99-739: The Prison Policy Initiative ( PPI ) is a criminal justice oriented American public policy think tank based in Easthampton, Massachusetts . It is a non-profit organization , designated 501(c)(3) by the IRS . It is the "leading public critic" of the United States Census Bureau 's practice of counting prisoners as residents of the towns where they are incarcerated, and has conducted research in several states proving that this practice results in distortion of equal representation. The organization produces reports that aim to show
198-687: A law clerk to Judge Stephen Reinhardt on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit for one year. In 1983, he joined the staff of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund (LDF), where he worked on death penalty and voting rights cases. While at LDF, he met Bill Clinton , the then Governor of Arkansas , when he sued Clinton in a voting case. In 1986, he joined the Boston law firm of Hill & Barlow and
297-832: A " monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force ", which was exercised in the criminal justice case by the police. The first modern police force is commonly said to be the Metropolitan Police in London , established in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel . Based on the Peelian principles , it promoted the preventive role of police as a deterrent to urban crime and disorder. In the United States, police departments were first established in Boston in 1838, and New York City in 1844. Early on, police were not respected by
396-495: A $ 2.2 billion higher education bond bill with $ 1 billion directed towards the University of Massachusetts system and $ 1.2 billion to the state universities and community colleges. $ 100 million was directed towards the construction of the integrated sciences complex at the University of Massachusetts Boston and a second $ 100 million directed towards constructing a general academic building. On October 23, 2014, Patrick spoke at
495-753: A 2020 presidential bid in December 2018. He entered the race on November 14, 2019, but ended his campaign only three months later following a poor showing in the Iowa caucus and the New Hampshire primary . Patrick was born on July 31, 1956, in the South Side of Chicago , where his family resided in a two-bedroom apartment in the Robert Taylor Homes ' housing projects . Patrick is the son of Emily Mae ( née Wintersmith) and Pat Patrick ,
594-573: A casino outside the legal framework of the federal Indian Gaming Regulatory Act . In 2009, Patrick was among the top campaign contribution recipients from casino lobbying interests, and from financiers backing the Wampanoag casino interests. On March 20, 2008, the Massachusetts House of Representatives rejected Patrick's casino bill by a vote of 108 to 46. Despite the overwhelming vote, questions were raised by critics of DiMasi as to
693-579: A chance to learn a vocation and thereby earn a legitimate living when they are returned to society. Religious institutions also have a presence in many prisons, with the goal of teaching ethics and instilling a sense of morality in the prisoners. If a prisoner is released before his time is served, he is released as a parole. This means that they are released, but the restrictions are greater than that of someone on probation. There are numerous other forms of punishment which are commonly used in conjunction with or in place of prison terms. Monetary fines are one of
792-402: A change in the law. Criminal justice Criminal justice is the delivery of justice to those who have been accused of committing crimes . The criminal justice system is a series of government agencies and institutions. Goals include the rehabilitation of offenders, preventing other crimes, and moral support for victims. The primary institutions of the criminal justice system are
891-470: A criminal justice program at the University of California, Berkeley in 1916. Vollmer's work was carried on by his student, O.W. Wilson , who led efforts to professionalize policing and reduce corruption . Other programs were established in the United States at Indiana University , Michigan State University , San Jose State University , and the University of Washington . As of 1950, criminal justice students were estimated to number less than 1,000. Until
990-452: A critical moment in the debate regarding the purpose of punishment. Punishment (in the form of prison time) may serve a variety of purposes. First, and most obviously, the incarceration of criminals removes them from the general population and inhibits their ability to perpetrate further crimes. A new goal of prison punishments is to offer criminals a chance to be rehabilitated. Many modern prisons offer schooling or job training to prisoners as
1089-408: A form of reparations for lesser offenses. In Corrections, the department ensures court-ordered, pre-sentence chemical dependency assessments, related Drug Offender Sentencing Alternative specific examinations and treatment will occur for offenders sentenced to Drug Offender Sentencing Alternative in compliance with RCW 9.94A.660. Execution or capital punishment is still used around the world. Its use
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#17327728487171188-535: A group of Quakers , these reforms were revived in Pennsylvania toward the end of the 18th century, and led to a marked drop in Pennsylvania's crime rate. Patrick Colquhoun , Henry Fielding and others led significant reforms during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The development of a modern criminal justice system was contemporary to the formation of the concept of a nation-state, later defined by German sociologist Max Weber as establishing
