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36-471: It consists of three separate committees: Each of the three committees nominate a presidential candidate. Afterward, all the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw MPs vote for one of three candidates—the candidate with the highest number of votes is elected President, while the other two are elected as Vice Presidents. The Vice Presidents are designated as First and Second Vice President based on who received

72-620: A nationwide protest against the Rowlatt Acts with the strongest level of protest in the Punjab . The situation worsened in Amritsar in April 1919 , when General Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on demonstrators who were hemmed into a walled compound. Estimates of deaths range from 379 to 1500 or more and 1200 persons injured, 192 of them seriously. Montagu ordered an inquiry into

108-590: A review after 10 years. Sir John Simon headed the Simon Commission , the committee that was responsible for the review and recommended further constitutional change. Three round table conferences were held in London in 1930, 1931 and 1932 with representation of the major interests. Gandhi attended the 1931 Round Table Conferences after negotiations with the British government. The major disagreement between

144-611: A total of 168 directly elected seats. Of the 224 seats in the house, the remaining 56 are military appointees nominated by the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Services. The Pyithu Hluttaw is the lower house of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, with seats accorded to each of the 330 townships in the country. Of the 440 seats in this body, 330 are directly elected and 110 are military appointees nominated by

180-590: A view to the progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire. The Cabinet approved the statement with Curzon's amendment incorporated in place of Montagu's original statement. In late 1917, Montagu went to India to meet Lord Chelmsford , the Viceroy of India, and leaders of Indian community, to discuss the introduction of limited self-government to India, and

216-531: Is not compulsory. Burmese elections practise the First-past-the-post voting system (winner takes all), in which the candidate who receives the highest number of votes is elected. In the 2010 election, state media reported a voter turnout of 77.26%. Advance voting was also widely practised, with military personnel and their family members, as well as civil servants, police force personnel and other state employees instructed to vote in advance. This

252-505: The British Cabinet a proposed statement regarding his intention to work towards the gradual development of free institutions in India with a view to ultimate self-government. Lord Curzon thought that gave Montagu too much emphasis on working towards self-government and suggested that he work towards increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration and the gradual development of self-governing institutions with

288-586: The Pyithu Hluttaw 's first session. At least one regular session must be held per year, and subsequent sessions must be held within 12 months of each other. Special or emergency sessions can be convened by the President. Parliamentary sessions are only valid if 25% or more MPs are present. The first session of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw was held from January to March 2011, while the second was held from 22 August 2011 to. Journalists were not allowed to attend

324-582: The 1920s, urban municipal corporations were made more democratic and "Indianized". The main provisions were the following: Many Indians had fought with the British in the First World War, and they expected much greater concessions. The Indian National Congress and the Muslim League had recently come together demanding self-rule. The 1919 reforms did not satisfy political demands in India. The British repressed opposition, and restrictions on

360-529: The 1947 Constitution, Burma's legislature, called the Union Parliament , consisted of two chambers, the 125-seat Lumyozu Hluttaw (the Chamber of Nationalities) and the 250-seat Pyithu Hluttaw ; (the Chamber of Deputies), whose seat numbers were determined by the population size of respective constituencies. From 1962 to 1974, there was no functional hluttaw in existence, as the ruling government

396-655: The Amyotha Hluttaw enjoy equal power to initiate, review, amend, and pass legislation. Each of the fourteen major administrative regions and states has its own local Hluttaw: Region Hluttaw (Region Assembly) or State Hluttaw (State Assembly). The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw is housed in a 31-building parliamentary complex. It is believed to represent the 31 planes of existence in Buddhist cosmology , located in Zeya Theddhi Ward of Naypyidaw . Members of

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432-551: The Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Services. Burmese elections are held under universal suffrage for all Burmese citizens above the age of 18 and on a given constituency 's roll of eligible voters. Voters are constitutionally guaranteed the right to vote via secret ballot . However, members of religious orders (including members of the Buddhist Sangha ), prisoners, mentally unsound persons, and indebted persons are not allowed to vote for members of Parliament. Voting

468-673: The Konbaung dynasty, the Hluttaw was in session for 6 hours daily, from 6 to 9 am, and from noon to 3 pm, attended by ministers ( မင်းကြီး , Mingyi ), ministers of third rank ( ဝန်ထောက် , Wundauk ), and head clerks ( စာရေးကြီး , Sayegyi ), as well as interior ministers ( အတွင်းဝန် , Atwin Wun ), who sat in the Byedaik. It was tradition for the king to appoint four ministers, four interior ministers and four officers. On 2 January 1923, with

