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55-567: The Rashtrapati Bhavan ( pronunciation , ISO : Rāṣṭrapati Bhavana ; lit.   ' Presidential Palace ' ; formerly Viceroy's House (1931–1947) and Government House (1947–1950)) is the official residence of the President of India at the western end of Rajpath , Raisina Hill in New Delhi . It was formerly known as Viceroy's House and constructed during the rule of British India . Rashtrapati Bhavan may refer to only

110-502: A practical measure. In cases where the difference between sin and tan is significant, the tangent is used. In either case, the following identity holds for all inclinations up to 90 degrees: tan ⁡ α = sin ⁡ α 1 − sin 2 ⁡ α {\displaystyle \tan {\alpha }={\frac {\sin {\alpha }}{\sqrt {1-\sin ^{2}{\alpha }}}}} . Or more simply, one can calculate

165-422: A uniform architecture for public use. In the post- Mutiny era, however, it was decided that sensitivity must be shown to the local surroundings to better integrate the building within its political context, and after much political debate, Lutyens conceded to incorporating local Indo-Saracenic motifs, albeit in a rather superficial decoration form on the skin of the building. Various Indian elements were added to

220-687: A vehicle can ascend while maintaining a particular speed is sometimes termed that vehicle's "gradeability" (or, less often, "grade ability"). The lateral slopes of a highway geometry are sometimes called fills or cuts where these techniques have been used to create them. In the United States, the maximum grade for federally funded highways is specified in a design table based on terrain and design speeds, with up to 6% generally allowed in mountainous areas and hilly urban areas with exceptions for up to 7% grades on mountainous roads with speed limits below 60 mph (95 km/h). The steepest roads in

275-520: A view of the house from further back, it would also cut through the square between the secretariat buildings. The committee with Lutyens and Baker established in January 1914 said the grade was to be no steeper than 1 in 25, though it eventually was changed to 1 in 22, a steeper gradient which made it more difficult to see the Viceroy's palace. While Lutyens knew about the gradient and the possibility that

330-739: Is 23.1% by the 67-Bernal Heights on Alabama Street between Ripley and Esmeralda Streets. Likewise, the Pittsburgh Department of Engineering and Construction recorded a grade of 37% (20°) for Canton Avenue. The street has formed part of a bicycle race since 1983. Grade, pitch, and slope are important components in landscape design , garden design , landscape architecture , and architecture ; for engineering and aesthetic design factors. Drainage, slope stability, circulation of people and vehicles, complying with building codes, and design integration are all aspects of slope considerations in environmental design . Ruling gradients limit

385-429: Is a rectangular room of 32×20 m. It was originally built as a state ballroom with wooden flooring. The Persian painting on its ceiling depicts a royal hunting expedition led by King Fateh Ali Shah of Persia. The walls have fresco paintings. The dome , in the middle, reflects both Indian and British styles. In the centre is a tall copper-faced dome, surmounting a very tall drum in several sections, which stands out from

440-654: Is expressed as a percentage, the angle can be determined as: If the angle is expressed as a ratio (1 in n) then: For degrees, percentage (%) and per-mille (‰) notations, larger numbers are steeper slopes. For ratios, larger numbers n of 1 in n are shallower, easier slopes. The examples show round numbers in one or more of the notations and some documented and reasonably well known instances. In vehicular engineering , various land -based designs ( automobiles , sport utility vehicles , trucks , trains , etc.) are rated for their ability to ascend terrain . Trains typically rate much lower than automobiles. The highest grade

495-406: Is no standard keyboard layout for ISO 15919 input but many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Grade (slope) The grade (US) or gradient (UK) (also called stepth , slope , incline , mainfall , pitch or rise ) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line refers to the tangent of

550-597: Is now the family wing of the President; he converted the then Viceroy's apartments into the Guest Wing, where visiting heads of state stay while in India. On 26 January 1950, when Rajendra Prasad became the first President of India and occupied this building, it was renamed Rashtrapati Bhavan – the President's House. Consisting of four floors and 340 rooms, with a floor area of 200,000 square feet (19,000 m), it