1287-569: A jazz musician associated with Sun Ra . In 1959, Patrick's father abandoned their family in order to play music in New York City , and because he had fathered a daughter, La'Shon Anthony, by another woman. Deval reportedly had a strained relationship with his father, who opposed his choice of high school, but they eventually reconciled. Patrick was raised by his mother, who traces her roots to American slaves in Kentucky . While Patrick
1386-611: A main priority of his administration. Patrick also committed a historic amount of public funds to Massachusetts schools, introduced legislation to tackle a persistent education gap among minority students, and won the national Race to the Top competition. Patrick now supports a doubling of the number of charter schools in Massachusetts. In his first year in office, Patrick proposed making community college free to all Massachusetts high school graduates. On August 7, 2008, Patrick signed
1485-549: A net of 63 seats to take control of the House, but remained a minority in the Senate despite gaining 6 seats. Patrick crafted and signed a bill that allows for the construction and operation of three resort-style casinos in the state. He argued that these casinos would generate over $ 2 billion for the state economy. He also touted that the casinos would create 30,000 construction jobs and 20,000 permanent jobs. Patrick proposed that
1584-404: A plea offer or demand a jury trial in appropriate cases. It is the defense attorney's duty to represent the interests of the client, raise procedural and evidentiary issues, and hold the prosecution to its burden of proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Defense counsel may challenge evidence presented by the prosecution or present exculpatory evidence and argue on behalf of their client. At trial,
1683-554: A prison, Le Stinche , existed as early as the 14th century in Florence , incarceration was not widely used until the 19th century. Correctional reform in the United States was first initiated by William Penn , towards the end of the 17th century. For a time, Pennsylvania 's criminal code was revised to forbid torture and other forms of cruel punishment, with jails and prisons replacing corporal punishment. These reforms were reverted, upon Penn's death in 1718. Under pressure from
1782-702: A series of rulings which redefined citizen's rights and substantially altered the powers and responsibilities of police and the courts. The Civil Rights Era offered significant legal and ethical challenges to the status quo . In the late 1960s, with the establishment of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) and associated policy changes that resulted with the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 . The LEAA provided grants for criminology research, focusing on social aspects of crime. By
1881-406: A third term. Before taking office, Patrick assembled a transition team headed by lawyer Michael Angelini, bank executive Ronald Homer, and Weld administration economic affairs secretary Gloria Cordes Larson . In his first meetings with the legislative leadership, he proposed his first action would be to hire 1,000 new police officers and to expand full-day kindergarten statewide. Breaking with
1980-836: A variety of special topics. A number of universities offer, bachelor's, academic minors, graduate certificates, master's, and doctoral degrees in Criminal Justice; Criminology, Law and Society; Administration of Justice ; or a specially designated Bachelor of Criminal Justice degree. Theories of criminal justice include utilitarian justice , retributive justice , restorative justice . They can work through deterrence , rehabilitation or incapacitation . The modern criminal justice system has evolved since ancient times, with new forms of punishment , added rights for offenders and victims, and policing reforms. These developments have reflected changing customs , political ideals, and economic conditions. In ancient times through
2079-404: Is a lawyer who brings charges against a person, persons or corporate entity. It is the prosecutor's duty to explain to the court what crime was committed and to detail what evidence has been found which incriminates the accused. The prosecutor should not be confused with a plaintiff or plaintiff's counsel. Although both serve the function of bringing a complaint before the court, the prosecutor
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#17327728487172178-438: Is a servant of the state who makes accusations on behalf of the state in criminal proceedings, while the plaintiff is the complaining party in civil proceedings. A defense attorney counsels the accused on the a legal process, likely outcomes for the accused and suggests strategies. The accused, not the lawyer, has the right to make final decisions regarding a number of fundamental points, including whether to testify, and to accept
2277-419: Is at times distinct from criminology , which involves the study of crime as a social phenomenon, causes of crime, criminal behavior, and other aspects of crime; although in most cases today, criminal justice as a field of study is used as a synonym for criminology and the sociology of law . It emerged as an academic discipline in the 1920s, beginning with Berkeley police chief August Vollmer who established
2376-418: Is decided through the adversarial system . In this system, two parties will both offer their version of events and argue their case before the court (sometimes before a judge or panel of judges, sometimes before a jury). The case should be decided in favor of the party who offers the most sound and compelling arguments based on the law as applied to the facts of the case. The prosecutor, or district attorney,