504-496: The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw are simultaneously elected, with members of parliament (MPs) serving five-year terms. Ministerial nominees, who are selected from the pool of elected MPs, vacate their parliamentary seats. By-elections, determined by the Union Election Commission , are held to fill these vacant seats. The first regular session of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw must be convened within 15 days of the commencement of

540-537: The Union) is the de jure national-level bicameral legislature of Myanmar established by the 2008 National Constitution . The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw is made up of two houses, the 224-seat Amyotha Hluttaw , or "House of Nationalities", and the 440-seat Pyithu Hluttaw , or House of People's Representatives. There is no mention in the 2008 Constitution of any ‘lower’ or ‘upper’ houses: both the Pyithu Hluttaw and

576-749: The administration. At the Indian National Congress annual session in September 1920, delegates supported Gandhi's proposal of swaraj , or self-rule, preferably within the British Empire but out of it if necessary. The proposal was to be implemented through a policy of non-cooperation with British rule and so Congress did not field candidates in the first elections, held in 1921 under the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms. The Montagu-Chelmsford Report stated that there should be

612-477: The affairs like health, sanitation, education, public work, irrigation, jail, police, justice etc. The powers that were not included in the state list vested in the hands of the central government. In case of any conflict between the 'reserved' and 'unreserved' powers of the State (the former included finance, police, revenue and publication of books, and the latter included health, sanitation and local-self government),

648-984: The colonial government to introduce self-governing institutions gradually in British India . The reforms take their name from Edwin Montagu , the Secretary of State for India from 1917 to 1922, and Lord Chelmsford , the Viceroy of India between 1916 and 1921. The reforms were outlined in the Montagu–Chelmsford Report, prepared in 1918, and formed the basis of the Government of India Act 1919 . The constitutional reforms were considered by Indian nationalists not to go far enough though British conservatives were critical of them. The important features of this act were that: 1. The Imperial Legislative Council

684-575: The council of ministers in the king's court in pre-colonial Burma (Myanmar). Hluttaw's origins trace back to the Pagan era when King Htilominlo (r. 1211–1235) created a royal cabinet of senior ministers to manage the day-to-day affairs of the government. During the Konbaung dynasty , the hluttaw was the centre of government and the kingdom's national administrative body, divided into three branches, namely fiscal, executive, and judicial (the word hluttaw

720-655: The enactment of the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms , Burma became a Governor's Province with a partially elected legislative council, the Legislative Council of Burma , consisting of 103 seats, with 80 filled by election. The 1935 Government of Burma Act established the Legislature of Burma . During this period, the colonial Legislature consisted of two chambers, the 36-seat Senate and the 132-seat House of Representatives. From 1947 to 1962, under

756-483: The events at Amritsar by Lord Hunter. The Hunter Inquiry recommended the dismissal of Dyer, who had commanded the troops, which led to Dyer's sacking. Many British citizens supported Dyer, whom they considered had received unfair treatment from the Hunter Inquiry. The conservative Morning Post newspaper collected a subscription of £26,000 for Dyer, and Sir Edward Carson moved a censure motion on Montagu that

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792-524: The first session. However, the Ministry of Information announced on 12 August 2011 that they would be permitted to attend the second session. 19°46′28″N 96°6′13″E  /  19.77444°N 96.10361°E  / 19.77444; 96.10361 Montagu%E2%80%93Chelmsford Reforms The Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms or more concisely known as the Mont–Ford Reforms , were introduced by

828-676: The governor had the final say. In 1921, the "Diarchy" was installed in Bengal , Madras , Bombay , the United Provinces , the Central Provinces , the Punjab , Bihar and Orissa , and Assam ; in 1932 it was extended to the North-West Frontier Province . In 1921, another change that had been recommended by the report was carried out by elected local councils being set up in rural areas, and during

864-529: The legislature. The departments that made up the "steel frame" of British rule were retained by executive councilors, who were nominated by the governor. They were often but not always British and were responsible to the governor. The Act of 1919 introduced diarchy to the provinces. Accordingly, the rights of the central and provincial governments were divided in clear-cut terms. The central list included rights over defence, foreign affairs, telegraphs, railways, postal, foreign trade etc. The provincial list dealt with

900-632: The press and on movement were re-enacted through the Rowlatt Acts introduced in 1919. The measures were rammed through the Legislative Council with the unanimous opposition of the Indian members. Several members of the council, including Muhammad Ali Jinnah , resigned in protest. The measures were widely seen throughout India as a betrayal of the strong support given by the population for the British war effort. Mahatma Gandhi launched

