70-427: Prince Paul may refer to: Prince Paul of Romania Prince Paul of Thurn and Taxis Prince Paul of Württemberg Prince Paul of Yugoslavia Prince Paul (producer) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Prince Paul . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
140-420: A tutor to help the pupils in their studies. The year a pupil is in, and the number of rooms in the house decides which pupils are allowed a room of their own, although it is normally decided that younger years share whilst senior pupils get their own rooms. All pupils rotate rooms each term. The houses are: Some houses will go on house expeditions and there are many inter-house competitions that take place in
210-638: A German Jewish educationalist who, after being arbitrarily arrested after the Reichstag fire , fled Nazi Germany. Hahn was asked by friends to give a demonstration in the UK of his "Salem system". He was born in Berlin in 1886 and studied at the University of Oxford . After reading Plato's The Republic as a young man, Hahn conceived the idea of a modern school. With the help of Prince Max of Baden , he set up
280-468: A band of purple they wear as insignia on their uniform, purple being one of the school's colours. They are elected by the pupils and the staff, similar to Eton 's Pop, and have important roles in the school community as a whole. Unlike captains they keep their positions for a whole year unless they are demoted as a punishment for untoward behaviour. They meet every week with the Headmaster to attend to
350-488: A complete person, intellectually, morally, physically and aesthetically had a profound influence on Hahn. Mostly, he believed that pupils should participate in activities, as opposed to sitting and absorbing information. Therefore, physical education forms much of Gordonstoun's curriculum but achieving personal-goals and overcoming physical challenges take precedent over any competition. As part of their studies, Gordonstoun's students complete something referred to as "The Project"
420-565: A day not to mention, much more. The 1st XI participate in four different competitions. The main competition is the County Schools League where Gordonstoun plays alongside nine other schools in a league system with the chance of promotion/relegation at the end of the season. The other three are Scottish Cup, North of Scotland Cup and the Scottish Independent Schools Cup where Gordonstoun plays with
490-788: A decision upheld in 1957 and 1963 in France and the following year in the United Kingdom. The latter ruling entitled Carol Lambrino to a British passport under the name "Prince of Hohenzollern, Prince of Romania". He filed suit in Romania in 1991 against King Michael I. The case reached its conclusion in February 2012, when the High Court of Cassation and Justice extended to Romania the Lisbon court's decision recognising Carol Lambrino as
560-718: A diet which promotes brain health throughout the programme. Entrance to Gordonstoun requires the pupil to pass the Common Entrance Examination . In the Junior School (ages 8–13), pupils study a range of courses and follow the Scottish education system . In the Senior School (ages 13+) the pupils complete a year's foundation course and then enter into the English education system by starting
630-417: A matter of routine. The school still practices periods of silence, intended to give the pupils the space to reflect and glean insights from their experiences. The school no longer practices cold showers or punishment runs, although physical education and challenging outdoor activities are still an integral part of Gordonstoun's identity. Former pupil Charles, Prince of Wales (later King Charles III) had called
700-551: A mixture of independent and state schools. The school's fire service works closely with the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service and has a fire station on campus with two fire-fighting appliances at their disposal. It was started in 1940 while the school was based in Wales and they acquired an appliance soon after. They attend roughly fifty call-outs a year and so members have to be medically and physically fit, training to pass
770-546: A practical assignment of the student's choosing. The result might be a handmade boat, a restored car or a piece of music. Additionally, there is a chance to join one of the annual international service projects which take pupils abroad to help a foreign community, for instance, there have been projects to build schools in Africa, build wells in Thailand and help orphans in Romania. Hahn believed that an important part of education
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#1732776300040840-462: A religious ceremony in Odessa , was never annulled in an Orthodox Church , thus rendering his subsequent marriages bigamous . Nevertheless, he states that he accepts Romania's republican form of government and does not wish to see the monarchy restored. He also points to a 1955 decision by a court in Lisbon recognising Carol Lambrino as King Carol II's first son and granting him full succession rights,