2475-420: Is no right to an appointed attorney, if the accused is not in jeopardy of losing his or her liberty. The final determination of guilt or innocence is typically made by a third party, who is supposed to be disinterested. This function may be performed by a judge, a panel of judges, or a jury panel composed of unbiased citizens. This process varies depending on the laws of the specific jurisdiction. In some places
2574-476: Is one of the most heavily debated aspects of the criminal justice system. Some societies are willing to use executions as a form of political control, or for relatively minor misdeeds. Other societies reserve execution for only the most sinister and brutal offenses. Others still have discontinued the practice entirely, accepting the use of execution to be excessively cruel and/or irreversible in case of an erroneous conviction. The functional study of criminal justice
2673-630: The Mendi Bible , which was given to then-Congressman John Quincy Adams by the freed American slaves from the ship La Amistad . A series of regional inaugural balls, seven in total, were held to bring the inauguration to the citizens of the Commonwealth. The celebrations took place in Cape Cod , Worcester , Dartmouth , Pittsfield , Springfield , and Boston . In 2005, Patrick announced his candidacy for governor of Massachusetts. He
2772-406: The departments of France and is normally composed of three judges and six jurors, and has jurisdiction over more serious crimes . Deval Patrick Deval Laurdine Patrick (born July 31, 1956) is an American politician who served as the 71st governor of Massachusetts from 2007 to 2015. He was the first African-American Governor of Massachusetts and the first Democratic governor of
2871-430: The judge , prosecutor , and the defense attorney . The judge, or magistrate, is a person, elected or appointed, who is knowledgeable in the law, and whose function is to objectively administer the legal proceedings and offer a final decision to dispose of a case. In the U.S. and in a growing number of nations, guilt or innocence (although in the U.S. a jury can never find a defendant "innocent" but rather "not guilty")
2970-439: The police , prosecution and defense lawyers, the courts and the prisons system. The criminal justice system consists of three main parts: In the criminal justice system, these distinct agencies operate together as the principal means of maintaining the rule of law within society . The first contact a defendant has with the criminal justice system is usually with the police (or law enforcement ) who investigates
3069-581: The police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. The word comes from the Latin politia ("civil administration"), which itself derives from the Ancient Greek : πόλις for polis ("city"). The first police force comparable to the present-day police was established in 1667 under King Louis XIV in France, although modern police usually trace their origins to
Prison Policy Initiative - Misplaced Pages Continue
3168-529: The $ 1 billion annual price of calling home. The Prison Policy Initiative published the first-in-the-nation report on the new jail trend of banning letters from home and requiring loved ones to write on public postcards. The National Institute of Corrections called the report, "required reading for policy makers and anyone working with individuals in jail custody." Many states have laws that enhance sentences based on where an offense takes place. These laws aim to deter offenses near places such as schools, but when
3267-705: The 1800 establishment of the Thames River Police in London , the Glasgow Police , and the Napoleonic police of Paris . Police are primarily concerned with keeping the peace and enforcing criminal law based on their particular mission and jurisdiction. Formed in 1908, the Federal Bureau of Investigation began as an entity which could investigate and enforce specific federal laws as an investigative and " law enforcement agency " in
3366-467: The 1960s, the primary focus of criminal justice in the United States was on policing and police science. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, crime rates soared and social issues took center stage in the public eye. A number of new laws and studies focused federal resources on researching new approaches to crime control. The Warren Court (the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren ), issued
3465-495: The 1970s, there were 729 academic programs in criminology and criminal justice in the United States. Largely thanks to the Law Enforcement Education Program , criminal justice students numbered over 100,000 by 1975. Over time, scholars of criminal justice began to include criminology , sociology , and psychology , among others, to provide a more comprehensive view of the criminal justice system and
3564-615: The Democracy Toolkit, an internet tool designed for rural democracy activists, allowing them to use PPI's research procedures to study their own communities. PPI's multiple reports on the prison and jail phone industry explain why the industry must be regulated by the Federal Communications Commission . The reports explain that prison phone bills are so high because of a unique market failure: prison systems and local jails award monopoly contracts to
3663-751: The Executive Vice-President, General Counsel and Secretary at The Coca-Cola Company . Patrick pushed for a thorough review of allegations that some workers at bottlers of Coke products in Colombia had been abused or even killed by paramilitary groups as a result of union organizing activity. Patrick concluded the allegations to be unsubstantiated and untrue, but counseled that the company allow an independent inquiry to lay all questions to rest. After initially supporting Patrick's view, then-CEO Douglas Daft changed his mind, precipitating Patrick's decision to leave Coke. From 2004 to 2006, he served on
