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58-417: Prawer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Joshua Prawer (1917–1990), Israeli historian Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1927–2013), German-born British and American author and screenwriter Siegbert Salomon Prawer (1925–2012), German-born British professor of German literature at Oxford [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

116-407: A psychologist who had an affair with one of his patients. Since the 1980s and 1990s, various stereotypes were re-evaluated, including professors. Writers began to depict professors as just normal human beings and might be quite well-rounded in abilities, excelling both in intelligence and in physical skills. An example of a fictional professor not depicted as shy or absent-minded is Indiana Jones ,

174-429: A thesis or dissertation . In many universities, full professors take on senior managerial roles such as leading departments, research teams and institutes, and filling roles such as president , principal or vice-chancellor . The role of professor may be more public-facing than that of more junior staff, and professors are expected to be national or international leaders in their field of expertise. The term professor

232-442: A 'person who professes'. Professors are usually experts in their field and teachers of the highest rank. In most systems of academic ranks , "professor" as an unqualified title refers only to the most senior academic position, sometimes informally known as " full professor ". In some countries and institutions, the word professor is also used in titles of lower ranks such as associate professor and assistant professor ; this

290-643: A charismatic style. He was often invited to lecture abroad. In addition to his work at the Hebrew University, Joshua Prawer was involved in the creation of other Israeli institutions of higher learning , namely Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and especially the University of Haifa , where he was the first dean and academic chairman in the years 1966–8. Prawer was a key contributor to Israeli government policy as well. Between 1957 and 1959, at

348-487: A contratto" (the equivalent of an "adjunct professor"), a non-tenured position which does not require a PhD nor any habilitation, is paid at the end of the academic year nearly €3000 for the entire academic year, without salary during the academic year. There are about 28 thousand "Professori a contratto" in Italy, . Associate Professors have a gross salary in between 52.937,59 and 96.186,12 euros per year, Full Professors have

406-480: A gross salary in between 75.431,76 and 131.674 Euros per year, and adjunct professors of around 3,000 euros per year. According to The World Salaries , the salary of a professor in any public university is 447,300 SAR, or 119 217.18 USD The salaries of civil servant professors in Spain are fixed on a nationwide basis, but there are some bonuses related to performance and seniority and a number of bonuses granted by

464-476: A high-school science teacher or research scientist, is depicted as a sensible advisor, a clever inventor, and a helpful friend to his fellow castaways . John Houseman 's portrayal of law school professor Charles W. Kingsfield, Jr., in The Paper Chase (1973) remains the epitome of the strict, authoritarian professor who demands perfection from students. Annalise Keating (played by Viola Davis ) from

522-403: A historical model which could be completely analyzed and dissected in order to benefit from its experience and avoid its mistakes." To Zionist author Yoram Hazony, however, it is exactly because of Prawer's readiness to draw the analogy that he considers him a subverter of Zionism and a progenitor of post-Zionist thought. David Ohana, a professor of history at Ben Gurion University who rejects

580-583: A major difference was that the Jews settled the land and worked it, whereas the Crusaders lorded over a conquered land worked by the natives. Ronnie Ellenblum , a lecturer at Hebrew University, identifies a subliminal objective in Prawer's work to draw a distinction between the two: "He's always writing about the Crusaders' manpower shortage and about their not settling the land...He claims that their presence here

638-574: A professor as well as an archeologist - adventurer , who is skilled at both scholarship and fighting. The popularity of the Indiana Jones movie franchise had a significant impact on the previous stereotype, and created a new archetype which is both deeply knowledgeable and physically capable. The character generally referred to simply as the Professor on the television sitcom series, Gilligan's Island , although described alternatively as

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696-702: A professor working in Switzerland vary for example between 158,953 CHF (€102,729) to 232,073 CHF (€149,985) at the University of Zurich and 187,937 CHF (€121,461) to 247,280 CHF (€159,774) at the ETH Zurich ; the regulations are different depending on the Cantons of Switzerland . As late as 2021, in the Italian universities there are about 18 thousand Assistant Professors, 23 thousand Associate Professors, and 14 thousand Full Professors. The role of "professore