910-599: A result, he called for Michael's execution . Writing in The Jerusalem Post , historian Jean Ancel dismissed Hohenzollern's claims and praised the wartime actions of the king and his mother, Queen Helen . In 2011, when Michael broke off ties with the House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen to form the House of Romania , Paul objected, labelling the move "an inexplicable gesture" severing "historical and dynastic ties" to
980-476: A traditional private school ethos, modelled on his experiences at Eton and Oxford. Plato's The Republic and other elements of ancient Greek history inspired Hahn's approach. This is seen in the title "Guardian", denoting the head boy and girl, the adoption of a Greek trireme as the school's emblem, and a routine that could be described as Spartan. Classics , and the Greek ideal that education aims to produce
1050-634: A two-year GCSE course followed by a two-year A Level course. Gordonstoun offers 21 GCSE courses, 27 AS Level courses and 21 A Level courses including specialised subjects such as Dance, Classical Studies and Further Mathematics . The 2019 Education Scotland inspection of Gordonstoun rated the school as 'outstanding' and 'sector-leading' The 2009 HMIE inspection evaluated Gordonstoun as being 'Excellent' in its curriculum. 96% of pupils proceed to higher education with 79% going to British universities and 17% to universities abroad. Of those who do not go on to further education, many take gap years or join
1120-448: A wide range of school matters. As well as this they are responsible for minor roles which would otherwise be taken up by teaching staff such as, maintaining the refectory and the library and for serving drinks behind the bar at the weekly socials in addition to organising major school wide events that take place throughout the year. From the CBs a boy and a girl are chosen to be Guardians for
1190-493: Is a registered charity : Scottish charity number SC037867. Hahn's views on education centred on the ability to understand different cultures. Gordonstoun incorporates this in a number of ways including its association with Round Square and in offering pupil exchanges to the different schools within the association. In 2018, Simon Beames, senior lecturer in outdoor learning at the University of Edinburgh, co-published research
1260-581: Is more evident in their original title of 'Helper'. They tend to be in close contact with the housemaster so that any issues requiring immediate attention can be dealt with as well as being able to relay any general ideas or concerns in the House Captains' Council which meet once every two weeks. At the meeting a teacher is present, and minutes are taken so that they can be passed onto the Colour Bearers (CBs). Colour Bearers get their name from
1330-462: Is not allowed to leave the country, and has to report to the Police daily. The Romanian Justice Department sends a delegation to Malta for pleading for his extradition. The extradition demand was rejected, due to Romanian prisons being severely overcrowded. Hohenzollern claims to be the rightful head of Romania's royal house on the grounds that Prince Carol's marriage to Zizi Lambrino, carried out in
1400-515: Is the opportunity to participate in karate , horse riding , skiing, .22 rifle shooting and clay pigeon shooting , athletics , golf and many others. Clubs also form part of the activities list which is made up of cooking, debating, astronomy and film. Sports and other physical activities are vital for an esteemed "correct" education at Gourdonstouns. Exercise is a key element in the everyday life at Gourdonstouns. All children subject to this physical curriculum must exercise for at least three-hour
1470-429: Is the son of Carol Lambrino and Hélène Henriette Nagavitzine. His father was the elder son of King Carol II of Romania and Zizi Lambrino . Paul-Philippe claims that he, and not Margareta of Romania , is the rightful head of the royal house of Romania. In 2020 he was convicted, along with several other businessmen, including Remus Truică, for influence peddling, money laundering and complicated bribery cases between
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#17327763000401540-652: The Schule Schloss Salem in 1919. After the First World War, both men decided that education was key in influencing the future. They developed Salem to develop its students as community leaders. By the 1930s Salem had already become a renowned school throughout Europe. In 1932, Hahn spoke out against the Nazis and was arrested in March 1933. He was released and exiled to Britain in the same year through
1610-475: The 1970s and 1980s, for which the school much later apologised, commenting that at the time there had been "a completely unacceptable view that these were just things that happen". Gordonstoun is included in The Schools Index as one of the 150 best private schools in the world and among top 30 senior schools in the UK. The British Salem School of Gordonstoun was established in 1934 by Kurt Hahn,
1680-582: The German house. In December 2011, Hohenzollern was named "Ambassador of Romanian-Chinese Friendship" in Beijing. After the 2012 final verdict of the Romanian Supreme Court of Justice recognising Paul as one of King Carol II 's heirs, his uncle, King Michael I , reportedly invited Paul to reconciliation talks. In Romanian law dynastic rights, titles of nobility and the institution of