3762-554: The Middle Ages, exile was a common form of punishment. During the Middle Ages , payment to the victim (or the victim's family), known as wergild , was another common punishment, including for violent crimes. For those who could not afford to buy their way out of punishment, harsh penalties included various forms of corporal punishment . These included mutilation , branding , and flogging , as well as execution . Though
3861-610: The Supreme Judicial Court ruled that a referendum to repeal legislation permitting casino gambling could appear on the November ballot, throwing the prospects of the casino legislation into question. In 2010, Patrick pushed for legislation to limit the purchase of firearms, citing a series of gun violence incidents and violent crime in Boston. In 2011, Patrick proposed new legislation that would require more stringent regulations on firearms. During an event surrounding
3960-721: The United States and around the world, with problem-oriented policing , intelligence-led policing , and other information-led policing strategies also adopted. Courts involved in adjudicating questions of French criminal law are organized in three tiers. In the first instance , there are the police court , the correctional court , and the Cour d'assises . The Police court ( tribunal de police ) hears contraventions (minor infractions like parking tickets). The Criminal court (also known as Correctional court , tribunal correctionnel ) hears délits , less serious felonies and misdemeanors. The Court of Assizes sits in each of
4059-400: The United States; this, however, has constituted only a small portion of overall policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different contexts, but the predominant ones are concerned with order maintenance and the provision of services. During modern times, such endeavors contribute toward fulfilling a shared mission among law enforcement organizations with respect to
Prison Policy Initiative - Misplaced Pages Continue
4158-457: The accused has been found guilty. Like all other aspects of criminal justice, the administration of punishment has taken many different forms throughout history. Early on, when civilizations lacked the resources necessary to construct and maintain prisons, exile and execution were the primary forms of punishment. Historically shame punishments and exile have also been used as forms of censure. The most publicly visible form of punishment in
4257-577: The announcement, Patrick said one of his main goals was to "stop children from killing children." Patrick also reported that he would ask for $ 10 million in private and public funding to help "fill the gaps." Reacting to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting , in 2013 Patrick proposed stricter gun control laws, including a limit of one firearm purchase a month and closing the gun show loophole . Throughout his term in office, Patrick made achieving "world-class public education"
4356-429: The board of directors of ACC Capital Holdings , the parent company of Ameriquest and Argent Mortgage. Ameriquest was the largest lender of so-called subprime mortgages and was under investigation by Attorneys General across the country. Patrick joined the board at the request of Ameriquest's founder, Roland Arnall , who asked for his help managing the investigations and changing the company's culture. During his tenure on
4455-588: The board, Ameriquest and Argent originated over $ 80 billion in subprime mortgages , but those conducting the investigation said that at the time Patrick left Ameriquest the company was on the road to change. Following his career as governor, Patrick joined the private equity firm Bain Capital in 2015, where he is currently acting as a Managing Director. Having been elected in 2006, Patrick took office as governor on January 4, 2007 and served two terms, leaving office on January 8, 2015, having not sought reelection to
4554-488: The casino bill vote. Patrick's conduct was also criticized and his commitment to the bill questioned when it was revealed that he was not in the state on the day the bill was voted on in the legislature. As the bill was being voted down, Patrick was in New York City on personal business, finalizing a $ 1.35-million deal with Broadway Books, an imprint of Random House , to publish his autobiography. By mid-2010,
4653-422: The chairman of the board for Our Generation Speaks , a fellowship program and startup incubator whose mission is to bring together young Israeli and Palestinian leaders through entrepreneurship. He also holds a board of directors position at telehealth company American Well . Members of his own inner circle and Barack Obama 's inner circle encouraged Patrick to run for president in 2020 , but Patrick ruled out
4752-407: The community, as corruption was rampant. In the 1920s, led by Berkeley, California , police chief, August Vollmer and O.W. Wilson , police began to professionalize, adopt new technologies, and place emphasis on training and professional qualifications of new hires. Despite such reforms, police agencies were led by highly autocratic leaders, and there remained a lack of respect between police and
4851-594: The community. Following urban unrest in the 1960s, police placed more emphasis on community relations, enacted reforms such as increased diversity in hiring, and many police agencies adopted community policing strategies. In the 1990s, CompStat was developed by the New York Police Department as an information-based system for tracking and mapping crime patterns and trends, and holding police accountable for dealing with crime problems. CompStat has since been replicated in police departments across
