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50-780: Pratapgad is a mountain fort located in Satara district , in the Western Indian state of Maharashtra . The fort is situated 24 kilometres from the Mahabaleshwar hill station. The fort is now a popular tourist destination. The fort's historical significance is due to the Battle of Pratapgad , which took place here on 10 November 1659, between Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and Bijapur Sultanate general Afzal Khan . The Maratha ruler Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj assigned Moropant Trimbak Pingle , his prime minister, to undertake

100-412: A Tulja Bhawani temple from Chhatrapati Shivaji's time. It have murti of goddess Bhawani, which have eight hands ( Marathi  : Ashtbhuja ). Weapons of soldiers are on display near this temple. [1] Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation provides regular bus service. There are small shops, restaurants and a handicrafts store. Many schools also arrange educational trips to the fort. The fort

150-669: A large slowing of the rate of counterclockwise rotation of Africa. The close correlations between the plate motions suggest that they were both driven by the force of the Réunion plume. When comparing the Na 8 , Fe 8 , and Si 8 contents of the Deccan to other major igneous provinces, the Deccan appears to have undergone the greatest degree of melting suggesting a deep plume origin. Olivine appears to have fractionated at near- Moho depths with additional fractionation of gabbro ~6 km below

200-955: A male heir in 1848, Satara was annexed by the British government and added to Bombay Presidency. The Satara Parallel government in Maharashtra from August 1943 to May 1946 opposed British rule, which was effectively overthrown in large parts of Satara district (now separated into Satara and Sangli districts) of Western Maharashtra. Satara district consists of four subdivisions namely Satara, Wai, Karad and Phaltan, divided into eleven talukas (tahsils). These are Satara, Karad , Wai , Mahabaleshwar , Phaltan , Man , Khatav , Koregaon , Patan, Jaoli and Khandala. There are eight Vidhan Sabha constituencies in this district. Karad North , Karad South , Patan , Koregaon , Wai and Satara are part of Satara (Lok Sabha constituency) and Phaltan , Man are part of Madha (Lok Sabha constituency) . Later, in

250-532: A volume of about 1,000,000 cubic kilometres (200,000 cu mi). Originally, the Deccan Traps may have covered about 1,500,000 square kilometres (600,000 sq mi), with a correspondingly larger original volume. This volume overlies the Archean age Indian Shield , which is likely the lithology the province passed through during eruption. The province is commonly divided into four subprovinces:

300-536: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Satara district The Sahyadri range , or main range of the Western Ghats , runs north and south along the western edge of the district, separating it from Ratnagiri District . The Mahadeo range starts about 10 m. north of Mahabaleshwar and stretches east and south-east across the whole of the district. The Mahadeo hills are bold, presenting bare scarps of black rock like fortresses. The Satara district

350-500: Is also on many trekking routes of the area. The fort has a large bronze equestrian statue of Shivaji Maharaj .It was unveiled by Jawaharlal Nehru , then Prime Minister of India on 30 November 1957. The same year a road was constructed by the Public Works Department from Kumbhrosi village up to fort. A guest house and a small park was built inside the fort in 1960. This military base or fortification article

400-648: Is part of two main watersheds. The Bhima River watershed, which is a tributary of the Krishna, includes the north and northeast of the district, north of the Mahadeo hills. The rest of the district is drained by the upper Krishna and its tributaries. The hill forests have a large store of timber and firewood. The whole of Satara district falls within the Deccan Traps area; the hills consist of trap intersected by strata of basalt and topped with laterite , while, of

450-563: Is postulated that the Deccan Traps eruption was associated with a deep mantle plume . High He/ He ratios of the main pulse of the eruption are often seen in magmas with mantle plume origin. The area of long-term eruption (the hotspot ), known as the Réunion hotspot , is suspected of both causing the Deccan Traps eruption and opening the rift that separated the Mascarene Plateau from India. Regional crustal thinning supports

500-696: Is there for All India students and 85% is the state quota. Krantisinh Nana Patil College of Veterinary Science , Shirwal is affiliated with Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University . There are also institutes run by the Rayat Shikshan Sanstha . Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil College Of Engineering and Polytechnic is run by Rayat Shikshan Sanstha and is one of the oldest and reputed engineering colleges in Satara. In primary education SEMS, Mona School Satara, Nirmala Convent, KSD Shanbhag Vidyalaya, Chhatrapati Shahu Academy, Narmada are some of

550-520: Is traversed from north to south by a railway line, which passes 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Satara town. The Mandher Devi temple in Mandhradevi , near Wai, is the Kalubai temple. Located on a hill 1,417 m (4,649 ft) above sea level, the temple, some 20 km (12 mi) from Wai, overlooks the picturesque Purandhar Fort . Devotees attribute miraculous properties to a grove around