1750-522: The Moray Badge, from which the Duke of Edinburgh's Award was borrowed, expanded the types of physical challenges for students to conquer. From the 1950s onwards, the school administration concentrated on improving the facilities and expanding the curriculum. Major changes since then include: the founding of Round Square in 1966, an international community of schools sharing Hahn's educational ideals;
1820-572: The Paris Court of Appeal denied the request for extradition, labeling it politically motivated. After being arrested in Malta , as of April 2024 the Maltese authorities judge his extradition to Romania. In first instance, his extradition was denied, but this has been appealed by the prosecution, and a retrial has been ordered. As of July 2024 he has been granted bail till the trial ends. He
1890-564: The Royal House do not exist. Gordonstoun Gordonstoun School ( / ˈ ɡ ɔːr d ən s t ən / GOR -dən-stən ) is a co-educational independent school for boarding and day pupils in Moray , Scotland. It is named after the 150-acre (60-hectare) estate owned by Sir Robert Gordon in the 17th century; the school now uses this estate as its campus. It is located in Duffus to
1960-470: The academic term. These are the Head Pupils for the entire school and only normally 6 people a year are allowed to have this position. The term Guardian comes from the name of the supportive rulers of Plato 's ideal state. Like the staff, they are closely involved in the management and well-being of the school. There are seven boarding houses ranging from year 9–13, one sixth-form house, nine including
2030-411: The activities did not help their studies. However, the research by Beames et al. also found that most former pupils believe the school's emphasis on outdoor activities had a positive effect on their careers. Along with the main school, two other schools form part of the greater Gordonstoun community. These are Gordonstoun's preparatory school , Aberlour House, and a summer school that serves to promote
2100-576: The age of 13 upward at Hopeman Harbour to prepare for a voyage in the school's 80 ft (24 m) sailing vessel. Most excursions take a week sailing off the West Coast of Scotland, but the school also enters into the Tall Ships' Races annually which allows pupils to take part in an international competition in European waters lasting up to a month. A student driven effort in 2023 led to
2170-400: The armed forces. In the beginning, Hahn expressed his view that at many schools, ball games had been given precedence over other activities and so, to start with, more focus was placed on seamanship and practical work than the playing of games. Due to this, competitive matches did not start until 1935 when Gordonstoun played and won its first rugby match against Grantown Academy. Even so,
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2240-491: The best Scottish girls' teams." As of 2013 there were playing fields for rugby, football and cricket as well as an outdoor hockey AstroTurf , outdoor tennis courts and a 400m running track. Apart from these outdoor pitches, there is a large sports centre with facilities that include a rock climbing wall, a 25m swimming pool, a weights room, squash courts and an indoor activity hall for basketball , badminton and netball . Aside from these more traditional sports, there
2310-561: The case of Captains, no peer voting takes place, but rather a pupil is appointed by the Head of the respective department. This way it is not uncommon for some people to be re-appointed as Captain for multiple terms depending on whether or not anybody else of suitable stance is available. Captains of Sport such as the Football or Rugby Captain are chosen by the Head of that sport and will help the Head organise teams for practice and preparation off
2380-412: The cognitive benefits of out of classroom experiences, Hahn's ethos emphasises the emotional aspects of Herbartianism and Experiential learning. Hahn established Gordonstoun's ethos during his tenure at Schule Schloss Salem. In a document, written in 1930, Hahn set out what he referred to as the seven laws of Salem; Hahn blended outdoor activities and skills such as seamanship and mountaineering with
2450-405: The effectiveness of Gordonstoun's ethos, and this research has formed an important part of the school's promotional literature. A poll of alumni revealed mixed feelings about Gordonstoun's emphasis on extra-curricular activities. Fifty-seven per cent of the former pupils surveyed agreed that outdoor activities enhanced their academic studies. At the same time, the remaining forty-three per cent felt
2520-529: The estate, removing the need for maintaining a house in Altyre, Forres , many miles away from the main campus. Gordonstoun also developed its academic offerings. It arranged to admit poorer children from the surrounding areas, and to deepen the Outward Bound-type activities that were central to Hahn's system. Skills in mountaineering and seamanship were always taught at the school. The introduction of
