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88-535: The cocktail sauce is essentially ketchup and mayonnaise in Commonwealth countries, or ketchup and horseradish in the United States. Recipes may add Worcestershire sauce , hot sauce, vinegar, cayenne pepper or lemon juice. A dish of cooked seafood with a piquant sauce of some kind is of ancient origin and many varieties exist. Oyster or shrimp dishes of this kind were popular in the United States in

176-404: A Heinz ketchup glass bottle, one taps the 57 circle on the neck. This helps the ketchup flow by applying the correct shearing force. These techniques work because of how pseudoplastic fluids behave: their viscosity (resistance to flow) decreases with increasing shear rate. The faster the ketchup is sheared (by shaking or tapping the bottle), the more fluid it becomes. After the shear is removed,

264-401: A non-Newtonian , pseudoplastic or "shear thinning" property—more commonly known as thixotropy . This increases the viscosity of the ketchup considerably with a relatively small amount added—usually 0.5%—which can make it difficult to pour from a container. However, the shear thinning property of the gum ensures that when a force is applied to the ketchup, it will lower the viscosity, enabling

352-811: A bay leaf reduced over medium heat until rather syrupy. A third type, kecap ikan , meaning "fish kecap " is fish sauce similar to the Thai nam pla or the Philippine patis . It is not, however, soy-based. American anthropologist E. N. Anderson relies on Elizabeth David to claim that ketchup is a cognate of the French escaveche , meaning "food in sauce". The word also exists in Spanish and Portuguese forms as escabeche , "a sauce for pickling", which culinary historian Karen Hess traced back to Arabic kabees , or "pickling with vinegar". The term

440-492: A case of convergent evolution ) in the cultivated tomato. The analysis predicts that var. cerasiforme appeared around 78,000 years ago, while the cultivated tomato originated around 7,000 years ago (5,000 BCE), with substantial uncertainty, making it unclear how humans may have been involved in the process. The Spanish first introduced tomatoes to Europe, where they became used in Spanish food. Elsewhere in Europe, its first use

528-602: A column surrounding the pistil 's style. The anthers bend into a cone-like structure, surrounding the stigma. The flowers are 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) across, yellow, with five pointed lobes on the corolla ; they are borne in a cyme of three to twelve together. The fruit develops from the ovary of the plant after fertilization, its flesh comprising the pericarp walls. The fruit contains locules , hollow spaces full of seeds. These vary among cultivated varieties. Some smaller varieties have two locules; globe-shaped varieties typically have three to five; beefsteak tomatoes have

616-434: A condiment for dishes that are usually served hot and are fried or greasy: french fries and other potato dishes , hamburgers , hot dogs , chicken tenders , hot sandwiches , meat pies , cooked eggs , and grilled or fried meat. Ketchup is sometimes used as the basis for, or as one ingredient in, other sauces and dressings, and the flavor may be replicated as an additive flavoring for snacks, such as potato chips . In

704-456: A great number of small locules; and plum tomatoes have very few, very small locules. For propagation, the seeds need to come from a mature fruit, and must be lightly fermented to remove the gelatinous outer coating and then dried before use. The tomato has a mutualistic relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi such as Rhizophagus irregularis . Scientists use the tomato as a model species for investigating such symbioses. Like

792-415: A layer of water on top of the ketchup due to the molecular instability within the product. This instability is caused by interactions between hydrophobic molecules and charged molecules within the ketchup suspension. Pectin is a polysaccharide within tomatoes that has the ability to bind to itself and to other molecules, especially water, around it. This enables it to create a gel-like matrix, dependent on

880-402: A lighter green, and reducing sugar in the resulting ripe fruit by 10–15%. Perhaps more importantly, the fruit chloroplasts are remodelled during ripening into chlorophyll-free chromoplasts that synthesize and accumulate the carotenoids lycopene , β-carotene , and other metabolites that are sensory and nutritional assets of the ripe fruit. The potent chloroplasts in the dark-green shoulders of

968-425: A matrix because of their low mass. While exposed to shear stress, the molecules within the suspension are able to respond quickly and create an alignment within the product. The bonds between the molecules are mostly hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, and electrostatic interactions, all of which can be broken when subject to stress. Hydrogen bonds are constantly rearranging within a product due to their need to be in