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600-494: The Chicxulub impact was the primary cause of the extinction. While some scholars suggest that the eruptions may have been a contributing factor in the extinctions, others suggest that the role of the Deccan Traps in the extinction may have been negligible or even partially negated the effects of the impact. The Deccan Traps are thought to have been produced in major part by the still active Réunion hotspot , responsible for

650-561: The Deccan took place in 1296. In 1636, the Nizam Shahi dynasty came to an end. In 1663 Maratha Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj conquered Parali and won Satara fort. After the death of Shivaji, Aurangzeb conquered Satara fort, later won by Parshuram Pratinidhi in 1706. In 1708, Chattrapati Shahu was crowned within the Satara fort. The direct descendants of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, continue to live in Satara. After their victory in

700-551: The Pandavas stayed in Wai , then known as 'Viratnagari', in the 13th year of exile. Satara District can be proud of the oldest Rashtrakuta history. The oldest Rashtrakutas are believed to be from ancient Kuntala in the valley of river Krishna. Manank ruled from 350 to 375 C.E. and had built his capital in "Manapura" (now Maan in Satara district ). The Vakatakas of Vidarbha, were in conflict with Mananka. Subsequently, after fall of

750-611: The Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1818, the British Empire annexed most of the Maratha territory to Bombay Presidency, but restored the titular Raja Pratap Singh , and assigned to him the principality of Satara, an area much larger than the present district. As a result of political intrigues, Pratap Singh was deposed in 1839, and his brother Raja Shahaji was placed on the throne. When this prince died without

800-458: The Third Anglo-Maratha War , Pratapgad was surrendered to the East India company. Pratapgad fort is located at 15 km (10 miles) from Poladpur and 23 km (15 miles) west of Mahabaleshwar, a popular hill station of Maharashtra. The fort stands 1080 metres (3543') above sea level and is built on a spur which overlooks the road between the villages of Par and Kinesvar. The fort has

850-690: The Air Staff , Air Chief Marshal Pradeep Vasant Naik is an alumnus of this institution, amongst many officers serving or served in Indian Armed Forces. This is the First Sainik School established in India and comes under Ministry of Defence . Government of Maharashtra has started Government Medical College in Satara in 2021. Every year, the college admits 100 students to the undergraduate (MBBS) course via NEET. 15% AIQ quota

900-581: The Chicxulub event" found in the gills of fish fossils and embedded in amber , an iridium -rich top layer that is considered another signature of the event, and an atypical lack of evidence for scavenging perhaps suggesting that there were few survivors. The exact mechanism of the site's destruction has been debated as either an impact-caused tsunami or lake and river seiche activity triggered by post-impact earthquakes, though there has yet been no firm conclusion upon which researchers have settled. Within

950-534: The Deccan Traps at least 95% of the lavas are tholeiitic basalts . Major mineral constituents are olivine , pyroxenes , and plagioclase , as well as certain Fe-Ti-rich oxides. These magmas are <7% MgO. Many of these minerals are observed however, as highly altered forms. Other rock types present include: alkali basalt , nephelinite , lamprophyre , and carbonatite . Mantle xenoliths have been described from Kachchh (northwestern India) and elsewhere in

1000-496: The Indian tectonic plate and the eruptive history of the Deccan traps show strong correlations. Based on data from marine magnetic profiles, a pulse of unusually rapid plate motion began at the same time as the first pulse of Deccan flood basalts, which is dated at 67 million years ago. The spreading rate rapidly increased and reached a maximum at the same time as the peak basaltic eruptions. The spreading rate then dropped off, with

1050-628: The Vakatakas, the Rashtrakutas became feudatories to the Chalukyas and came into prominence under Dantidurga around 753 CE. The empire of Chandragupta II , known as Mahendraditya Kumargupta I, extended as far as Satara district in Deccan when he ruled between 451 AD to 455 AD. The Mauryan empire in the Deccan was followed by the rule of the " Satvahanas " for about two centuries between 550 A.D. to 750 AD. The first Muslim invasion of

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1100-539: The beds of fossils that have been found between layers of lava. Particularly well known species include the frog Oxyglossus pusillus (Owen) of the Eocene of India and the toothed frog Indobatrachus , an early lineage of modern frogs, which is now placed in the Australian family Myobatrachidae . The Infratrappean Beds (Lameta Formation) and Intertrappean Beds also contain fossil freshwater molluscs . It

1150-512: The best and oldest English Medium schools which are affiliated to Maharashtra state board while the Podar International School is the most excellent school which is affiliated to Central Board Of Secondary Education. Amongst Marathi medium schools, Rayat Shikshan sansthas Anna Saheb Kalyani Vidyalaya, Maharaja Sayajirao Vidyalaya along with Anant English School, and New English School are the best educational institutes in