754-399: A society of Frankish immigrants living in complete political and social segregation from the local Muslim and Syro-Christian population, and terms this phenomenon " Apartheid ". To Prawer, it is the settlers' refusal to assimilate and their reconstruction of a European-type society on foreign soil, as well as the persistence of indigenous institutions without any interference, that mark

812-475: A title given to selected retired professors with whom the university wishes to continue to be associated due to their stature and ongoing research. Emeritus professors do not receive a salary, but they are often given office or lab space, and use of libraries, labs, and so on. The term professor is also used in the titles assistant professor and associate professor , which are not considered professor-level positions in all European countries. In Australia,

870-525: A title that is "prefixed to a name, it dates from 1706". The "[s]hort form prof is recorded from 1838". The term professor is also used with a different meaning: "[o]ne professing religion. This canting use of the word comes down from the Elizabethan period , but is obsolete in England." A professor is an accomplished and recognized academic. In most Commonwealth nations, as well as northern Europe,

928-533: A total of 14 payments per year, including 2 extra payments in July and December (but for less than a normal monthly payment). Professors in the United States commonly occupy any of several positions in academia . In the U.S., the word "professor" informally refers collectively to the academic ranks of assistant professor , associate professor , or professor. This usage differs from the predominant usage of

986-475: A universal city, belonging to all cultures and conquering time." Prawer died in Jerusalem on April 30, 1990. Prawer was part of a cadre of historians, including Claude Cahen and Jean Richard , who freed crusader studies from the old conception of crusader society as an exemplar of pure, unchanging feudalism that spontaneously emerged from the conquest. This view, which originated with feudal jurists in

1044-594: A wide variety of other aspects of the crusader states. Among the topics he addressed were land development projects and urban settlement, agriculture, the Italian quarters of port cities, the types of landed property , and legal issues in the Assises des Bourgeois . One of Prawer's best known works is the Histoire du Royaume Latin de Jérusalem , which won him the Prix Gustave Schlumberger of

1102-519: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Joshua Prawer His work often attempted to portray Crusader society as a forerunner to later European colonialist expansion. He was also an important figure in Israeli higher education , was one of the founders of the University of Haifa and Ben-Gurion University , and was a major reformer of the Israeli education system . Prawer

1160-470: Is particularly the case in the United States, where the unqualified word is also used colloquially to refer to associate and assistant professors as well, and often to instructors or lecturers. Professors often conduct original research and commonly teach undergraduate , postgraduate , or professional courses in their fields of expertise. In universities with graduate schools , professors may mentor and supervise graduate students conducting research for

1218-635: The Encyclopaedia Hebraica from 1967 onwards, with volume 21 the first to be published under his tenure. He advised and helped shape the Tower of David Museum of the History of Jerusalem, and was asked to advise the government on cultural agreements with other countries. In an interview a year before his death, Joshua Prawer said his message for the Jerusalem of today is "that it is

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1276-570: The Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres . The two-volume work presents the crusader states as a working immigrant society, and shows the importance of immigration and labor shortages . Another book by Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages , which was intended for a larger audience, was more controversial. In it, he portrays the crusaders as

1334-556: The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) legal drama mystery television series How to Get Away with Murder is a law professor at the fictional Middleton University. Early in the series, Annalise is a self-sufficient and confident woman, respected for being a great law professor and a great lawyer, feared and admired by her students, whose image breaks down as the series progresses. Sandra Oh stars as an English professor, Ji-Yoon Kim, recently promoted to

1392-653: The Levant , the Jewish philosophical feuds they engaged in, and their dreams of restoring Israel . An analogy has frequently been drawn between the European Crusades of the Middle Ages and the modern day Zionist movement . This view, which has been espoused by Arab media and political leaders, has also been discussed in Israeli academia. Prawer was often asked to comment on this analogy, and claimed that