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1056-978: A name for the fruit. The usual pronunciations of tomato are / t ə ˈ m eɪ t oʊ / (in North American English ) and / t ə ˈ m ɑː t oʊ / (in British English ). The British pronunciation was like the American until the Great Vowel Shift . The word's dual pronunciations were immortalized in Ira and George Gershwin 's 1937 song " Let's Call the Whole Thing Off " ("You like / p ə ˈ t eɪ t oʊ / and I like / p ə ˈ t ɑː t oʊ / / You like / t ə ˈ m eɪ t oʊ / and I like / t ə ˈ m ɑː t oʊ / "). The likely wild ancestor of

1144-901: A process that has impaired the fruit's sweetness and flavor. There are thousands of cultivars, varying in size, color, shape, and flavor. Tomatoes are attacked by many insect pests and nematodes, and are subject to diseases caused by viruses and by mildew and blight fungi. The tomato has a strong savoury umami flavor, and is an important ingredient in cuisines around the world. It is used in pizzas , pasta sauces, soups such as gazpacho , curries including dhansak and rogan josh , as juice, and in Bloody Mary cocktails . Tomato festivals are held annually in Buñol , Spain, in Reynoldsburg, Ohio , and in Närpes , Finland. The word tomato comes from

1232-412: A serrated margin; both the stem and leaves are densely glandular-hairy. Tomato flowers are bisexual and are able to self fertilize. As tomatoes were moved from their native areas, their traditional pollinators (probably a species of halictid bee ) did not move with them. The trait of self-fertility became an advantage, and domestic cultivars of tomato have been selected to maximize this trait. This

1320-471: A slogan which alluded to the lengthy process required to produce tomato ketchup in the home. With industrial ketchup production and a need for better preservation there was a great increase of sugar in ketchup, leading to the typically sweet and sour formula of today. In Australia, it was not until the late 19th century that sugar was added to tomato sauce , initially in small quantities, but today it contains just as much as American ketchup and only differed in

1408-455: A staple of the peasant population because they were not as filling as other crops. Additionally, both toxic and inedible varieties discouraged many people from attempting to consume or prepare any other varieties. In certain areas of Italy, such as Florence, the fruit was used solely as a tabletop decoration, until it was incorporated into the local cuisine in the late 17th or early 18th century. The earliest discovered cookbook with tomato recipes

1496-462: Is tobacco mosaic virus . Handling cigarettes and other infected tobacco products can transmit the virus to tomato plants. A serious disease is curly top , carried by the beet leafhopper , which interrupts the lifecycle. As the name implies, it has the symptom of making the top leaves of the plant wrinkle up and grow abnormally. Bacterial wilt is another common disease impacting yield. Wang et al. , 2019 found phage combination therapies to reduce

1584-675: Is a plant whose fruit is an edible berry that is eaten as a vegetable. The tomato is a member of the nightshade family that includes tobacco , potato , and chili peppers . It originated from and was domesticated in western South America . It was introduced to the Old World by the Spanish in the Columbian exchange in the 16th century. Tomato plants are vines, largely annual and vulnerable to frost, though sometimes living longer in greenhouses. The flowers are able to self-fertilise. Modern varieties have been bred to ripen uniformly red, in

1672-465: Is considered somewhat synonymous with the gambling and entertainment mecca. In the United Kingdom, the invention of the prawn cocktail is often credited to British television chef Fanny Cradock in the 1960s; In their 1997 book The Prawn Cocktail Years , Simon Hopkinson and Lindsey Bareham note that the prawn cocktail has a "direct lineage to Escoffier ". Nigel Slater says "it is all in

1760-486: Is increasing, providing fruit during those times of the year when field-grown fruit is not readily available. Smaller fruit (cherry and grape), or cluster tomatoes (fruit-on-the-vine) are the fruit of choice for the large commercial greenhouse operators while the beefsteak varieties are the choice of owner-operator growers. Tomatoes are also grown using hydroponics . To facilitate transportation and storage, tomatoes are often picked unripe (green) and ripened in storage with

1848-540: Is made from tomatoes , sugar, and vinegar , with seasonings and spices . The spices and flavors vary but commonly include onions , allspice , coriander , cloves , cumin , garlic , and mustard and sometimes include celery , cinnamon , or ginger . The market leader in the United States (60% market share) and the United Kingdom (82%) is Heinz Tomato Ketchup . Tomato ketchup is often used as

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1936-401: Is not the same as self-pollination , despite the common claim that tomatoes do so. That tomatoes pollinate themselves poorly without outside aid is clearly shown in greenhouse situations, where pollination must be aided by artificial wind, vibration of the plants, or by cultured bumblebees . The flowers develop on the apical meristem . They have the anthers fused along the edges, forming