1200-450: The city. Deccan Traps The Deccan Traps are a large igneous province of west-central India (17–24°N, 73–74°E). They are one of the largest volcanic features on Earth, taking the form of a large shield volcano . They consist of many layers of solidified flood basalt that together are more than about 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) thick, cover an area of about 500,000 square kilometres (200,000 sq mi), and have

1250-554: The construction of this fort in order to defend the banks of the Nira and the Koyna rivers , and to defend the Par pass . It was completed in 1656. The Battle of Pratapgad between Shivaji Maharaj and Afzal Khan , a general of Adil Shahi dynasty , was fought below the ramparts of this fort on 10 November 1659. This was the first major test of the fledgling kingdom's army, and set the stage of

1300-534: The creation of the modern Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean. The term trap has been used in geology since 1785–1795 for such rock formations . It is derived from the Swedish word for stairs ( trapp ) and refers to the step-like hills forming the landscape of the region. The name Deccan has Sanskrit origins meaning "southern". The Deccan Traps began forming 66.25  million years ago , at

1350-468: The current consensus among the scientific community is that the extinction was primarily triggered by the Chicxulub impact event in North America, which would have produced a sunlight-blocking dust cloud that killed much of the plant life and reduced global temperature (this cooling is called an impact winter ). A 2014 study suggested the extinction may have been caused by both the volcanism and

1400-414: The decrease occurring around 63 million years ago, by which time the main phase of Deccan volcanism ended. This correlation is seen as driven by plume dynamics. The motions of the Indian and African plates have also been shown to be coupled, the common element being the position of these plates relative to the location of the Réunion plume head. The onset of accelerated motion of India coincides with

1450-581: The destruction from the impact alone, however. In a March 2019 article in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , an international team of twelve scientists revealed the contents of the Tanis fossil site discovered near Bowman, North Dakota , that appeared to show a devastating mass destruction of an ancient lake and its inhabitants at the time of the Chicxulub impact. In the paper,

1500-540: The different soils on the plains, the commonest is the black loamy clay containing carbonate of lime. This soil, when well watered, is capable of yielding heavy crops. Satara contains some important irrigation works, including the Krishna canal. In some of the western parts of the district the average annual rainfall exceeds 500 cm (200 in); but on the eastern side water is scanty, the rainfall varying from 100 cm (39 in) in Satara town to less than 30 cm (12 in) in some places farther east. The district

1550-473: The end of the Cretaceous period, although it is possible that some of the oldest material may underlie younger material. The bulk of the volcanic eruption occurred at the Western Ghats between 66 and 65 million years ago when lava began to extrude through fissures in the crust known as fissure eruptions. Determining the exact age for Deccan rock is difficult due to a number of limitations, one being that

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1600-584: The establishment of the Maratha empire. Pratapgad continued to be involved in regional politics. Sakharam Bapu Bokil , a well-known minister of Pune, was confined by his rival Nana Phadnis in Pratapgad in 1778. He was later moved from fort to fort until he died at Raigad . In 1796, Nana Phadnis, while escaping from the intrigues of Daulatrao Shinde and his minister Baloba, assembled a strong garrison in Pratapgad before heading to Mahad . In 1818, as part of

1650-575: The gases released during the formation of the Deccan Traps played a major role in the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event (also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary or K–T extinction). It has been theorized that sudden cooling due to sulfurous volcanic gases released by the formation of the traps and toxic gas emissions may have contributed significantly to the K–Pg mass extinction. However,

1700-618: The group reports that the geology of the site is strewn with fossilized trees and remains of fish and other animals. The lead researcher, Robert A. DePalma of the University of Kansas , was quoted in the New York Times as stating that "You would be blind to miss the carcasses sticking out... It is impossible to miss when you see the outcrop". Evidence correlating this find to the Chicxulub impact included tektites bearing "the unique chemical signature of other tektites associated with

1750-418: The impact event. This was followed by a similar study in 2015, both of which consider the hypothesis that the impact exacerbated or induced the Deccan volcanism, since the events occurred approximately at antipodes . A 2020 study questioned the idea that the Deccan Traps were a contributory factor at all, suggesting that the Deccan Traps eruptions may have even partially negated the climatic change induced by

1800-401: The impact. A major criticism of the Deccan Traps as the primary cause of the extinctions is that the extinction event appears to be globally geologically instantaneous and simultaneous in both marine and terrestrial environments, as would be expected from an impact cause, rather than staggered as would be expected from an LIP cause. A more recent discovery appears to demonstrate the scope of