4950-451: The cooperation of the accused against other people. This reduced sentence is sometimes a reward for sparing the state the expense of a formal trial. Many nations do not permit the use of plea bargaining, believing that it coerces innocent people to plead guilty in an attempt to avoid a harsh punishment. The courts nowadays are seeking alternative measures as opposed to throwing someone into prison right away. The entire trial process, whatever
5049-418: The country, is fraught with problems and subject to criticism. Bias and discrimination form an ever-present threat to an objective decision. Any prejudice on the part of the lawyers, the judge, or jury members threatens to destroy the court's credibility. Some people argue that the often Byzantine rules governing courtroom conduct and processes restrict a layman's ability to participate, essentially reducing
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#17327728487175148-505: The crime. However, once the DNA test proved LaGuer's guilt, Patrick withdrew his support for the inmate's release. Patrick won the general election with 55% of the vote, becoming the first Democratic governor of Massachusetts since Michael Dukakis left office in 1991, and the state's first African-American governor. On April 2, 2009, Patrick announced alongside Lt. Governor Timothy Murray that they would both run for re-election. Patrick
5247-407: The criminal legal system, including " States of Emergency: The Failure of Prison System Responses to COVID-19 ," " Rigging the jury: How each state reduces jury diversity by excluding people with criminal records ," and " Eligible, but excluded: A guide to removing the barriers to jail voting ." Annually, it also publishes a listing of criminal justice reforms that legislators are likely to take up in
5346-605: The defense attorney may attempt to offer a rebuttal to the prosecutor's accusations. In the U.S., accused people are entitled to a government-paid defense attorney if the individual is in jeopardy of losing life and/or liberty. Those who cannot afford a private attorney may be provided one by the state. Historically, however, the right to a defense attorney has not always been universal. For example, in Tudor England criminals accused of treason were not permitted to offer arguments in their defense. In many jurisdictions, there
5445-632: The eighth grade. He went on to attend Harvard College and Harvard Law School . After graduating, he practiced law with the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund and later joined a Boston law firm, where he was later named a partner. In 1994, Bill Clinton appointed him as the United States assistant attorney general for the civil rights division of the United States Department of Justice , where he worked on issues including racial profiling and police misconduct . He
5544-556: The existing transportation system in Massachusetts. The Commission identified several reforms and revenue options to close the gap. The Patrick administration lobbied for and passed a major transportation reform bill, which incorporated many of the TFC-recommended reforms, and which created the Massachusetts Department of Transportation by merging smaller transportation agencies. Patrick proposed raising
5643-592: The first airline to do so. In 1999, partly because of his work on the Equality and Fairness Task Force, Patrick was offered the job as General Counsel of Texaco , responsible for all of the company's legal affairs. While he continued his work transforming employment practices at the company, the majority of his time was devoted to exploring and working out a merger, ultimately announced in October 2000, with larger Chevron Corp. In 2001, Patrick left Texaco to become
5742-547: The gambling industry, by accepting more than $ 6,000 in campaign contributions, and meeting with and attending fundraisers hosted by gaming lobbyists. Patrick signed the legislation into law in December 2011. Its implementation, however, has seen hurdles and delays. The governor's point man on crafting gaming legislation and negotiating a state compact with the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe , Assistant Secretary for Policy & Economic Development Carl Stanley McGee,
5841-412: The governor's state house suite, changing the state's customary car lease from a Ford Crown Victoria to a Cadillac . Patrick responded in a February 20, 2007, press conference that "I realize I cannot in good conscience ask the agencies to make those choices without being willing to make them myself." Patrick subsequently reimbursed the Commonwealth for the cost of the drapery and furniture purchased for
5940-473: The house and senate passed a bill with plans for three resort-style casinos and two slot parlors. However, Patrick vetoed it as he previously stated that he would only accept one slot parlor. When the 2011 casino legislation was still in debate, an investigative report in The Boston Globe revealed the governor violated his self-imposed policy of not accepting money from or meeting with lobbyists for
6039-479: The interim U.S. senator in the wake of Ted Kennedy 's death. On January 30, 2013, Patrick chose his former chief-of-staff Mo Cowan to serve as interim U.S. senator until a special election to fill the seat left vacant by Secretary of State designate John Kerry . In the early months of Patrick's administration, a series of decisions the governor later conceded as "missteps" brought substantial unfavorable press. These included spending almost $ 11,000 on drapery for
