Prasat Thong but Okya Phraklang (the Minister of Trade who was Prasatthong's ally) managed to calm the king and convince him of Prasat Thong's innocence. The king was unprepared when Prasat Thong led armies into the palace. The king fled but was captured and executed. Prasat Thong installed
2035-503: The north and Pahang to the south. The Ramkamhaeng Stele of Sukhothai first mentioned "Nakhon Si Thammarat" in 1292, which means "The City of King Sri Thammasok" or "The City of the Virtuous king". The Nakhon Si Thammarat kingdom ended and the city perished in the fourteenth century. The ruler of Phetchaburi known as Phra Phanom Thale sent his son Phra Phanom Wang to re-establish the city and rule. Nakhon Si Thammarat then came under
2090-415: The period, a language shift took place. Khmer fell out of use. Both Thai and Khmer descendants whose great-grand parents or earlier ancestors were bilingual came to use only Thai. In the process of language shift, an abundance of Khmer elements were transferred into Thai and permeated all aspects of the language. Consequently, the Thai of the late Ayutthaya Period which later became Ratanakosin or Bangkok Thai,
2145-519: The ring surrounding the Metropolis . In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages . Although most linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai". As a dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as
2200-492: The royal vocabulary according to their immediate environment. Thai and Pali, the latter from Theravada Buddhism, were added to the vocabulary. An investigation of the Ayutthaya Rajasap reveals that three languages, Thai, Khmer and Khmero-Indic were at work closely both in formulaic expressions and in normal discourse. In fact, Khmero-Indic may be classified in the same category as Khmer because Indic had been adapted to
2255-449: The south as the governor of Ligor , away from Ayutthaya. As soon as the Japanese mandarin left the city, only about a month after his ascension, the child-king was deposed and subsequently executed. Suriyawong or Okya Suriyawong crowned himself as the full-fledged King of Siam. Prasat Thong had acted as "king-maker" before assuming the throne, by performing the double regicide of King Songtham's sons. Yamada, Okya Seniphimok, heard of
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2310-535: The terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as
2365-525: The three tones of Old Thai were split have since merged into five in standard Thai, with the lower variant of former tone 2 merging with the higher variant of former tone 3, becoming the modern "falling" tone. หม ม หน น, ณ หญ ญ หง ง ป ผ พ, ภ บ ฏ, ต ฐ, ถ ท, ธ ฎ, ด จ ฉ ช Ligor Nakhon Si Thammarat ( Thai : นครศรีธรรมราช , pronounced [ná(ʔ).kʰɔ̄ːn sǐː tʰām.mā.râːt] ; from Pali Nagara Sri Dhammaraja )
2420-489: The time of King Ramesuan (14th century), as well as King Narai (1686). The latter was supported by the French engineer M. de la Mare. The walls spread 456 m from east to west, and 2238 m north to south, thus enclosing an area of about one square kilometre. The northern wall had only one gate, called Prathu Chai Nua or Prathu Chai Sak . The southern wall had only one gate. To the east there were three gates, which connected
2475-693: The town with the sea. To the west were five gates. Today only the northern gate still exists, together with a short stretch of the northern city wall. Nakhon Si Thammarat has two universities: Walailak University (the largest university in Thailand) and Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajaphat University. Vocational Colleges in the city include: While secondary schools in Nakhon Si Thammarat includes three large schools: Benjamarachutit School and Kanlayanee Si Thammarat School , both public secondary schools serving grades 7 to 12, and Sithammarat Suksa School,
2530-579: The traditional governorship of Ligor was abolished and the city was incorporated into the Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat 1896. When the monthon system was abolished in 1932, the town became a provincial capital. Nakhon Si Thammarat has a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen climate classification Af ). The city is more subject to the Intertropical Convergence Zone than the trade winds but experiences
2585-423: The two marks termed mai ek and mai tho ) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after
2640-453: Was a thorough mixture of Thai and Khmer. There were more Khmer words in use than Tai cognates. Khmer grammatical rules were used actively to coin new disyllabic and polysyllabic words and phrases. Khmer expressions, sayings, and proverbs were expressed in Thai through transference. Thais borrowed both the Royal vocabulary and rules to enlarge the vocabulary from Khmer. The Thais later developed
2695-626: Was constructed by Prasat Thong still stands today, such as Wat Chaiwatthanaram , in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province and the uncompleted Prasat Nakhon Luang , in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province (later finished by King Chulalongkorn over 200 years later). The Eulogy of King Prasat Thong , probably composed early in the reign of King Narai is a major example of the Thai tradition of royal panegyrics. It states that King Prasat Thong
2750-546: Was established as a sanitation ( sukhaphiban ) on 5 September 1913, with an area of 3.0 km . The sanitation changed to town municipality ( thesaban mueang ) on 11 December 1935. The municipality was increased to 11.72 km . on 10 November 1965, and up to 22.56 km . on 10 December 1993. The status was upgraded to city municipality ( thesaban nakhon ) on 25 August 1994. The administration consists of five subdistricts, 63 communities, 102,152 people in 46,145 households. Wat Phra Mahathat Vihaan (Thai วัดพระมหาธาตุวรมหาวิหาร)
2805-491: Was found at Wat Sema Muang that bore: The king of Srivijaya "had established a foothold on the Malay Peninsula at Ligor" by 775, where he "built various edifices, including a sanctuary dedicated to the Buddha and to the Bodhisattvas Padmapani and Vajrapani ." Tambralinga, whose name means "Red Linga " (from Sanskrit tām(b)ra " copper " and lingam ) and may relate to Chinese Tan Ma Ling (單馬令),
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#17327938440822860-530: Was known of Western sources as "Ligor". Yamada Nagamasa , the Japanese adventurer, was appointed as the governor of Ligor in 1629. In the 1680s, during the reign of King Narai , M. de Lamare the French architect renovated the city walls. After the Siamese revolution of 1688 , the governor of Ligor rebelled against the new King Phetracha . King Phetracha sent troops to put down rebels in Ligor in 1692. The powers of
2915-437: Was later pardoned and given the title of Okya Siworawong ( Thai : ออกญาศรีวรวงศ์ ), or Phraya Siworawong – a high-ranking title of royal page. The rise of Prasat Thong to power was documented in van Vliet's The Historical Account of the war of Succession following the death of King Pra Interajatsia (1650). As the king's maternal cousin, he held great influence. It is said that he was an ambitious prince and wanted to become
2970-555: Was one of the polities under Mahayanist Srivijaya thalassocracy. The Chronicles of Nakorn Si Thammarat , composed in the seventeenth century, attributed the foundation of current city of Nakhon Si Thammarat to King Sri Thammasok in the thirteenth century. An inscription found at Chaiya stated that King Sri Thammasok ruled Tambralinga in 1231. King Sri Thammasok constructed Wat Phra Mahathat and introduced Singhalese Theravada Buddhism . The Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom held authorities over "twelve cities" that extended from Chumphon to
3025-550: Was taken to Thonburi but King Taksin re-installed Nakhon Nu as a tributary ruler of Ligor in 1776. King Rama I re-established the governorship of Ligor in 1784 and it ceded to be a tributary kingdom. During the Burmese-Siamese War in 1786, the city of Ligor was sacked by the invading Burmese. During the tenure of Chao Phraya Nakhon Noi (1811–1838), known in British sources as the "Raja of Ligor", Ligor retained
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