1850-675: The main Deccan, the Malwa Plateau , the Mandla Lobe, and the Saurashtran Plateau. The eruptions occurred over a 600–800,000 year time period between around 66.3 to 65.6 million years ago, spanning the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary . While some authors have suggested that the eruptions were the primary cause of the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction event , which dates to around 66.05 million years ago, this has been strongly disputed, with many authors suggesting that

1900-449: The nation of Albania or the US state of Mississippi . This gives it a ranking of 122nd in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 287 inhabitants per square kilometre (740/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 6.93%. Satara has a sex ratio of 988 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 82.87%. 18.99% of

1950-411: The overall flow volume. It can be difficult, however, to locate the largest dikes as they are often located towards the west coast and are therefore believed to currently reside under water. Although the Deccan Traps began erupting well before the impact , in a 2015 study it was proposed based on argon–argon dating that the impact may have caused an increase in permeability that allowed magma to reach

2000-566: The population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 10.76% and 0.99% of the population respectively. Languages of Satara district (2011) At the time of the 2011 census, 93.05% of the population spoke Marathi , 3.60% Hindi and 0.90% Urdu as their first language. The Sainik School in Satara is one of the oldest residential school preparing boys for military career. The boys are prepared for NDA ( National Defence Academy ) UPSC examination, and also for technical entries of Army Navy And The Airforce. Ex Chief of

2050-502: The sequence of events in Deccan extrusion, it is now more widely accepted that these horizons relate more closely to paleo topography and distance from the eruption site. The release of volcanic gases , particularly sulfur dioxide , during the formation of the traps may have contributed to climate change . An average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) was recorded during this period. Because of its magnitude, some scientists (notably Gerta Keller ) have speculated that

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2100-461: The shrine. Lore has it that the temple is more than 400 years old and was built during Shivaji's rule. However, no definite date on the temple's construction is available. It was the scene of a tragic stampede on 25 January 2005. Historical inscriptions as old as 200 BCE indicate the oldest known place in Satara district in Maharashtra is Karad (mentioned as Karhakada). It is also believed that

2150-465: The size of modern India . The Deccan Traps region was reduced to its current size by erosion and plate tectonics; the present area of directly observable lava flows is around 500,000 km (200,000 sq mi). The Deccan Traps are segmented into three stratigraphic units: the Upper, Middle, and Lower traps. While it was previously interpreted that these groups represented their own key points in

2200-465: The suggestion as being "convenient interpretations based on superficial and cursory observations." A geological structure that exists in the sea floor off the west coast of India has been suggested as a possible impact crater, in this context called the Shiva crater . It was also dated approximately 66 million years ago, potentially matching the Deccan traps. The researchers claiming that this feature

2250-520: The surface and produced the most voluminous flows, accounting for around 70% of the volume. The combination of the asteroid impact and the resulting increase in eruptive volume may have been responsible for the mass extinctions that occurred at the time that separates the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods, known as the K–Pg boundary . However this proposal has been questioned by other authors, who describe

2300-470: The surface. Features such as widespread faulting , frequent diking events, high heat flux, and positive gravity anomalies suggest that the extrusive phase of the Deccan Traps is associated with the existence of a triple junction which may have existed during the Late Cretaceous, having been caused by a deep mantle plume. Not all of these diking events are attributed to large-scale contributions to

2350-484: The theory of this rifting event and likely encouraged the rise of the plume in this area. Seafloor spreading at the boundary between the Indian and African Plates subsequently pushed India north over the plume, which now lies under Réunion island in the Indian Ocean , southwest of India. The mantle plume model has, however, been challenged. Data continues to emerge that supports the plume model. The motion of

2400-491: The transition between eruption events may have lasted only a few thousand years and the resolution of dating methods isn't sufficient to pinpoint these events. In this way, determining the rate of magma emplacement is also difficult to constrain. This series of eruptions may have lasted for less than 30,000 years. The original area covered by the lava flows is estimated to have been as large as 1.5 million km (0.58 million sq mi), approximately half

2450-436: The western Deccan and contain spinel lherzolite and pyroxenite constituents. While the Deccan traps have been categorized in many different ways including the three different stratigraphic groups, geochemically the province can be split into as many as eleven different formations. Many of the petrologic differences in these units are a product of varying degrees of crustal contamination. The Deccan Traps are famous for

2500-472: The year 2009, the Karad (Lok Sabha constituency) was cancelled and it fused in the Satara (Lok Sabha constituency) . A new Madha (Lok Sabha constituency) was formed in the same year. Jaoli and Khatav Vidhan Sabha constituencies were cancelled, and Man , Phaltan were added to Madha (Lok Sabha constituency) . According to the 2011 census Satara district has a population of 3,003,741, roughly equal to

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