605-401: Is on each corner at the top of the column. As there is an ancient Indian belief that bells signalled the end of a dynasty, it was said that as the bells were silent British rule in India would not end. Whereas previous British examples of so-called Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture had mostly grafted elements from Mughal architecture onto essentially Western carcasses, Lutyens drew also from

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660-415: Is predominantly a rose garden. It has 16 square rose beds encased in low hedges. There is a red sandstone pergola in the centre over the central pavement which is covered with Rose creepers, Petrea , Bougainvillea and vines . The walls are covered with creepers like jasmine , Rhynchospermum , Tecoma Grandiflora , Bignonia Vanista, Adenoclyma, Echitice, Parana Paniculata. Along the walls are planted

715-761: Is the second largest residence of any head of state in the world after Quirinal Palace in Italy . The other presidential homes are the Rashtrapati Nilayam in Hyderabad , ( Telangana ), Rashtrapati Ashiana in Dehradun , ( Uttarakhand ), Rashtrapati Niwas, Mashobra and Rashtrapati Niwas in Shimla , ( Himachal Pradesh ). The Governor-General of India resided at Government House in Calcutta until

770-660: The Delhi Durbar in December 1911 that the capital of India would be relocated from Calcutta to Delhi. When the plan for a new city, New Delhi , adjacent to the end south of Old Delhi , was developed after the Delhi Durbar, the new palace for the Viceroy of India was given an enormous size and prominent position. About 4,000 acres (1,600 ha) of land was acquired to begin the construction of Viceroy's House, as it

825-584: The Secretariat Building, New Delhi , mainly by Herbert Baker, have similarities e.g. both are built with cream and red Dholpur sandstone. Lutyens added several small personal elements to the house, such as an area in the garden walls and two ventilator windows on the stateroom to look like the glasses which he wore. The Viceregal Lodge was completed largely by 1929, and (along with the rest of New Delhi) inaugurated officially in 1931. Between 1932 and 1933 important decorations were added, especially in

880-561: The cardinal directions divide this garden into a grid of squares: a charbagh . There are six lotus-shaped fountains at the crossings of these channels, rising to a height of 12 feet (3.7 m). There are bird tables for feeding grain to wild birds. Terrace garden : There are two longitudinal strips of the garden, at a higher level on each side of the Main Garden, forming the Northern and Southern boundaries. The plants grown are

935-441: The hypotenuse (the slope length). This is not the usual way to specify slope; this nonstandard expression follows the sine function rather than the tangent function, so it calls a 45 degree slope a 71 percent grade instead of a 100 percent. But in practice the usual way to calculate slope is to measure the distance along the slope and the vertical rise, and calculate the horizontal run from that, in order to calculate

990-613: The romanization of many Brahmic scripts , which was agreed upon in 2001 by a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries. However, the Hunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization in India " and a United Nations expert group noted about ISO 15919 that "there is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products." Another standard, United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN),

1045-401: The transliteration of Sanskrit rather than the transcription of Brahmic scripts. As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN transliterate anusvara as ṁ , while ALA-LC and IAST use ṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which is described in

1100-419: The 340-room main building that has the president's official residence, including reception halls, guest rooms and offices, also called the mansion ; it may also refer to the entire 130-hectare (320-acre) Presidential Estate that additionally includes the presidential gardens, large open spaces, residences of bodyguards and staff, stables, other offices and utilities within its perimeter walls. In terms of area, it

1155-723: The China Orange trees. In July 2014, a museum inside Rashtrapati Bhavan was inaugurated by then President of India Pranab Mukherjee . The museum helps visitors to get an inside view of the Rashtrapati Bhavan, its art, architecture and get educated about lives of past presidents. The second phase was inaugurated in 2016 by the President Pranab Mukherjee and the Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The museum has been built under

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1210-462: The Great Mughals (1913). The designs underwent changes and alterations under subsequent viceroys and after Indian Independence. After independence, it was renamed as Government House. When Chakravarti Rajagopalachari assumed office as the first India-born Governor General of India and became the occupant of this palace , he preferred to stay in a few rooms in the former Guest Wing, which