2024-494: Is not used because it violates the International Code of Nomenclature barring the use of tautonyms in botanical nomenclature. The corrected name Lycopersicon lycopersicum (Nicolson 1974) was technically valid, because Miller's genus name and Linnaeus's species name differ in exact spelling. As Lycopersicon esculentum has become so well known, it was officially listed as a nomen conservandum in 1983, and would be

2112-528: Is similar to Malay , the term kecap refers to fermented savory sauces. Two main types are well known in their cuisine: kecap asin , which translates to "salty kecap " in Indonesian (a salty soy sauce) and kecap manis or "sweet kecap " in Indonesian. Kecap manis is a sweet soy sauce that is a mixture of soy sauce with brown sugar, molasses, garlic, ginger, anise, coriander and

2200-484: Is still something very special indeed." Before the 1992 British general election, the Labour Party campaigned to win the support of business and financial leaders by persuading them that they would not interfere with the market economy. The campaign was lampooned as the "Prawn Cocktail Offensive". The ubiquity of the prawn cocktail has led to such products as prawn cocktail flavour crisps , which are still one of

2288-489: Is the shear stress divided by shear rate . Viscosity is dependent on stress. This is apparent when you shake a bottle of tomato sauce/ketchup so it becomes liquid enough to squirt out. Its viscosity decreases with stress. The molecular composition of ketchup is what creates its pseudoplastic characteristics. Small polysaccharides, sugars, acids, and water make up the majority of the metastable ketchup product, and these small structures are able to move more easily throughout

2376-675: The Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy (1873) by Carstairs Douglas , defined as "brine of pickled fish or shell-fish." Ketchup may have entered the English language from the Malay word kicap ( pronounced [kitʃap] , sometimes spelled kecap or ketjap ). Originally meaning "soy sauce", the word itself derives from Chinese. In Indonesian cuisine , which

2464-639: The Columbian exchange ; certainly the tomato was being grown in Europe within a few years of that event. The earliest discussion of the tomato in European literature appeared in Pietro Andrea Mattioli 's 1544 herbal . He suggested that a new type of eggplant had been brought to Italy. He stated that it was blood red or golden color when mature, and could be divided into segments and eaten like an eggplant—that is, cooked and seasoned with salt, black pepper, and oil. Ten years later Mattioli named

2552-725: The Fujian region of coastal southern China: kôe-chiap (in the Amoy/Xiamen dialect and Quanzhou dialect ) or kê-chiap (in the Zhangzhou dialect ). Both of these pronunciations of the same word ( 膎汁 , kôe-chiap / kê-chiap ) come from the Quanzhou dialect , Amoy dialect , and Zhangzhou dialect of Hokkien, respectively, where it meant the brine of pickled fish or shellfish ( 膎 , 'pickled food' (usually seafood) + 汁 , 'juice'). There are citations of koe-chiap in

2640-453: The US Food and Drug Administration , challenged the safety of benzoate which was banned in the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act . In response, entrepreneurs including Henry J. Heinz , pursued an alternative recipe that eliminated the need for that preservative. Katherine Bitting , a bacteriologist working for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, carried out research in 1909 that proved increasing

2728-654: The potato , tomatoes belong to the genus Solanum , which is a member of the nightshade family, the Solanaceae . That is a diverse family of flowering plants, often poisonous, that includes the mandrake ( Mandragora ), deadly nightshade ( Atropa ), and tobacco ( Nicotiana ), as shown in the outline phylogenetic tree (many branches omitted). many garden flowers and other species Nicotiana (tobacco) Atropa (nightshades) Mandragora (mandrake)  (sweet and bell peppers) S. lycopersicum (tomato) S. tuberosum (potato) In 1753, Linnaeus placed

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2816-412: The tomato bug , stink bugs , cutworms , tomato hornworms and tobacco hornworms , aphids , cabbage loopers , whiteflies , tomato fruitworms , flea beetles , red spider mite , slugs , and Colorado potato beetles . The tomato russet mite , Aculops lycopersici , feeds on foliage and young fruit of tomato plants, causing shrivelling and necrosis of leaves, flowers, and fruit, possibly killing