2590-436: The field of play as well as on it. Similarly, Captains of Service will aid the Head of Service to organise training sessions and be a point of contact for the rest of the members. Captains of House are slightly different though in that they play a more personal role for pupils who want to voice problems with conditions within the house and this often means that House Captains are responsible for many more pupils. This difference
2660-711: The formation of VEX Robotics Team INT 46846T. The team, with their robot Carl, won its first competition, and continued their successes in their rookie campaign: won the Innovate Award at UK Nationals, qualified for the elimination round at the US Open in Council Bluffs, IA, and competed at the VEX World Championships in Dallas, Texas . In the lower school, ages 13 to 16, a boy and a girl in
2730-417: The head offices of Walkers Shortbread , whose main factory complex at Fisherton is adjacent to the house. Presently Aberlour House has approximately 115 pupils between the ages of 6 and 13 attending. Although they form part of the same institution, going to Aberlour is not a prerequisite for going to Gordonstoun and neither is it enforced that pupils at Aberlour House continue on into Gordonstoun. They share
2800-621: The infant was baptised in 2010, with President Traian Băsescu taking on the role of godfather. On 17 December 2020, the High Court of Cassation and Justice sentenced him to 3 years and 4 months of prison, in the Băneasa Farm trial. On the evening of the charge, police visited his home in Bucharest, however, according to his wife, Lia, he was in Portugal. The police arrived at his house at 8:30 p.m. The American-born Lia did not speak to
2870-531: The influence of the Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald , who was familiar with Hahn's work. At the urging of British friends, Hahn decided to start a new school in Morayshire. Gordonstoun was started in a small way and had financial difficulties in its early years. After the death in 1930 of Sir William Gordon-Cumming, 4th Baronet , his house at Gordonstoun was obtained by Kurt Hahn, whose offer for
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2940-428: The lease was accepted on 14 March 1934. The buildings needed repair and renovation, and at the start of the first academic year, the school had only two enrolled pupils. Hahn expected Gordonstoun to operate for only a few years, as an example of his vision. The number of pupils steadily increased, and some additional pupils transferred from Salem, including Prince Philip of Greece, who later became Duke of Edinburgh . By
3010-807: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Paul&oldid=957578076 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Title and name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Prince Paul of Romania HRH Prince Paul HRH Princess Lia HRH Prince Alexander HRH Princess Margareta HRH Princess Elena HRH Princess Irina HRH Princess Sophie * Titled according to private family rules Paul Philippe of Romania ( Romanian : Paul-Philippe al României ; born 13 August 1948), also known as Prince Paul of Romania , Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern and Paul Lambrino ,
3080-425: The membership of the royal house, and that no Romanian king has ever recognised or granted a title to Carol Lambrino or to his descendants. In the 2000 Romanian presidential election , Hohenzollern was an unsuccessful independent candidate. In 2005, Hohenzollern claimed that King Michael created and ran a Nazi state between 1940 and 1944, encouraging and approving the deportation and murder of Romanian Jews ; as
3150-535: The north-west of Elgin . Pupils are accepted subject to an interview plus references and exam results. It was founded in 1934 as the British Salem School by German-Jewish educator Kurt Hahn based on the model of Schule Schloss Salem , that he had founded in Germany in 1919. Gordonstoun has an enrolment of around 500 full boarders as well as about 100 day pupils between the ages of 5 and 18. With
3220-717: The number of teaching staff exceeding 100, there is a low student-teacher ratio compared to the average in the United Kingdom. There are eight boarding houses (formerly nine prior to the closure of Altyre house in summer 2016) including two 17th-century buildings that were part of the original estate. The other houses have been built or modified since the school was established. Gordonstoun has some notable alumni. Two generations of British royalty were educated at Gordonstoun, including Prince Philip and his son King Charles III . Rock musician David Bowie sent his son Duncan Jones to Gordonstoun, and Jason Connery , son of actor Sir Sean Connery , also attended. Due to Hahn's influence,
3290-484: The one no longer in operation, on the campus. The houses are run by a small team of teachers. The House Master (HM) has overall responsibility and is helped by the Assistant House Master (AHM). Either or both of these will be present at the daily house meeting and will oversee homework to make sure pupils are studying. The HM will organise any special house events, decide who the house captain will be for