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#17327728487176138-799: The issue before the National Academies and the New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Apportionment. The Census Bureau's scientific advisors at the United States National Research Council have now recommended that the Bureau begin to collect prisoners' home address information, and the New York Times editorial board has repeatedly supported PPI's calls for reform. Once an unknown issue,
6237-416: The layman jurors. Judges themselves are very subject to bias subject to things as ordinary as the length of time since their last break. Manipulations of the court system by defense and prosecution attorneys, law enforcement as well as the defendants have occurred and there have been cases where justice was denied. Offenders are then turned over to the correctional authorities, from the court system after
6336-406: The legal process to a battle between the lawyers. In this case, the criticism is that the decision is based less on sound justice and more on the lawyer's eloquence and charisma . This is a particular problem when the lawyer performs in a substandard manner. The jury process is another area of frequent criticism, as there are few mechanisms to guard against poor judgment or incompetence on the part of
6435-487: The legalization of same-sex marriage because of the fundamental principle that "citizens come before their government as equals". He worked with the state legislature to prevent a ballot measure eliminating same-sex marriage in Massachusetts, which protected the state's first-in-the-nation same-sex marriage allowance. Patrick proposed a bill that would streamline Massachusetts' permit appeals process for wind energy projects. The Wind Energy Siting Reform bill would reduce
6534-476: The modern era is the prison . Prisons may serve as detention centers for prisoners after trial. For containment of the accused, jails are used. Early prisons were used primarily to sequester criminals and little thought was given to living conditions within their walls. In America, the Quaker movement is commonly credited with establishing the idea that prisons should be used to reform criminals. This can be seen as
6633-413: The need for a trial. In fact, the vast majority are. If the accused confesses his or her guilt, a shorter process may be employed and a judgment may be rendered more quickly. Some nations, such as America, allow plea bargaining in which the accused pleads guilty, nolo contendere or not guilty, and may accept a diversion program or reduced punishment, where the prosecution's case is weak or in exchange for
6732-403: The oldest forms of punishment still used today. These fines may be paid to the state or to the victims as a form of reparation. Probation and house arrest are also sanctions which seek to limit a person's mobility and his or her opportunities to commit crimes without actually placing them in a prison setting. Furthermore, many jurisdictions may require some form of public or community service as
6831-404: The panel (be it judges or a jury) is required to issue a unanimous decision, while in others only a majority vote is required. In America, this process depends on the state, level of court, and even agreements between the prosecuting and defending parties. Some nations do not use juries at all, or rely on theological or military authorities to issue verdicts. Some cases can be disposed of without
6930-508: The permitting process to nine to 19 months. Patrick made expanding renewable energy a focus of his second term, but faced a setback when lawmakers failed to raise caps on solar generation in Massachusetts and to expand the amount of hydropower purchased by utility companies from Canada. The legislatively chartered Transportation Finance Commission (TFC) reported in 2007 that over the next 20 years there would be $ 15–$ 19 billion gap between revenues and necessary expenditures, just to maintain
7029-457: The phone company that will charge the highest rates and share as much as 84% of the profits with the facility. The real customers, the families paying the hefty bills, are left entirely out of the decision-making process. In fact, both parties to these contracts profit from disregarding the interests of the actual consumers of prison telephone services. Aside from the high rates, fees also have an enormous impact on prison phone bills, making up 38% of
7128-658: The problem of prisoner miscount has now been identified as "the most controversial issue for the 2010 census ." It has published reports about this issue, including, "Importing Constituents: Prisoners and Political Clout in New York", "Why the Census Bureau can and must start collecting the home addresses of incarcerated people", and "Phantom constituents in the Empire State: How outdated Census Bureau methodology burdens New York counties". It has also published
7227-577: The protected areas are too big, the deterrence effect is lost and these policies end up increasing harmful racial disparities. The Prison Policy Initiative's research demonstrated that a Massachusetts drug law that set the penalty by where the offense is located—and not the harm caused by the offense—does not work, can never work, and has serious negative effects. The recommendations of the Prison Policy Initiative's two reports were endorsed by Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick and led to
7326-546: The revenue generated would be spent to beef up local law enforcement, create a state gambling regulatory agency, repair roads and bridges, and aid in gambling addiction treatment, and that the remainder would go towards property tax relief. Patrick's casino plan had faced strong opposition from Salvatore DiMasi , the former Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives . DiMasi questioned Patrick's projections of new jobs and revenues to be generated, and