2904-697: The "U" phenotype are beneficial here, but have the disadvantage of leaving green shoulders near the stems of the ripe fruit, and even cracked yellow shoulders. This is apparently because of oxidative stress due to overload of the photosynthetic chain in direct sunlight at high temperatures. Hence, genetic design of a commercial variety that combines the advantages of types "u" and "U" requires fine tuning, but may be feasible. Breeders strive to produce tomato plants with improved yield, shelf life, size, and resistance to environmental pressures, including disease. These efforts have yielded unintended negative consequences on various fruit attributes. For instance, linkage drag ,

2992-523: The 1540s. It was probably eaten shortly after it was introduced, and was certainly being used as food by the early 17th century in Spain, as documented in the 1618 play La octava maravilla by Lope de Vega with "lovelier than ... a tomato in season". The tomato was introduced to China, likely via the Philippines or Macau, in the 16th century. It was given the name 番茄 fānqié (foreign eggplant), as

3080-619: The Chinese named many foodstuffs introduced from abroad, but referring specifically to early introductions. In 1548, when the house steward of Cosimo de' Medici , the grand duke of Tuscany , wrote to the Medici private secretary informing him that the basket of tomatoes sent from the grand duke's Florentine estate at Torre del Gallo "had arrived safely". Tomatoes were grown mainly as ornamentals early on after their arrival in Italy. For example,

3168-499: The Florentine aristocrat Giovanvettorio Soderini wrote how they "were to be sought only for their beauty", and were grown only in gardens or flower beds. The tomato's ability to mutate and create new and different varieties helped contribute to its success and spread throughout Italy. However, in areas where the climate supported growing tomatoes, their habit of growing close to the ground suggested low status. They were not adopted as

3256-523: The Spanish tomate , which in turn comes from the Nahuatl word tomatl [ˈtomat͡ɬ] pronunciation . The specific name lycopersicum , meaning "wolf peach", originated with Galen , who used it to denote a plant that has never been identified. Luigi Anguillara speculated in the 16th century that Galen's lycopersicum might be the tomato, and despite the impossibility of this identification, lycopersicum entered scientific use as

3344-489: The U.S. is labeled "Fancy", a USDA grade related to specific gravity . Fancy ketchup has a higher tomato solid concentration than other USDA grades. The following table compares the nutritional value of ketchup with raw ripe tomatoes and salsa , based on information from the USDA Food Nutrient Database. Commercial tomato ketchup has an additive, usually xanthan gum , which gives the condiment

3432-651: The US, they are regulated by the FDA which requires the proportions by weight to be stated when the dish is sold in a prepared form. Ketchup Ketchup or catsup ( / ˈ k ɛ tʃ ə p , ˈ k æ t s u p , ˈ k ɑː tʃ ə p / ) is a table condiment with a sweet and sour flavor. "Ketchup" now typically refers to tomato ketchup , although early recipes for various different varieties of ketchup contained mushrooms , oysters , mussels , egg whites , grapes , or walnuts , among other ingredients. Tomato ketchup

3520-527: The United Kingdom, ketchup was historically prepared with mushrooms as a primary ingredient, rather than tomatoes. In the United States, mushroom ketchup dates back to at least 1770, and was prepared by British colonists in the Thirteen Colonies . Many variations of ketchup were created, but the tomato-based version did not appear until around a century after other types. An early recipe for "Tomato Catsup" from 1817 includes anchovies : By

3608-446: The amount within the solution. Water is a large part of ketchup, due to it being 80% of the composition of distilled vinegar. In order for the water within the ketchup to be at the lowest possible energy state, all of the hydrogen bonds that are able to be made within the matrix must be made. The water bound to the polysaccharide moves more slowly within the matrix, which is unfavorable with respect to entropy . The increased order within

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3696-614: The best version is with self-cooked prawns, and that in the 1960s it was "something simple but really luscious, yet over the years it has suffered from some very poor adaptations, not least watery prawns and inferior sauces." As Hopkinson and Bareham note in The Prawn Cocktail Years , what was once considered to be the " Great British Meal " consisted of prawn cocktail, followed by steak garni with chips and Black Forest gateau for dessert; they comment that "cooked as it should be, this much-derided and often ridiculed dinner

3784-452: The biochemistry (many of the alkaloids common to other Solanum species are conspicuously absent from the tomato). On the other hand, hybrids of tomato and diploid potato can be created in the lab by somatic fusion , and are partially fertile, providing evidence of the close relationship between these species. An international consortium of researchers from 10 countries began sequencing the tomato genome in 2004. A prerelease version of

