In data compression and psychoacoustics , transparency is the result of lossy data compression accurate enough that the compressed result is perceptually indistinguishable from the uncompressed input, i.e. perceptually lossless .
42-534: Apple ProRes is a high quality, " visually lossless " lossy video compression format developed by Apple Inc. for use in post-production that supports video resolution up to 8K . It is the successor of the Apple Intermediate Codec and was introduced in 2007 with Final Cut Studio 2. Much like the H.26x and MPEG standards, the ProRes family of codecs use compression algorithms based on
84-469: A zigzag scan pattern that shows how MPEG video codecs handle entropy encoding . On March 13, 2011, a group of FFmpeg developers decided to fork the project under the name Libav . The event was related to an issue in project management, in which developers disagreed with the leadership of FFmpeg. On January 10, 2014, two Google employees announced that over 1000 bugs had been fixed in FFmpeg during
126-618: A Movie Recording. Apple released ProRes bundled with other pro codecs as a download for users with "qualifying copies of Final Cut Pro, Motion, or Compressor" installed, for OS X with QuickTime 7.6 and newer. At the April 2010 NAB Show , Digital Video Systems launched the first Windows 7 platform with the ability to encode to all the varieties of Apple ProRes at speeds far faster than real time on their Clipster product. On March 31, 2011, Telestream added support for ProRes encoding on Windows systems with Episode Engine, Vantage, and FlipFactory as
168-403: A confusion is widely present in the field of radiology (specifically for the study of diagnostically acceptable irreversible compression ), where visually lossless is taken to mean anywhere from artifact-free to being indistinguishable on a side-to-side view, neither being as stringent as the flicker test. FFmpeg FFmpeg is a free and open-source software project consisting of
210-457: A fork of FFmpeg customized for broadcast and professional usage, supports ProRes 422 and 4444 files. On 1 October 2011, JCodec introduced an open source ( FreeBSD License ) pure Java decoder for ProRes 422, a translation of the FFmpeg version. FFmpeg as of 2024, now supports encoding generally compatible (for current hardware and broadcasting software suites) Proxy-HQ and 4444/4444XQ modes, but still only supports 10-bit or 16-bit modes and not
252-534: A free upgrade to the current versions of these products. The system must be running on Windows Server 2008 and be able to support this feature. ProRes video capturing and output to tape is available in Telestream's Pipeline network encoder. On 29 October 2011, FFmpeg introduced a free encoder, enabling ProRes 422 encoding on all FFmpeg supported platforms. On 1 November 2011, JCodec introduced an open source ( BSD License ) pure Java encoder for ProRes 422. At
294-449: A new "Apple Afterburner" card as an optional component to accelerate ProRes and ProRes RAW decoding. In 2021, Apple announced the iPhone 13 Pro , with ProRes encoding/decoding using its built-in camera app alongside its recent addition of DNG raw photos (DNG v5.1) on the 12 Pro Models. ProRes encoding can be performed at up to 3840 × 2160 30p ProRes HQ with Dolby Vision HDR color profiles on models with at least 256 GB of storage, while
336-401: A simple media player, and ffprobe , a command-line tool to display media information. Among included libraries are libavcodec , an audio/video codec library used by many commercial and free software products, libavformat (Lavf), an audio/video container mux and demux library, and libavfilter, a library for enhancing and editing filters through a GStreamer -like filtergraph. FFmpeg
378-442: A suite of libraries and programs for handling video, audio, and other multimedia files and streams. At its core is the command-line ffmpeg tool itself, designed for processing video and audio files. It is widely used for format transcoding , basic editing (trimming and concatenation ), video scaling , video post-production effects, and standards compliance ( SMPTE , ITU ). FFmpeg also includes other tools: ffplay ,
420-546: A target data rate of approximately 330 Mbit/s for 4:4:4 sources at 1920x1080 and 29.97 fps. ProRes 4444 XQ was introduced with Final Cut Pro X version 10.1.2 in June 2014. It has a target data rate of approximately 500 Mbit/s for 4:4:4 sources at 1920x1080 and 29.97 fps, and requires OS X v10.8 (Mountain Lion) or later. In April 2018 Apple released ProRes RAW. It is built upon the same technology as other ProRes codecs, but
462-658: A variety of application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) for audio/video compression and decompression. These ASICs can partially or completely offload the computation from the host CPU. Instead of a complete implementation of an algorithm, only the API is required to use such an ASIC. The following APIs are also supported: DirectX Video Acceleration (DXVA2, Windows), Direct3D 11 (D3D11VA, Windows), Media Foundation (Windows), Vulkan (VKVA), VideoToolbox (iOS, iPadOS, macOS), RockChip MPP, OpenCL , OpenMAX , MMAL (Raspberry Pi), MediaCodec ( Android OS ), V4L2 (Linux). Depending on