1265-466: The Great Western main line, nicknamed Brunel's Billiard Table, because the early locomotives (and their brakes) were feeble. Steep gradients were concentrated in short sections of lines where it was convenient to employ assistant engines or cable haulage , such as the 1.2 kilometres (0.75 miles) section from Euston to Camden Town . Extremely steep gradients require the use of cables (such as

1320-639: The Guinness Book. Drawing on the U.S. National Elevation Dataset, 7x7 (magazine) identified ten blocks of public streets in San Francisco open to vehicular traffic in the city with grades over 30 percent. The steepest at 41 percent is the block of Bradford Street above Tompkins Avenue in the Bernal Heights neighborhood. The San Francisco Municipal Railway operates bus service among the city's hills . The steepest grade for bus operations

1375-523: The Holy Nectar ) is a garden situated at the back of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. Formerly known as the 'Mughal Gardens', it incorporates both Mughal and English landscaping styles and feature a great variety of flowers and trees. The Rashtrapati Bhavan gardens are open to the public in February–March every year during Udyanotsav . Main garden : Two channels intersecting at right angles running in

1430-684: The Scenic Railway at Katoomba Scenic World , Australia, with a maximum grade of 122% (52°), claimed to be the world's steepest passenger-carrying funicular ) or some kind of rack railway (such as the Pilatus railway in Switzerland, with a maximum grade of 48% (26°), claimed to be the world's steepest rack railway ) to help the train ascend or descend. Gradients can be expressed as an angle, as feet per mile, feet per chain, 1 in n , x % or y per mille. Since designers like round figures,

1485-531: The Viceroy and Vicereine. Since Indian Independence, a single high chair for the President is kept here under a Belgian glass chandelier hanging from a height of 33 m. The flooring of the hall is made of chocolate-coloured Italian marble. The columns in Gantantra Mandap are made in Delhi Order which combines vertical lines with the motif of a bell. The vertical lines from the column were also used in

1540-431: The Viceroy's House. The original plan was to have Viceroy's House on the top of Raisina Hill , with the secretariats lower down. It was later decided to build it 400 yards back and put both buildings on top of the plateau . Lutyens campaigned for its fixing but was not able to get it to be changed. Lutyens wanted to make a long inclined grade to Viceroy's House with retaining walls on either side. While this would give

1595-602: The Viceroy's palace would be obscured by the road, it is thought that Lutyens did not fully realise how little the front of the house would be visible. In 1916 the Imperial Delhi committee dismissed Lutyens's proposal to alter the gradient. Lutyens thought Baker was more concerned with making money and pleasing the government, rather than making a good architectural design. The land was owned by Basakha Singh and mostly Sir Sobha Singh . Lutyens travelled between India and England almost every year for twenty years and worked on

1650-543: The angle of that surface to the horizontal . It is a special case of the slope , where zero indicates horizontality . A larger number indicates higher or steeper degree of "tilt". Often slope is calculated as a ratio of "rise" to "run", or as a fraction ("rise over run") in which run is the horizontal distance (not the distance along the slope) and rise is the vertical distance. Slopes of existing physical features such as canyons and hillsides, stream and river banks , and beds are often described as grades, but typically

1705-510: The ballroom, and executed by the Italian painter Tommaso Colonnello . It has 355 decorated rooms and a floor area of 200,000 square feet (19,000 m). The structure includes 700 million bricks and 3.5 million cubic feet (85,000 m³) of stone, with only minimal usage of steel. Lutyens established ateliers in Delhi and Lahore to employ local craftsmen. The chief engineer of the project

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1760-422: The building. These included several circular stone basins on top of the building, as water features are an important part of Indian architecture. There was also a traditional Indian chujja or chhajja , which occupied the place of a frieze in classical architecture; it was a sharp, thin, protruding element which extended 8 feet (2.4 m) from the building, and created deep shadows. It blocks harsh sunlight from

1815-482: The construction of the Viceroy's House in both countries. Lutyens reduced the building from 13,000,000 cubic feet (370,000 m) to 8,500,000 cubic feet (240,000 m) because of budget restrictions. The gardens were initially designed and laid out in Mughal style by William Robert Mustoe who was influenced by Lady Hardinge who in turn had sought inspiration in the book by Constance Villiers-Stuart in her Gardens of