3872-415: The brightest red to the deepest yellow. Sahagún mentioned Aztecs cooking various sauces, some with tomatoes of different sizes, serving them in city markets: "foods sauces, hot sauces; ... with tomatoes, ... sauce of large tomatoes, sauce of ordinary tomatoes, ..." The Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés 's capture of Tenochtitlan in 1521 initiated the widespread cultural and biological interchange called

3960-399: The century progressed, tomato ketchup began its ascent in popularity in the United States. Tomato ketchup was popular long before fresh tomatoes were. People were less hesitant to eat tomatoes as part of a highly processed product that had been cooked and infused with vinegar and spices. Heinz Tomato Ketchup was advertised: "Blessed relief for Mother and the other women in the household!",

4048-475: The correct name for the tomato in classifications which do not place the tomato in the genus Solanum . Genetic evidence shows that Linnaeus was correct to put the tomato in the genus Solanum , making S. lycopersicum the correct name. Both names, however, will probably be found in the literature for some time. Two of the major reasons for considering the genera separate are the leaf structure (tomato leaves are markedly different from any other Solanum ), and

4136-440: The culinary use of the tomato included Michele Felice Cornè and Robert Gibbon Johnson . Many Americans considered tomatoes to be poisonous at this time and, in general, they were grown more as ornamental plants than as food. In 1897, W. H. Garrison stated, "The belief was once transmitted that the tomato was sinisterly dangerous." He recalled in his youth tomatoes were dubbed "love-apples or wolf-apples" and shunned as "globes of

4224-502: The devil". When Alexander W. Livingston (1821–1898) began developing the tomato as a commercial crop, his aim had been to grow tomatoes smooth in contour, uniform in size, and sweet in flavor. He eventually developed over seventeen varieties. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's 1937 yearbook declared that "half of the major varieties were a result of the abilities of the Livingstons to evaluate and perpetuate superior material in

4312-525: The direct ancestor of some modern cultivated tomatoes. The Aztecs raised several varieties of tomato, with red tomatoes called xitomatl and green tomatoes (physalis) called tomatl ( tomatillo ). Bernardino de Sahagún reported seeing a great variety of tomatoes in the Aztec market at Tenochtitlán (Mexico City): "large tomatoes, small tomatoes, leaf tomatoes, sweet tomatoes, large serpent tomatoes, nipple-shaped tomatoes", and tomatoes of all colors from

4400-431: The early blight pathogen Alternaria solani . However, this tactic has limitations, since selection for traits such as pathogen resistance can negatively impact other favorable traits such as fruit production. The tomato is grown worldwide for its edible fruits , with thousands of cultivars . Greenhouse tomato production in large-acreage commercial greenhouses and owner-operator stand-alone or multiple-bay greenhouses

4488-708: The foil lid off tubs for dipping. In 2011, Heinz began offering a new measured-portion package, called the "Dip and Squeeze" packet, which can be opened in either way. Some fast food outlets previously dispensed ketchup from hand-operated pumps into paper cups. This method has made a comeback in the first decades of the 21st century, as cost and environmental concerns over the increasing use of individual plastic ketchup tubs were taken into account. In October 2000, Heinz introduced colored ketchup products called EZ Squirt, which eventually included green (2000), purple (2001), mystery (pink, orange, or teal , 2002), and blue (2003). These products were made by adding food coloring to

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4576-625: The fresh market and for canning and processing. The University of California, Davis 's C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center maintains a gene bank of wild relatives, monogenic mutants and genetic stocks. Research on processing tomatoes is also conducted by the California Tomato Research Institute in Escalon, California . In California, growers have used a method of cultivation called dry-farming , especially with Early Girl tomatoes. This technique encourages

4664-702: The fruits in print as pomi d'oro , or "golden apples". After the Spanish colonization of the Americas , the Spanish distributed the tomato throughout their colonies in the Caribbean . They brought it to the Philippines , from where it spread to southeast Asia and then the whole of Asia. The Spanish brought the tomato to Europe, where it grew easily in Mediterranean climates ; cultivation began in

4752-595: The genome was made available in December 2009. The complete genome for the cultivar Heinz 1706 was published on 31 May 2012 in Nature . The latest reference genome published in 2021 had 799 MB and encodes 34,384 (predicted) proteins, spread over 12 chromosomes. The first commercially available genetically modified food was a tomato called Flavr Savr , which was engineered to have a longer shelf life. It could be vine ripened without compromising shelf life . However,