936-478: The protection rights of minority communities. He drew up a report, with Bhupendra Nath Bose , Lord Donoghmore , William Duke and Charles Roberts . The report went before the Cabinet on 24 May and 7 June 1918 and was embodied in the Government of India Act of 1919 . The reforms represented the maximum concessions the British were prepared to make at that time. The franchise was extended, and increased authority

972-468: The remaining 25% (166 members) are military personnel appointed by the Defence Services ' Commander-in-Chief. This policy is similar to Indonesia's New Order model (as part of the dwifungsi doctrine), which guaranteed a number of parliamentary seats to military appointees. The Amyotha Hluttaw is the upper house of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, with 12 seats accorded to each Region or State for

1008-752: The second Pyidaungsu Hluttaw were elected in the 8 November 2015 general election . On 16 March 2012, parliamentarians made the decision for the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw to re-join the IPU . After the coup d'état on 1 February 2021 , the Assembly was dissolved by Acting President Myint Swe , who declared a one-year state of emergency and transferred all legislative powers to Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Min Aung Hlaing . The Royal Cabinet or Hluttaw ( Burmese : လွှတ်တော် [l̥ʊʔtɔ̀] , lit. "delegation of royal [duties]") historically refers to

1044-443: The second and third highest number of votes. The election was held on 4 February 2011. Five Pyithu Hluttaw seats were vacant. The election was held on 15 March 2016. Seven Pyithu Hluttaw seats were vacant. The election was held on 28 March 2018. Seven Pyithu Hluttaw seats were vacant. Pyidaungsu Hluttaw The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw ( Burmese : ပြည်ထောင်စု လွှတ်တော် [pjìdàʊɰ̃zṵ l̥ʊʔtɔ̀] lit. Assembly of

1080-409: Was given to central and provincial legislative councils, but the Viceroy remained responsible only to London. The changes at the provincial level were very significant, as the provincial legislative councils contained a considerable majority of elected members. In a system called " diarchy ", the nation-building departments of government were placed under ministers, who were individually responsible to

1116-552: Was in violation of the 2010 electoral laws, which only allow advance voting for eligible voters who are away from their constituencies, as well as overseas Burmese citizens. In some constituencies, up to 95% of cast ballots were done in advance. An estimated 10% of votes (6 million) were cast in advance. There were also reports of multiple voter fraud, voter manipulation, ghost voting and coerced voting, in which individuals were pressured to vote for Union Solidarity and Development Party candidates by officials. The two houses of

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1152-439: Was nearly successful. Montagu was saved largely because of a strong speech in his defence by Winston Churchill . The Amritsar massacre further inflamed Indian nationalist sentiment and deded the initial response of reluctant co-operation. At the grassroots level, many young Indians wanted faster progress towards Indian independence and were disappointed by their lack of advancement as Britons returned to their former positions in

1188-742: Was now to consist of two houses: the Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of State . 2. The provinces were to follow the Dual Government System, or diarchy . Edwin Montagu became Secretary of State for India in June 1917 after Austen Chamberlain had resigned over the capture of Kut by the Ottoman Empire in 1916 and the capture of an Indian army that was staged there. Montagu put before

1224-422: Was originally refers to the cabinet but since the colonial times, hluttaw has been used to describe a parliament or legislative body.) The Byedaik ( ဗြဲတိုက် ) or Privy Council maintaining the inner affairs of the royal court, whereas the Hluttaw managed the kingdom's administrition. The Hluttaw, as tradition, also had the duty of selecting the heir-apparent, whenever the incumbent king did not select one. In

1260-586: Was slated for occupation by Yangon Division government offices.) Between 1988 and 2011, there was no functional hluttaw , as the ruling government was the State Peace and Development Council . Pyidaungsu Hluttaw composition The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw is a bicameral body made up of a 440-seat House of Representatives ( Pyithu Hluttaw ) and the 224-seat House of Nationalities ( Amyotha Hluttaw ). The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw consists of 664 members total. 75% of MPs (498 members) are directly elected by voters, while

1296-592: Was the socialist Union Revolutionary Council (RC). From 1974 to 1988, under the 1974 Constitution, Burma's legislative branch was a one-party toy parliament consisting of a unicameral chamber, the Pyithu Hluttaw (the People's Assembly), represented by members of the Burma Socialist Programme Party . Each term was four years. (In August 2010, the old Hluttaw complex on Yangon 's Pyay Road used by Gen. Ne Win 's military government

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