7425-771: The root causes of crime. Criminal justice studies now combine the practical and technical policing skills with a study of social deviance as a whole. Criminal justice degrees are offered at both the two-year community college and four-year university level. Community college criminal justice programs include the Associate of Arts (AA), Associate of Science (AS), and the Associate of Applied Science (AAS) degrees. Criminal justice degree programs at four-year institutions typically include coursework in statistics, methods of research, criminal justice, policing, U.S. court systems, criminal courts, corrections, community corrections, criminal procedure, criminal law, victimology, juvenile justice, and
7524-490: The scale of incarceration in the United States. The most well-known of these reports is the Whole Pie report , which provides a visual representation of all aspects of incarceration in the United States. It also produces " States of Incarceration ," a report that compares the incarceration rate of every U.S. state to that of nearly every other country on the planet. It also produces research and reports on specific aspects of
7623-584: The short-term toll and fare increases, but did not address the long-term funding gap. Patrick has been a supporter of the South Coast Rail Link project. In response to the influx of children from Central America crossing the US border in the summer of 2014, Patrick proposed taking 1,000 migrants to be housed at various sites in Massachusetts, until they can be processed at immigration centers. On September 24, 2009, Patrick appointed Paul G. Kirk as
7722-456: The state gas tax by 19¢ per gallon to forestall Massachusetts Turnpike toll and MBTA fare increases, fully fund Regional Transit Authority and Turnpike operations, and address part of the capital shortfall identified by the TFC, but this was defeated in the state legislature. Instead, a sales tax increase of 1.25% was passed, with part of that dedicated to transportation. This was enough to prevent
7821-650: The state since Michael Dukakis left office in 1991. Patrick served from 1994 to 1997 as the United States Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division under President Bill Clinton . He was briefly a candidate for President of the United States in the 2020 U.S. presidential election . Raised on the South Side of Chicago , Patrick earned a scholarship to Milton Academy in Milton, Massachusetts , in
7920-720: The state transportation function, signing a law to create the Massachusetts Department of Transportation , increased the state sales tax from 5% to 6.25%, raised the state's minimum wage from $ 8 per hour to $ 11 by 2017, and planned the introduction of casinos to the state. Under Patrick, Massachusetts joined the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) in an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions . Shortly after Patrick's second term began on January 6, 2011, he declared he would not seek re-election in 2014 . After his governorship, Patrick served as managing director at Bain Capital . He also served as
8019-431: The statehouse, and the additional monthly difference in his car lease. Later in the same month Patrick again came under fire, this time for contacting Citigroup Executive Committee chair and former Clinton Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin on behalf of the financially beleaguered mortgage company Ameriquest , a subsidiary of ACC Capital Holdings , that had been accused of predatory lending practices and of which Patrick
8118-430: The suspected wrongdoing and makes an arrest , but if the suspect is dangerous to the whole nation, a national level law enforcement agency is called in. When warranted, law enforcement agencies or police officers are empowered to use force and other forms of legal coercion and means to effect public and social order . The term is most commonly associated with police departments of a state that are authorized to exercise
8217-413: The tactics he used to win. These included allegations that he promised a subsequent vote on a bill that would allow slot machines at the state's four racetracks and the pre-vote promotions of six lawmakers who had been thought to support the bill, but either abstained or voted against the bill. DiMasi denied that any promise had been made on the race track bill and denied that the promotions were connected to
8316-610: The terms of a race discrimination settlement. Working with employees at all levels, Patrick and his Task Force examined and reformed Texaco's complex corporate employment culture, and created a model for fostering an equitable workplace. Some gay rights activists criticized him for his tenure on the United Airlines (UAL) board. During this time, the company originally fought an ordinance requiring that it offer domestic partnership benefits, but Patrick successfully encouraged UAL to offer such benefits to all employees, making it
8415-727: The tradition of being inaugurated in the House Chamber of the Massachusetts State House , Patrick and Murray took their oaths of office, and Patrick delivered his inaugural address, outdoors on the West Portico of the State House facing Boston Common . Doing this allowed a larger part of the public to witness the event, and was intended to signal a more open, transparent, and accessible government. In honor of his heritage, he took his oath of office on
8514-414: The traditional policing mission of deterring crime and maintaining societal order. The courts serve as the venue where disputes are settled and justice is then administered. With regard to criminal justice, there are a number of critical people in any court setting. These critical people are referred to as the courtroom work group and include both professional and non professional individuals. These include