4840-551: The introduction of an undesired trait during backcrossing , has altered the metabolism of the fruit. This trait is physically close to the desired allele along the chromosome. Breeding for traits like larger fruit has thus unintentionally altered nutritional value and flavor. Breeders have turned to wild tomato species as a source of alleles to introduce beneficial traits into modern varieties. For example, wild relatives may possess higher amounts of fruit solids (associated with greater sugar content), or resistance to diseases such as to

4928-522: The ketchup thickens to its original viscosity. Ketchup is a non-Newtonian fluid , meaning that its viscosity changes under stress and is not constant. It is a shear thinning fluid, which means its viscosity decreases with increased shear stress. The equation used to designate a non-Newtonian fluid is as follows: η = τ / y ˙ {\displaystyle \eta =\tau /{\dot {y}}} . This equation represents apparent viscosity where apparent viscosity

5016-565: The late nineteenth century and some sources link the serving of the dish in cocktail glasses to the ban on alcoholic drinks during the 1920s prohibition era in the United States. A version of the shrimp cocktail was popularized in Las Vegas casinos in the late 1950s, beginning with the Golden Gate Casino on Fremont Street , which sold as many as 2,000 shrimp cocktails daily, at inexpensive prices, no more than 99 cents. The dish

5104-476: The lowest energy state, which further confirms that the bonds between the molecules will be easily disrupted. This alignment only lasts for as long as shear stress is applied. The molecules return to their original disorganized state once the shear stress dissipates. In 2017, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology reported the development of a bottle coating that allowed all

5192-570: The mid-1850s, the anchovies had been dropped. The term ketchup first appeared in 1682. Ketchup recipes began to appear in British and then American cookbooks in the 18th century. James Mease published the first known tomato ketchup recipe in 1812. In 1824, a ketchup recipe using tomatoes appeared in The Virginia Housewife (an influential 19th-century cookbook written by Mary Randolph, Thomas Jefferson 's cousin). Tomato ketchup

5280-487: The most popular varieties of this snack food in the United Kingdom. Prawn cocktail flavour crisps were the second most popular in the UK in 2004, with a 16% market share. Clams, oysters, squid (as a squid cocktail ), or other seafood can be substituted for shrimp. Various preparations use ingredients such as fish and octopus. Seafood cocktails often include lime juice and a tomato based sauce and are sometimes served with lemon. In

5368-642: The name 'Love Apple' as a French misreading of the Italian pomo dei Mori ("the Moors' apple") as pomme d'amour , ("apple of love"). The tomato was introduced to cultivation in the Middle East by John Barker , British consul in Aleppo c.  1799 to 1825 . Nineteenth century descriptions of its consumption are uniformly as an ingredient in a cooked dish. In 1881, it is described as only eaten in

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5456-464: The need for benzoate was eliminated without spoilage or degradation in flavor. But the changes driven by the desire to eliminate benzoate also produced changes that some experts (such as Andrew F. Smith ) believe were key to the establishment of tomato ketchup as the dominant American condiment. In fast food outlets, ketchup is often dispensed in small sachets or tubs. Diners tear the side or top of ketchup packets and squeeze ketchup out of them or peel

5544-403: The plant hormone ethylene . At industrial scale, such as for canning, tomatoes are picked mechanically. The machine cuts the whole vine and uses sensors to separate ripe tomatoes from the rest of the plant, which is returned to the farm for use either as green manure or to be grazed by livestock . In 2022, world production of tomatoes was 186 million tonnes , with China accounting for 37% of

5632-422: The plant to send roots deep to find existing moisture. Tomato plants are vines, becoming decumbent , and can grow up to 3 m (9.8 ft); bush varieties are generally no more than 100 cm (3 ft 3 in) tall. They are tender perennials, often grown as annuals. Tomato plants are dicots . They grow as a series of branching stems, with a terminal bud at the tip that does the actual growing. When

5720-430: The plant. After an insect attack tomato plants produce systemin , a plant peptide hormone . This activates defensive mechanisms, such as the production of protease inhibitors to slow the growth of insects. The hormone was first identified in tomatoes. Tomato cultivars vary widely in their resistance to disease. Modern hybrids focus on improving disease resistance over the heirloom plants . A common tomato disease

5808-498: The polysaccharide-water complex gives rise to a high-energy state, in which the water will want to be relieved. This concept implies that water will more favorably bind with itself because of the increased disorder between water molecules. This is partially the cause for water leaching out of solution when left undisturbed for a short period of time. Tomato The tomato ( US : / t ə m eɪ t oʊ / , UK : / t ə m ɑː t oʊ / ), Solanum lycopersicum ,