1870-450: The frieze around the room, which could not have been done with one of the traditional Greek orders of columns. The columns are made from yellow Jaisalmer marble, with a thick line running along the centre. Gantantra Mandap has a capacity of 500 people and it is here in this building that Jawaharlal Nehru took the oath of office of Prime Minister from Lord Mountbatten at 8.30 am on 15 August 1947. Ashoka Mandap (formerly: Ashoka Hall )

1925-407: The grade (100% × rise/run) or standard slope (rise/run). When the angle of inclination is small, using the slope length rather than the horizontal displacement (i.e., using the sine of the angle rather than the tangent) makes only an insignificant difference and can then be used as an approximation. Railway gradients are often expressed in terms of the rise in relation to the distance along the track as

1980-490: The guidance of Saroj Ghose . The first restoration project at the Rashtrapati Bhavan was started in 1985 and ended in 1989, during which the Ashoka Hall was stripped of its later additions and restored to its original state by the architectural restorer Sunita Kohli . The second restoration project, begun in 2010, involved Charles Correa and Sunita Kohli . ISO 15919 ISO 15919 is an international standard on

2035-463: The horizontal run by using the Pythagorean theorem, after which it is trivial to calculate the (standard math) slope or the grade (percentage). In Europe, road gradients are signed as a percentage. Grades are related using the following equations with symbols from the figure at top. The slope expressed as a percentage can similarly be determined from the tangent of the angle: If the tangent

2090-413: The inverse tangent of the standard mathematical slope, which is rise / run or the grade / 100. If one looks at red numbers on the chart specifying grade, one can see the quirkiness of using the grade to specify slope; the numbers go from 0 for flat, to 100% at 45 degrees, to infinity as it approaches vertical. Slope may still be expressed when the horizontal run is not known: the rise can be divided by

2145-464: The last Indian governor-general, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari , opted to live in the smaller guest wing, a tradition followed by subsequent presidents. The original residence wing is now used primarily for state receptions and as a guest wing for visiting heads of state. Gantantra Mandap (formerly: Durbar Hall ) is situated directly under the double-dome of the main building. Known as the "Throne Room" before independence, it had two separate thrones for

2200-546: The load that a locomotive can haul, including the weight of the locomotive itself. On a 1% gradient (1 in 100) a locomotive can pull half (or less) of the load that it can pull on level track. (A heavily loaded train rolling at 20 km/h on heavy rail may require ten times the pull on a 1% upgrade that it does on the level at that speed.) Early railways in the United Kingdom were laid out with very gentle gradients, such as 0.07575% (1 in 1320) and 0.1515% (1 in 660) on

2255-753: The method of expression can affect the gradients selected. The steepest railway lines that do not use a rack system include: Gradients on sharp curves are effectively a bit steeper than the same gradient on straight track, so to compensate for this and make the ruling grade uniform throughout, the gradient on those sharp curves should be reduced slightly. In the era before they were provided with continuous brakes , whether air brakes or vacuum brakes , steep gradients made it extremely difficult for trains to stop safely. In those days, for example, an inspector insisted that Rudgwick railway station in West Sussex be regraded. He would not allow it to open until

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2310-492: The much earlier Buddhist Mauryan art . This can be seen in the Dehli Order, and in the main dome, where the drum below has decoration recalling the railings around early Buddhist stupas such as Sanchi . There is also the presence of Mughal and European colonial architectural elements. Overall the structure is distinctly different from other contemporary British Colonial symbols, although other New Delhi buildings, such as

2365-469: The original sketches which Lutyens sent Herbert Baker , from Shimla , on 14 June 1912. Lutyens' design is grandly classical overall, with colours and details inspired by Indo-Saracenic architecture . Lutyens and Baker, who had been assigned to work on Viceroy's House and the Secretariats, began on friendly terms. Baker had been assigned to work on the two secretariat buildings which were in front of