8613-513: The university in celebration of the science complex that would be completed the following January. On June 4, 2015, the university honored Patrick at the university's Golden Gala at the Boston Seaport World Trade Center and Patrick would return to the campus out of office on May 4, 2016, to meet with students from the university's new School for Global Inclusion and Social Development. As of 2005, Patrick favored
8712-449: The upcoming legislative sessions. PPI published the first empirical, district-by-district analysis of the effects of Census Bureau methodology which counts prisoners as residents of towns containing prisons, not their pre-incarceration addresses, and has since been the leading critic of the practice (which it calls "prison gerrymandering") and the distortion of equal representation it causes. Executive director Peter Wagner has testified on
8811-723: Was a member of the Fly Club , with a Bachelor of Arts degree, cum laude , in English and American literature, in 1978. At Harvard, Patrick won "Best Oralist" in the Ames Moot Court Competition , in 1981. Among the competition's judges was Judge Henry Friendly . Patrick graduated from Harvard Law School with a J.D. , cum laude , in 1982. He proceeded to fail the State Bar of California exam twice, before passing on his third try. Patrick then served as
8910-545: Was at first seen as a dark horse candidate , facing veteran politicians Thomas Reilly and Chris Gabrielli in the Democratic primary. Patrick secured the nomination in the September primary, winning 49% of the vote in the three-way race. In the general election, Patrick faced Republican lieutenant governor Kerry Healey and Independent Massachusetts Turnpike Commission member Christy Mihos . The general election
9009-417: Was first elected governor in 2006 , succeeding Mitt Romney , who chose not to run for reelection, and was reelected in 2010 . During his governorship, Patrick oversaw the implementation of the state's 2006 health care reform program which had been enacted under Mitt Romney, increased funding to education and life sciences, won a federal Race to the Top education grant, passed an overhaul of governance of
9108-521: Was forced to resign from his appointment to direct the newly formed Massachusetts Gaming Commission following reports of 2007 charges that he molested a child in Florida . Stan McGee was forced to return to his economic development post where he still oversees casino policies for the governor. The scandal resulted in the Massachusetts legislature passing a bill and overriding a veto by Patrick requiring background checks on casino regulators. In June 2014,
9207-434: Was in middle school , one of his teachers referred him to A Better Chance , a national non-profit organization for identifying, recruiting and developing leaders among academically gifted minority students, which enabled him to attend Milton Academy in Milton, Massachusetts . Patrick graduated from Milton Academy in 1974 and went on to attend college, the first in his family. He graduated from Harvard College , where he
9306-510: Was named partner in 1990, at the age of 34. While at Hill & Barlow, he managed high-profile engagements such as acting as Desiree Washington's attorney in her civil lawsuit against Mike Tyson . In 1994, President Bill Clinton nominated Patrick as the United States Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division , and he was subsequently confirmed by the United States Senate . Federal affirmative action policy
9405-463: Was opposed for the Democratic nomination by Grace Ross , the 2006 Green-Rainbow nominee for governor , but she withdrew when she could not garner the number of signatures needed to run. Patrick bucked the national trend in the mid-term election, defeating Republican challenger Charlie Baker with 48.4% of the vote. Baker received 42.0% and Tim Cahill, a former Democratic state treasurer running as an independent, took 8.0%. Nationally, Republicans gained
9504-584: Was opposed to what he referred to as a casino culture, saying: "Do we want to usher in a casino culture– with rampant bankruptcies, crime and social ills– or do we want to create a better Massachusetts for all sectors of the society?" Casino gaming lobbying in Massachusetts has also received scrutiny for associations with the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal and efforts by the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe to secure rights to
9603-439: Was the largest federal investigation in history until the time of 9/11. In the end, more than 100 arrests were made, but no evidence of national or regional conspiracy was found. In 1997, Patrick returned to Boston to join the firm of Day, Berry & Howard (later called Day Pitney LLP), and was appointed by the federal district court to serve as Chairman of Texaco 's Equality and Fairness Task Force to oversee implementation of
9702-470: Was under judicial and political review, and Patrick defended Clinton's policy. Patrick also worked on issues including racial profiling, police misconduct, and the treatment of incarcerated criminals." Between 1995 and 1997, Patrick coordinated an investigation into a series of arsons of predominantly black churches across the South. The investigation brought together a number of state and federal agencies, and
9801-476: Was very heated, described by former governor Michael Dukakis as "the dirtiest gubernatorial campaign in my memory". Patrick faced criticism for having once written letters to the parole board describing correspondence from Benjamin LaGuer , a man convicted of a brutal eight-hour rape, as "thoughtful, insightful, eloquent, [and] humane". Patrick contributed $ 5,000 towards the DNA testing which linked LaGuer to
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