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#1732787728315504-421: Is a given value at which transparency is reached. It is commonly used to describe compressed data bitrates. For example, the transparency threshold for MP3 to linear PCM audio is said to be between 175 and 245 kbit/s, at 44.1 kHz , when encoded as VBR MP3 (corresponding to the -V3 and -V0 settings of the highly popular LAME MP3 encoder). This means that when an MP3 that was encoded at those bitrates
546-400: Is being played back, it is indistinguishable from the original PCM, and the compression is transparent to the listener. The term transparent compression can also refer to a filesystem feature that allows compressed files to be read and written just like regular ones. In this case, the compressor is typically a general-purpose lossless compressor. Transparency, like sound or video quality,
588-610: Is directly applied to the raw data coming from the sensor, thus delaying the debayering process to the post-production stage. ProRes RAW therefore aims at quality and better color reproduction, rather than performance. Apple ProRes RAW is available in LUMIX cameras and the Sony Alpha FX3 via Atomos Ninja V. ProRes RAW is a 16 bit uncompressed video format in .mov. In Sony FX3 and Atomos Ninja V, ProRes Raw record in 16 bit and compress in 12 bit of color data. ProRes RAW encoder
630-521: Is natively available in Adobe Premiere Pro, Adobe After Effects, Assimilate Scratch and Apple Final Cut Pro. Davinci Resolve users need to convert it to another format before they can use it. On 28 August 2008, Apple introduced a free ProRes QuickTime Decoder for both Mac and Windows that allows playback of ProRes files through QuickTime. On 15 September 2011, FFmpeg introduced a free decoder for ProRes 422 for libavcodec . FFmbc ,
672-484: Is no longer being actively developed, but still maintained. In summer 2010, FFmpeg developers Fiona Glaser, Ronald Bultje, and David Conrad, announced the ffvp8 decoder. Through testing, they determined that ffvp8 was faster than Google's own libvpx decoder. Starting with version 0.6, FFmpeg also supported WebM and VP8 . In October 2013, a native VP9 decoder and OpenHEVC, an open source High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) decoder, were added to FFmpeg. In 2016
714-539: Is part of the workflow of many other software projects, and its libraries are a core part of software media players such as VLC , and has been included in core processing for YouTube and Bilibili . Encoders and decoders for many audio and video file formats are included, making it highly useful for the transcoding of common and uncommon media files. FFmpeg is published under the LGPL-2.1-or-later or GPL-2.0-or-later , depending on which options are enabled. The project
756-416: Is slightly different from the medical use of the term. To scientifically prove that a compression method is not transparent, double-blind tests may be useful. The ABX method is normally used, with a null hypothesis that the samples tested are the same and with an alternative hypothesis that the samples are in fact different. All lossless data compression methods are transparent, by nature. Both
798-439: Is subjective. It depends most on the listener's familiarity with digital artifacts, their awareness that artifacts may in fact be present, and to a lesser extent, the compression method, bit rate used, input characteristics, and the listening/viewing conditions and equipment. Despite this, sometimes general consensus is formed for what compression options "should" provide transparent results for most people on most equipment. Due to
840-422: Is that it offers excellent random access performance in post-production applications, and retains higher quality than end-user codecs while still requiring much less expensive disk systems compared to uncompressed video. It is comparable to Avid's DNxHD codec or CineForm which offer similar bitrates and are also intended to be used as intermediate codecs. ProRes is a DCT scalar based intra-frame -only codec and
882-487: Is therefore simpler to decode than distribution-oriented formats like H.264 . In 2018 Apple added a new "ProRes RAW" (compressed Bayer filter ) to Final Cut Pro X, after Blackmagic Design implemented compressed Bayer as " CinemaDNG 3:1" and "CinemaDNG 4:1" in their cameras and DaVinci Resolve. ProRes supports different data rates and different resolutions. All ProRes422-variants use chroma subsampling of 4:2:2 at 10-bit color depth . ProRes 4444 and 4444 XQ samples color in
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#1732787728315924-727: The Apple M2 with 8K ProRes hardware decoding and encoding acceleration. On January 17, 2023, Apple announced the Apple M2 Pro and M2 Max with 8K ProRes hardware decoding and encoding acceleration. On October 30, 2023, Apple announced the Apple M3 series of chips with 8K ProRes hardware decoding and encoding acceleration. The ProRes codec was awarded an Engineering Emmy Award in 2020 for "Outstanding Achievement in Technology". Visually lossless A transparency threshold