3360-487: The practical test before becoming fire fighters. The team is split into three watches lasting a week each and are on call 24 hours a day having to carry pagers and react quickly should they be called. Seamanship has been a main part of the curriculum since the school began. The first voyage of note was in a cutter from Hopeman to Dornoch in June 1935, a distance of 25 miles (40 km). Pupils still train in cutters from
3430-456: The press. Bucharest Police were in the process of obtaining a European arrest warrant and released a statement: "Regarding the person sentenced to imprisonment, given that he was not found at home, the prosecution procedure begins. The activity of obtaining the European arrest warrant and implicitly of the international pursuit is starting." He was arrested in France in June 2022, and released pending an extradition trial. In late November 2023,
3500-467: The royal house, the boundary between which is not clearly drawn. Hohenzollern greeted the decision "with enthusiasm and responsibility", promising "many trials" to sort out inheritance issues and vowing to donate his share of Peleș Castle to the Romanian government, should he obtain it. King Michael's office issued a statement saying the decision creates no dynastic rights, that only he can determine
3570-403: The school a "Colditz in kilts" alluding to the prisoner-of-war camp Colditz Castle . Hahn believed that "The Platonic view of education is that a nation must do all it can to make the individual citizen discover his own power and further more that the individual becomes a cripple in his or her point of view if he is not qualified by education to serve the community." The idea of service at
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#17327763000403640-556: The school becoming co-educational in 1972; and the moving of Aberlour House, Gordonstoun's preparatory school, from Speyside to a purpose-built Junior School on campus in 2004. Former governor Lisa Kerr took over from Simon Reid as the school's principal in 2016. She is the school's first female principal. Gordonstoun's curriculum emphasises an experiential approach, and built upon the work of educationalists, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, Johann Friedrich Herbart and John Dewey. However, unlike Herbart and Dewey, who were concerned with
3710-573: The school has had a strong connection with Germany. It is part of the Round Square Conference of Schools , a group of more than 80 schools across the globe based on the teaching of Hahn, and named after the Round Square building at Gordonstoun, where the first conference took place in 1967. Around 30% of students attending Gordonstoun come from abroad. There were acknowledged cases of reported pupil abuse with no action taken in
3780-525: The school is thought to encourage students to gain a feeling of responsibility to aid other people and is implemented in creating an array of services to the community in which every student becomes involved (see below ). Gordonstoun offers a series of grants, drawing on its investments and other funds, to support pupils who are unable to pay the full fees. In the academic year 2009/10 the school provided financial support for 163 pupils including 11 with 100% fee coverage and 95 with 50% fee reduction. The school
3850-401: The school outside of the academic year. The first preparatory school was founded in 1936 at Wester Elchies and unlike Gordonstoun, was not made to move during the war. At the start of the war, there were 40 boys and girls attending, and these numbers increased to the point that a second school was opened at Aberlour House in 1947 by which time nearly 100 pupils were attending. Wester Elchies
3920-544: The school song, flag and motto with Gordonstoun. The Gordonstoun International Summer School started in 1976, and it has catered to over 7,000 pupils since then. It opens for a four-week period every summer with the aim of giving a taste of the Gordonstoun ethos. Although for the most part, the priority is adventure, sports and creative arts, the school also teaches courses in English. Around 250 children from all over
3990-547: The school was still in its infancy, and there were no designated fields on which to play with conditions being so bad that during pre-match, half-time and post-match, players would clear as many pebbles off the field of play as possible. 1935 saw Gordonstoun's cricket team win two, lose two and draw one. Hahn set up the hockey team personally, with Prince Philip humorously recalling a game against Elgin Academy 's ladies' team and saying that he "hoped that soon we shall be among
4060-537: The sixth form (ages 16 to 18) are elected to be Captains of the lower school. They provide liaison between teachers and pupils so that any concerns can be rectified. Other roles can include organising inter-house activities, charitable events and the lower school social ("social" refers to social event or party). In the Upper School, ages 16 to 18, responsibility is available through a hierarchy of positions. This starts with Captains of Sports, Service and House. In
4130-409: The son of King Carol II. The ruling has unclear implications with regard to both throne and property succession. The leadership of the royal house remains contested, while Hohenzollern's claim to 62.5% of royal property—the share of his father plus that of King Carol II's widow Elena Lupescu , which she granted to him—remains undefined and may refer either to the king's personal property or to that of