5896-515: The product to slip out without leaving a residue. In 2022, researchers at the University of Oxford found that splatter from a near-empty bottle can be prevented by squeezing more slowly and doubling the diameter of the nozzle. Ketchup is one of the many products that are leachable, meaning that the water within the product migrates together as the larger molecules within the product sediment, ultimately causing water to separate out. This forms

5984-408: The product was not commercially successful, and was sold only until 1997. The poor taste and lack of sugar in modern garden and commercial tomato varieties resulted from breeding tomatoes to ripen uniformly red. This change occurred after discovery of a mutant "u" phenotype in the mid-20th century, so named because the fruits ripened uniformly. This was widely cross-bred to produce red fruit without

6072-462: The proportions of tomatoes, salt and vinegar in early recipes. While ketchup and tomato sauce are both sold in Australia, Australian ketchup is sweeter and thicker whereas Australian tomato sauce is more sour and runny. Modern ketchup emerged in the early years of the 20th century, out of a debate over the use of sodium benzoate as a preservative in condiments. Harvey W. Wiley , the "father" of

6160-722: The region "within the last forty years". The earliest reference to tomatoes being grown in British North America is from 1710, when herbalist William Salmon saw them in what is today South Carolina , perhaps introduced from the Caribbean. By the mid-18th century, they were cultivated on some Carolina plantations, and probably in other parts of the Southeast. Thomas Jefferson , who ate tomatoes in Paris, sent some seeds back to America. Some early American advocates of

6248-507: The sauce to flow. A common method of getting ketchup out of the bottle involves inverting the bottle and shaking it or hitting the bottom with the heel of the hand, which causes the ketchup to flow rapidly. Ketchup in plastic bottles can be additionally manipulated by squeezing the bottle, which also decreases the viscosity of the ketchup inside. Another technique involves inverting the bottle and forcefully tapping its upper neck with two fingers (index and middle finger together). Specifically, with

6336-559: The sauce", and that "the true sauce is principally mayonnaise, tomato ketchup and a couple of shakes of Tabasco ." The chef Heston Blumenthal states that prawn cocktail is his "secret vice": "When I get home late after working in The Fat Duck there's nothing I like better than to raid the fridge for prawn cocktail." Blumenthal notes that it is best to use homemade mayonnaise, and recommends adding chopped basil and tarragon . The television chef and writer Delia Smith states that

6424-438: The sugar and vinegar content of the product would prevent spoilage without use of artificial preservatives. She was assisted by her husband, Arvil Bitting, an official at that agency. Prior to Heinz (and his fellow innovators), commercial tomato ketchups of that time were watery and thin, in part because they used unripe tomatoes, which were low in pectin . They had less vinegar than modern ketchups; by pickling ripe tomatoes,

6512-590: The tip eventually stops growing, whether because of pruning or flowering, lateral buds take over and grow into new, fully functional, vines. Tomato vines are typically pubescent, meaning covered with fine short hairs. The hairs facilitate the vining process, turning into roots wherever the plant is in contact with the ground and moisture, especially if the vine's connection to its original root has been damaged or severed. The leaves are 10–25 cm (4–10 in) long, odd pinnate , with five to nine leaflets on petioles , each leaflet up to 8 cm (3 in) long, with

6600-518: The tomato in England. Gerard knew the tomato was eaten in Spain and Italy. Nonetheless, he believed it was poisonous. Gerard's views were influential, and the tomato was considered unfit for eating for many years in Britain and its North American colonies . By 1820, tomatoes were described as "to be seen in great abundance in all our vegetable markets" and to be "used by all our best cooks", reference

6688-411: The tomato in the genus Solanum (alongside the potato) as Solanum lycopersicum . In 1768, Philip Miller moved it to its own genus, naming it Lycopersicon esculentum . The name came into wide use, but was technically in breach of the plant naming rules because Linnaeus's species name lycopersicum still had priority. Although the name Lycopersicum lycopersicum was suggested by Karsten (1888), it

6776-588: The tomato, the red-fruited Solanum pimpinellifolium , is native to western South America, where it was probably first domesticated. The resulting domesticated plant, ancestral to the modern large-fruited tomato varieties, was probably the cherry tomato, S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme . However, genomic analysis suggests that the domestication process may have been more complex than this. S. lycopersicon var. cerasiforme may have existed before domestication, while traits supposedly typical of domestication may have been reduced in that variety and then reselected (in