966-805: The European Union , for example. Patents for many older codecs, including AC3 and all MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 codecs, have expired. FFmpeg is licensed under the LGPL license, but if a particular build of FFmpeg is linked against any GPL libraries (notably x264 ), then the entire binary is licensed under the GPL. FFmpeg is used by software such as Blender , Cinelerra-GG Infinity , HandBrake , Kodi , MPC-HC , Plex , Shotcut , VirtualDub2 (a VirtualDub fork), VLC media player , xine and YouTube . It handles video and audio playback in Google Chrome and
1008-502: The discrete cosine transform (DCT). ProRes is widely used as a final format delivery method for HD broadcast files in commercials, features, Blu-ray and streaming. ProRes is a line of intermediate codecs, which means they are intended for use during video editing, and not for practical end-user viewing. This is achieved by only using intra-frame compression, where each frame is stored independently and can be decoded with no dependencies on other frames. The benefit of an intermediate codec
1050-687: The iPhone 15 Pro , which added the ability to shoot ProRes in the Apple Log format, as well as the ability to shoot ProRes footage at up to 3840 x 2160 60p to an external drive via the USB-C port from the built-in camera application. In 2021, Apple announced the Apple M1 Pro and M1 Max, variants of the Apple M1 system on a chip containing, among other new features, hardware ProRes encoding and decoding acceleration. On June 6, 2022, Apple announced
1092-412: The 12-bit standard for the 4444 codec versions (4:4:4 chroma subsampling) compared to hardware and native Apple licensed software encoders. Installing Final Cut Pro will install the ProRes codecs for encoding files on macOS. Without Final Cut Pro installed, QuickTime Player can also be used to capture ProRes 422 video from any compatible attached camera, using the "Maximum" quality setting when producing
1134-415: The 128 GB model will be limited to 1080p 30p with its built-in camera application. Other applications such as Filmic Pro (a third-party application, notably used by Apple for their demo reels in recent years) bypasses this limitation on lower end models and allows full industry compliant ProRes 10bit 4:2:2 profiles LT, 422, and HQ using the less supported Dolby Vision HDR standard. In 2023, Apple announced
1176-579: The 4:4:4 schema with a color depth of 10 or 12 bits, and can optionally include an alpha channel. ProRes 4444 and ProRes 4444 XQ are lossy video compression formats developed by Apple Inc. for use in post-production and include support for an alpha channel . ProRes 4444 was introduced with Final Cut Studio (2009) as another in the company's line of intermediate codecs for editing material but not for final delivery. It shares many features with other, 422, codecs of Apple's ProRes family but provides better quality than 422 HQ in color detail. It has
1218-831: The April 2012 NAB Show, Brevity introduced a customized algorithm for the accelerated transport and encoding of ProRes files. A typical ProRes 422 frame has the following layout: The Arri Alexa has a built-in ProRes recording unit for its 1080p and 2K video streams, supporting ProRes 4444 and all ProRes 422 versions. As of June 2011, several hardware-based ProRes encoders exist, from AJA Video Systems (HD FireWire 800 interface; Ki Pro and Ki Pro Mini portable recorders, Ki Pro Rack and Ki Pro Ultra for 4K/UltraHD workflows), Atomos (Ninja and Samurai recorders), Sound Devices (PIX series recorders), Convergent Designs (Odyssey7, 7Q, 7Q+), and Fast Forward Video (Sidekick recorder). At NAB 2012, Blackmagic announced ProRes recording support for their HyperDeck SSD recorders as well as onboard recording on
1260-677: The Blackmagic Cinema Camera, and Brevity announced a GPU-based ProRes transcoder with simultaneous accelerated file transport. In 2013 Blackmagic Design released Blackmagic Cinema Camera that record in raw and Prores files directly in camera 4:2:2 10bit. In 2013 Convergent Design introduced their Odyssey7 and Odyssey7Q monitor/recorders that can record in Apple ProRes 422 (HQ) and are certified by Apple. In 2014 Atomos introduced their latest advanced recorder Shogun that can record 4K in Apple ProRes. In 2015 AJA introduced
1302-488: The CION production camera that can capture 4K/UltraHD/2K/HD to all Apple ProRes 422 formats as well as Apple ProRes 4444 in 12-bit. In 2016 Blackmagic Design released UrsaMini 4.6k that can capture from 4.6k to HD in all Apple ProRes flavor from Proxy to 4444 in 12-bit. In 2018/2019 Blackmagic Design released Pocket Cinema Camera 4K that can capture 4k/UltraHD/1080p in all Apple ProRes 422 formats. In 2019 Mac Pro introduced