2420-538: The palace, on the east side, has twelve unevenly spaced massive columns with the Delhi Order capitals, a "nonce order" Lutyens invented for this building, with Ashokan details. The capitals have a fusion of acanthus leaves with the four pendant Indian bells . The bells are similar in style to Indian Hindu and Buddhist temples, the idea is inspired by a Jain temple at Moodabidri in Karnataka. One bell

2475-533: The rest of the building. The dome is exactly in the middle of the diagonals between the four corners of the building. It is more than twice the height of the building itself and combines classical and Indian styles. Lutyens considered the Pantheon in Rome as a model when designing the dome, although the exterior of the dome was also modelled partly after the early Buddhist stupas . Amrit Udyan (meaning: The Garden of

2530-667: The same as in the Main Garden. At the centre of both of the strips is a fountain, which falls inwards, forming a well. On the Western tips are located two gazebos and on the Eastern tips are two ornately designed sentry posts. Long Garden (or the Purdah Garden) : This is located to the West of the Main Garden, and runs along each side of the central pavement which goes to the circular garden. Enclosed in walls about 12 feet high, this

2585-584: The shift of the imperial capital to Delhi . Lord Wellesley , who is reputed to have said that ‘India should be governed from a palace, not from a country house’, ordered the construction of this grand mansion between 1799 and 1803 and in 1912, the Governor of Bengal took up residence there. The decision to build a residence in New Delhi for the British Viceroy was taken after it was decided during

2640-643: The table below. The table below shows the differences between ISO 15919, UNRSGN and IAST for Devanagari transliteration. Only certain fonts support all Latin Unicode characters for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to this standard. For example, Tahoma supports almost all the characters needed. Arial and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later also support most Latin Extended Additional characters like ḍ, ḥ, ḷ, ḻ, ṁ, ṅ, ṇ, ṛ, ṣ and ṭ. There

2695-542: The windows and also shields the windows from heavy rain during the monsoon season. On the roofline were several chuttris , which helped to break up the flatness of the roofline not covered by the dome. Lutyens appropriated some Indian design elements but used them sparingly and effectively throughout the building. The column has a "distinctly peculiar crown on top, a glass star springing out of bronze lotus blossom". There were pierced screens in red sandstone, called jalis or jaalis, inspired by Rajasthani designs. The front of

2750-417: The word "grade" is used for human-made surfaces such as roads, landscape grading, roof pitches , railroads , aqueducts , and pedestrian or bicycle routes. The grade may refer to the longitudinal slope or the perpendicular cross slope . There are several ways to express slope: Any of these may be used. Grade is usually expressed as a percentage, but this is easily converted to the angle α by taking

2805-715: The world according to the Guinness Book of World Records are Baldwin Street in Dunedin, New Zealand, Ffordd Pen Llech in Harlech, Wales and Canton Avenue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Guinness World Record once again lists Baldwin Street as the steepest street in the world, with a 34.8% grade (1 in 2.87) after a successful appeal against the ruling that handed the title, briefly, to Ffordd Pen Llech . A number of streets elsewhere have steeper grades than those listed in

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2860-412: Was Sir Teja Singh Malik, and four main contractors included Sir Sobha Singh . The layout plan of the building is designed around a massive square with multiple courtyards and open inner areas within. The plan called for two wings; one for the Viceroy and residents and another for guests. The residence wing is a separate four-storey house in itself, with its court areas within. This wing was so large that

2915-586: Was built using 700 million bricks and 3,000,000 cu ft (85,000 m) of stone with little steel. The design of the building fell into the period of the Edwardian Baroque , a time at which emphasis was placed on the use of heavy classical motifs to emphasise power. The design process of the mansion was long, complicated and politically charged. Lutyens' early designs were all starkly classical and entirely European in style, although he wished to do it in classical Indian style – India never had

2970-666: Was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and covers many Brahmic scripts. The ALA-LC romanization was approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association and is a US standard. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is not a standard (as no specification exists for it) but a convention developed in Europe for

3025-556: Was originally called, and adjacent Secretariat Building between 1911 and 1916 by relocating Raisina and Malcha villages that existed there and their 300 families under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 . The British architect Edwin Landseer Lutyens , a major member of the city-planning process, was given the primary architectural responsibility. The completed Governor-General's palace turned out very similar to

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