6864-773: The tomato." Livingston's first breed of tomato, the Paragon, was introduced in 1870. In 1875, he introduced the Acme, said to be in the parentage of most cultivars for the next twenty-five years. Other early breeders included Henry Tilden in Iowa and a Dr. Hand in Baltimore. Because of the tomato's need for heat and a long growing season, several states in the Sun Belt became major producers, particularly Florida and California . In California, tomatoes are grown under irrigation for both

6952-604: The total, followed by India , Turkey , and the United States as major producers (table). The world dedicated 4.8 million hectares in 2012 for tomato cultivation and the total production was about 161.8 million tonnes . The average world farm yield for tomato was 33.6 tonnes per hectare in 2012. Tomato farms in the Netherlands were the most productive in 2012, with a nationwide average of 476 tonnes per hectare, followed by Belgium (463 tonnes per hectare) and Iceland (429 tonnes per hectare). Common tomato pests include

7040-503: The traditional ketchup. By January 2006, these products were discontinued. The term used for the sauce varies. Ketchup is the dominant term in American English and Canadian English , although catsup is commonly used in some southern US states and Mexico . In Canada and the US, tomato sauce is not a synonym for ketchup but is a sauce made from tomatoes and commonly used in making sauce for pasta. The etymology of

7128-424: The typical green ring around the stem on un-crossbred varieties. Before this, most tomatoes produced more sugar during ripening, and were sweeter and more flavorful. 10–20% of the total carbon fixed in the fruit can be produced by photosynthesis in the developing fruit of the normal U phenotype. The u mutation encodes a factor that produces defective chloroplasts with lower density in developing fruit, making them

7216-399: The well known and highly prized San Marzano tomato grown in that region, with a European protected designation of origin certification. Tomatoes were not grown in England until the 1590s. One of the earliest cultivators was John Gerard , a barber-surgeon . Gerard's Herbal , published in 1597, and largely plagiarized from continental sources, is also one of the earliest discussions of

7304-610: The word ketchup is unclear; there are multiple competing theories: A popular folk etymology is that the word came to English from the Cantonese 茄汁 ( ke zap , literally meaning 'tomato sauce' in Cantonese). The character 茄 means 'eggplant'; tomato in Cantonese is 番茄 , which literally translates to 'foreign eggplant'. Another theory among academics is that the word derives from one of two words from Hokkien of

7392-815: Was anglicized to caveach , a word first attested in the late 17th century, at the same time as ketchup . The word entered the English language in Britain during the late 17th century, appearing in print as catchup (1690) and later as ketchup (1711). The following is a list of early quotations collected by the Oxford English Dictionary . U.S. Heinz tomato ketchup's ingredients (listed from highest to lowest percentage weight) are: tomato concentrate from red ripe tomatoes, distilled vinegar , high-fructose corn syrup , corn syrup , salt , spice, onion powder, and natural flavoring. Some ketchup in

7480-517: Was made to their cultivation in gardens still "for the singularity of their appearance", while their use in cooking was associated with exotic Italian or Jewish cuisine. For example, in Elizabeth Blackwell 's A Curious Herbal , it is described under the name "Love Apple ( Amoris Pomum )" as being consumed with oil and vinegar in Italy, similar to consumption of cucumbers in the UK. In 1963, The New York Times gave an explanation of

7568-514: Was ornamental, not least because it was understood to be related to the nightshades and assumed to be poisonous. The exact date of domestication is unknown; by 500 BC, it was already being cultivated in southern Mexico and probably other areas. The Pueblo people believed that tomato seeds could confer powers of divination . The large, lumpy variety of tomato, a mutation from a smoother, smaller fruit, originated in Mesoamerica, and may be

7656-536: Was published in Naples in 1692, though the author had apparently obtained these recipes from Spanish sources. Varieties were developed over the following centuries for drying, for sauce, for pizzas, and for long-term storage. These varieties are usually known for their place of origin as much as by a variety name. For example, there is the Pomodorino del Piennolo del Vesuvio , the "hanging tomato of Vesuvius", and

7744-493: Was sold locally by farmers. Jonas Yerkes is credited as the first American to sell it in a bottle. By 1837, he had produced and distributed the condiment nationally. Shortly thereafter, other companies followed suit. F. & J. Heinz launched their tomato ketchup in 1876. American cooks also began to sweeten ketchup in the 19th century. The Webster's Dictionary of 1913 defined "catsup" as: "table sauce made from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, etc. [Also written as ketchup]." As

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