1450-544: The X-Men franchise, Professor Marvel in The Wizard of Oz and Professor Drosselmeyer (as he is sometimes known) from the ballet The Nutcracker . Also, the magician played by Christian Bale in the film The Prestige adopts 'The Professor' as his stage name . A variation of this type of non-academic professor is the "crackpot inventor", as portrayed by Professor Potts in the film version of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang or

1508-603: The protagonists in his novels. Professor Henry Higgins is a main character in George Bernard Shaw 's play Pygmalion . In the Harry Potter series, set at the wizard school Hogwarts , the teachers are known as professors, many of whom play important roles, notably Professors Dumbledore , McGonagall and Snape . In the board game Cluedo , Professor Plum has been depicted as an absent-minded academic. Christopher Lloyd played Plum's film counterpart,

1566-537: The surname Prawer . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prawer&oldid=1176256481 " Categories : Surnames Surnames of Jewish origin Germanic-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

1624-401: The "Deutscher Hochschulverband DHV", a lobby group for German professors, the salary of professors, the annual salary of a German professor is € 46,680 in group "W2" (mid-level) and €56,683 in group "W3" (the highest level), without performance-related bonuses. The anticipated average earnings with performance-related bonuses for a German professor is €71,500. The anticipated average earnings of

1682-489: The Autonomous Regional governments. These bonuses include three-year premiums ( Spanish : trienios , according to seniority), five-year premiums ( quinquenios , according to compliance with teaching criteria set by the university) and six-year premiums ( sexenios , according to compliance with research criteria laid down by the national government). These salary bonuses are relatively small. Nevertheless,

1740-648: The Crusader settlement as colonialist . His thesis is that the economy, society, and institutions of the Latin states are best understood in the light of their colonial status. The 1980 book Crusader Institutions collected a number of his earlier publications and expanded upon them with revisions and new chapters. The book continues his treatment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem as a European colonial product but focuses attention on five topical areas, while throughout employing

1798-592: The Jerry Lewis-inspired Professor Frink character on The Simpsons . Other professors of this type are the thoughtful and kind Professor Digory Kirke of C. S. Lewis 's Chronicles of Narnia . The title has been used by comedians , such as "Professor" Irwin Corey and Soupy Sales in his role as "The Big Professor". In the past, pianists in saloons and other rough environments have been called "professor". The puppeteer of

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1856-580: The Netherlands in relation to that of other countries. Among the countries reviewed are the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, France, Sweden and the Netherlands. To improve comparability, adjustments have been made to correct for purchasing power and taxes. Because of differences between institutions in the US and UK these countries have two listings of which one denotes

1914-639: The Zionist-Crusader analogy, writes that the subject has now become a litmus test for clarifying one's views on Zionism, with post-Zionists freely making the analogy and sympathizers with the Zionist viewpoint rejecting it. Professor This is an accepted version of this page Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof. ) is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, professor derives from Latin as

1972-458: The age of free compulsory education to fifteen (later raised to eighteen), establishing two-year and three-year comprehensive schools that provided a choice of tracks towards either a vocational diploma or a matriculation certificate , further integrating students of different skills and social classes, and establishing a new curriculum division in the Ministry of Education and Culture. The plan

2030-852: The basis of research achievements and external grant-raising success. Many colleges and universities and other institutions of higher learning throughout the world follow a similar hierarchical ranking structure amongst scholars in academia ; the list above provides details. A professor typically earns a base salary and a range of employee benefits . In addition, a professor who undertakes additional roles in their institution (e.g., department chair, dean, head of graduate studies, etc.) sometimes earns additional income. Some professors also earn additional income by moonlighting in other jobs, such as consulting , publishing academic or popular press books, giving speeches, or coaching executives. Some fields (e.g., business and computer science) give professors more opportunities for outside work. A report from 2005 by