4200-658: The start of the Second World War, 135 boys were attending. In June 1940 the school was evacuated and the Gordonstoun estate was taken over by the army for use as barracks. The school was relocated temporarily to quarters in Llandinam in Mid Wales when Lord Davies, a father of two pupils, allowed the school to use one of his houses, Broneirion . The buildings were insufficient, and finances and pupil numbers began to drop. In 1941 by Hahn and Lawrence Holt with
4270-568: The support of the Blue Funnel Line , founded Outward Bound , based on the educational approach of Gordonstoun. The school survived the war, pupil numbers increased again, and the school became well known throughout Wales and the Midlands . Once the war ended, the school returned to the Gordonstoun estate. By the end of 1940, the school achieved its primary target of 250 pupils and continued growing in size. It built dormitories on
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#17327763000404340-498: The term as well as choosing a captain to take care of other house related activities. The HM is also the person who most pupils would talk to if they had a problem although all teachers are available for help. Both the HM and the AHM normally have residences within the houses and so are very much part of the house. Each house has a matron who helps the pupils through their daily routine as well as
4410-465: The world between the ages of 8 and 16 attend each year. The school runs a revision programme over the Easter Holidays, based on the belief that exercise improves cognition. Gordonstoun designed the programme for GCSE students, and it combines revision in English, mathematics and science with periods of gentle exercise and restricted access to electronic devices. The school also claims to serve
4480-555: The year. These competitions vary. The most common are sports such as basketball and football or simply a tug of war . All of the boarding houses throw a themed party annually, and pupils may invite guests from other houses. For OGs there is the Gordonstoun Association which aims to promote and strengthen links between former pupils of the school and the school itself. The patron of the GA is King Charles III. The position
4550-485: The years of 2006 and 2013. He became an internationally wanted fugitive until his arrest in 2022. In 1918, the crown prince of Romania (the future King Carol II ) married Zizi Lambrino . The wedding was annulled the following year because it contravened the royal house's statute. Although Lambrino was from a Phanariot Greek , former Byzantine noble family ( Rangabe -Lambrino), and her father Constantin Lambrino,
4620-522: Was a general in the Romanian army , she was still considered a commoner . The marriage took place without the consent of the king. The couple had one son, Carol Lambrino , the father of Paul Hohenzollern. In 1921, Crown Prince Carol married Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark , and they had a son who became King Michael I of Romania . Born in Paris, Paul Hohenzollern attended a Jesuit school. He
4690-583: Was previously held by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. During the 1960s, Charles, Prince of Wales (later King Charles III) attended the school on the recommendation of his father, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh , who had been one of the first pupils to attend Gordonstoun, having previously been educated at Salem in Germany. Prince Charles did not enjoy the regime, which he later characterised as " Colditz in kilts ", but said it taught him self-discipline and responsibility. Princes Andrew and Edward followed in their father's and elder brother's footsteps. Of
4760-432: Was pulled down in the early 1960s because of dilapidation. The prep school continued with just Aberlour, but even so, there were always problems with the 20 miles (32 km) that separated the main Gordonstoun campus and the school. In 2002 the running of Aberlour House was taken over by Gordonstoun, and in 2004 a purpose-built prep school was constructed on the main campus. In January 2007, the disused Aberlour House became
4830-610: Was thirteen years old when his father married an American woman and the family moved to London to be nearer to European royalty. He started school at Gordonstoun while Charles, Prince of Wales , was attending, then moving on to Millfield . He has worked as an art dealer and property developer. In 1996, at Cașin Church , Hohenzollern married Lia Georgia Triff, a native of Dearborn, Michigan , who had previously divorced lawyer Melvin Belli . The couple have one child, Carol Ferdinand;
4900-496: Was to challenge a person and take them out of their areas of familiarity and comfort, improving a person's ability to deal with difficult situations. The school requires that every pupil takes part in a series of outdoor programmes particularly expeditions in the Cairngorms and sailing training on the school's 80-foot vessel, Ocean Spirit. The school had a reputation for challenging conditions, with cold showers and morning runs as
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