2088-557: The case elsewhere. Traditional fictional portrayals of professors, in accordance with a stereotype , are shy, absent-minded individuals often lost in thought. In many cases, fictional professors are socially or physically awkward. Examples include the 1961 film The Absent-Minded Professor or Professor Calculus of The Adventures of Tintin stories. Professors have also been portrayed as being misguided into an evil pathway, such as Professor Metz, who helped Bond villain Blofeld in

2146-539: The course of studying the crusader colonies in the Holy Land . The close ties to Koebner were likely to have instilled in Prawer his interest in the history of settlements and colonialization. Prawer began his teaching career at the Hebrew University in 1947 and (after fighting in the 1948 siege of Jerusalem ) soon rose through the faculty ranks. He became deputy dean of the Faculty of Humanities from 1953 to 1955,

2204-401: The film Diamonds Are Forever ; or simply evil, like Professor Moriarty , archenemy of British detective Sherlock Holmes . The modern animated series Futurama has Professor Hubert Farnsworth , a typical absent-minded but genius-level professor. A related stereotype is the mad scientist . Vladimir Nabokov , author and professor of English at Cornell , frequently used professors as

2262-578: The granting institution. In general, the title of professor is strictly used for academic positions rather than for those holding it on honorary basis. Professors are qualified experts in their field who generally perform some or all the following tasks: Other roles of professorial tasks depend on the institution, its legacy, protocols, place (country), and time. For example, professors at research-oriented universities in North America and, generally, at European universities, are promoted primarily on

2320-407: The model of segregation that he developed." Ziad J. Asali , who considers Zionism "the heir—albeit illegitimate—of the Crusader movement," goes further and writes that Prawer "recognized the extent of the similarity in the individual and social experience of Crusaders and Zionists. Rather than studying the comparison and denying its validity, he chose to study the Crusader's experience as if it were

2378-464: The position is often held by particularly distinguished scholars; thus the position is often seen as more prestigious than an ordinary full professorship. The title is used in a somewhat similar sense in the United States , with the exception that research professors in the United States are often not permanent employees and often must fund their salary from external sources, which is usually not

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2436-496: The principles for teaching "Jewish awareness" that were incorporated into the primary and secondary school curricula. In 1963–65, he chaired a committee of experts bearing his name that recommended a radical reform of the entire Israeli education system . Its suggestions included making preschool enrollment universal for disadvantaged children, shortening elementary school to grades 1–6; admitting all pupils without tests into integrated junior high schools (grades 7–9), raising

2494-580: The request of David Ben-Gurion , he chaired the Pedagogic Secretariat of the Education Ministry which was responsible for setting up new norms for Israeli secondary education . He fought against graded fees and for wider free compulsory education , and gave high priority to social integration and the rights of Sephardi students. During that time and as advisor to education minister Zalman Aranne afterwards, he helped draft

2552-400: The role of department chair in the 2021 Netflix series The Chair . The series includes her character's negotiation of liberal arts campus politics, in particular issues of racism, sexism, and social mores. Mysterious, older men with magical powers (and unclear academic standing) are sometimes given the title of "Professor" in literature and theater. Notable examples include Professor X in

2610-483: The salary in top-tier institutions (based on the Shanghai-ranking ). The table below shows the final reference wages (per year) expressed in net amounts of Dutch euros in 2014 (i.e., converted into Dutch purchasing power ). In a number of countries, the title "research professor" refers to a professor who is exclusively or mainly engaged in research, and who has few or no teaching obligations. For example,

2668-412: The thirteenth century, was held to by modern historians since the early thirties. Through the work of Prawer, particularly his two papers from the fifties, and his colleagues, crusader society began to be seen as dynamic, with the nobility gradually putting checks on the monarchy . The combined efforts of these historians led to a surge of new research into crusader society. Prawer's research extended to

2726-576: The title associate professor is used in place of the term reader as used in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries; ranking above senior lecturer and below full professor. Beyond holding the proper academic title, universities in many countries also give notable artists, athletes and foreign dignitaries the title honorary professor , even if these persons do not have the academic qualifications typically necessary for professorship and they do not take up professorial duties. However, such "professors" usually do not undertake academic work for

2784-401: The title professor is the highest academic rank at a university. In the United States and Canada , the title of professor applies to most post-doctoral academics, so a larger percentage are thus designated. In these areas, professors are scholars with doctorate degrees (typically PhD degrees) or equivalent qualifications who teach in colleges and universities . An emeritus professor is

2842-485: The title is used in this sense in the United Kingdom (where it is known as a research professor at some universities and professorial research fellow at some other institutions) and in northern Europe . A research professor is usually the most senior rank of a research-focused career pathway in those countries and is regarded as equal to the ordinary full professor rank. Most often they are permanent employees, and

2900-465: The tools of textual criticism and commentary on sources. Especially prominent is his coverage of the status and administrative role of burgesses , which had not received such attention before. In his last years, he published a book on a topic of especial interest to him, The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem , which examined the tightly knit isolated Jewish communities of

2958-517: The total number of sexenios is a prerequisite for being a member of different committees. The importance of these sexenios as a prestige factor in the university was enhanced by legislation in 2001 (LOU). Some indicative numbers can be interesting, in spite of the variance in the data. We report net monthly payments (after taxes and social security fees), without bonuses: Ayudante, €1,200; Ayudante Doctor, €1,400; Contratado Doctor; €1,800; Profesor Titular, €2,000; Catedrático, €2,400. There are

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3016-584: The university was one of the few legal ways for Jews to enter the British Mandate of Palestine at the time. His mother died at the outbreak of World War II , and most of his family was murdered in the Holocaust . Prawer found that he was unhappy with mathematics, and his father suggested he study history instead since he had always enjoyed history in high school. His professor, Richard Koebner , an Anglophile historian of imperialism , set him on

3074-467: The word "professor" internationally, where the unqualified word "professor" only refers to full professors. The majority of university lecturers and instructors in the United States, as of 2015 , do not occupy these tenure-track ranks, but are part-time adjuncts. In 2007 the Dutch social fund for the academic sector SoFoKleS commissioned a comparative study of the wage structure of academic professions in

3132-566: Was approved by the Knesset and government, which allocated substantial resources to it, and the program began to be implemented in the summer of 1968. Together with Professor H. Hanani, Prawer initiated the mechina university preparatory programs in 1963, which were originally intended to provide an additional year of study for Sephardic students after discharge from the defense forces , but were later expanded to include foreign educated students and immigrants. Prawer served as chief editor of

3190-628: Was born on November 10, 1917, to a prosperous Jewish merchant family in Będzin , a small city in the Polish part of Silesia . He grew up speaking Polish and German, learned Hebrew , French, and Latin at school, and after joining a Zionist group, learned Yiddish as well. He immigrated to Palestine in 1936, where he learned English, and became a student of mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . An invitation to study at

3248-400: Was first used in the late 14th century to mean 'one who teaches a branch of knowledge'. The word comes "...from Old French professeur (14c.) and directly from [the] Latin professor [, for] 'person who professes to be an expert in some art or science; teacher of highest rank ' "; the Latin term came from the "... agent noun from profiteri 'lay claim to, declare openly ' ". As

3306-458: Was made professor and chair of medieval history in 1958, was dean of the Faculty of Humanities from 1962 to 1966, and served as prorector at the university in the years 1975–78. In the process, he succeeded in making the university into a "global center" for Crusade Studies, and trained many future Israeli historians in that specialty. Prawer has been described as an outstanding teacher and lecturer who combined thorough preparation with

3364-576: Was principally urban, consisting of nobility and merchants. This is why they lost in the end. The implications are obvious: If we bring enough immigrants, and if we settle the land, we are bound to succeed." (Ellenblum himself has shown that Crusader settlement in the Holy Land was much more widespread than previously thought and has found evidence of hundreds of Crusader farms.) But he also notes that "if Joshua Prawer were alive today he would no doubt deny any linkage between his Zionist political beliefs and

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