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1344-523: The DSC in DisplayPort and the default settings of JPEG XL are regarded as visually lossless . The losslessness is usually determined by a flicker test: the display initially shows the compressed and the original side-by-side, switches them around for a tiny fraction of a second and then goes back to the original. This test is more sensitive than a side-by-side comparison ("visually almost lossless"), as
1386-645: The Linux version of Firefox. GUI front-ends for FFmpeg have been developed, including Multimedia Xpert and XMedia Recode. FFmpeg is used by ffdshow , FFmpegInterop, the GStreamer FFmpeg plug-in , LAV Filters and OpenMAX IL to expand the encoding and decoding capabilities of their respective multimedia platforms. As part of NASA 's Mars 2020 mission, FFmpeg is used by the Perseverance rover on Mars for image and video compression before footage
1428-625: The environment, these APIs may lead to specific ASICs, to GPGPU routines, or to SIMD CPU code. FFmpeg supports many common and some uncommon image formats. The PGMYUV image format is a homebrew variant of the binary (P5) PGM Netpbm format . FFmpeg also supports 16-bit depths of the PGM and PPM formats, and the binary (P7) PAM format with or without alpha channel, depth 8 bit or 16 bit for pix_fmts monob, gray, gray16be, rgb24, rgb48be, ya8, rgba, rgb64be . In addition to FFV1 and Snow formats, which were created and developed from within FFmpeg,
1470-526: The following filters. FFmpeg supports the following devices via external libraries. FFmpeg contains more than 100 codecs, most of which use compression techniques of one kind or another. Many such compression techniques may be subject to legal claims relating to software patents . Such claims may be enforceable in countries like the United States which have implemented software patents, but are considered unenforceable or void in member countries of
1512-420: The human eye is highly sensitive to temporal changes in light. There is also a panning test that is purportedly more representative of sensitivity in the case of moving images than the flicker test. A perceptually lossless compression is always free of compression artifacts , but the inverse is not true: it is possible for a compressor to produce a signal that appears natural but with altered contents. Such
1554-912: The native AAC encoder was considered stable, removing support for the two external AAC encoders from VisualOn and FAAC . FFmpeg 3.0 (nicknamed "Einstein" ) retained build support for the Fraunhofer FDK AAC encoder. Since version 3.4 "Cantor" FFmpeg supported the FITS image format. Since November 2018 in version 4.1 "al-Khwarizmi" AV1 can be muxed in MP4 and Matroska incl. WebM . FFmpeg encompasses software implementations of video and audio compressing and decompressing algorithms. These can be compiled and run on diverse instruction sets. Many widespread instruction sets are supported by FFmpeg, including x86 ( IA-32 and x86-64 ), PPC ( PowerPC ), ARM , DEC Alpha , SPARC , and MIPS . There are
1596-418: The previous two years by means of fuzz testing . In January 2018, the ffserver command-line program – a long-time component of FFmpeg – was removed. The developers had previously deprecated the program citing high maintenance efforts due to its use of internal application programming interfaces . The project publishes a new release every three months on average. While release versions are available from
1638-446: The project also supports the following formats: Output formats (container formats and other ways of creating output streams) in FFmpeg are called "muxers". FFmpeg supports, among others, the following: FFmpeg does not support IMC1-IMC4, AI44, CYMK, RGBE , Log RGB and other formats. It also does not yet support ARGB 1:5:5:5 , 2:10:10:10 , or other BMP bitfield formats that are not commonly used. FFmpeg supports, among others,
1680-423: The subjectivity and the changing nature of compression, recording, and playback technology, such opinions should be considered only as rough estimates rather than established fact. Judging transparency can be difficult, due to observer bias , in which subjective like/dislike of a certain compression methodology emotionally influences their judgment. This bias is commonly referred to as placebo , although this use
1722-564: The website for download, FFmpeg developers recommend that users compile the software from source using the latest build from their source code Git version control system . Two video coding formats with corresponding codecs and one container format have been created within the FFmpeg project so far. The two video codecs are the lossless FFV1 , and the lossless and lossy Snow codec. Development of Snow has stalled, while its bit-stream format has not been finalized yet, making it experimental since 2011. The multimedia container format called NUT
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1764-509: Was started by Fabrice Bellard (using the pseudonym "Gérard Lantau") in 2000, and was led by Michael Niedermayer from 2004 until 2015. Some FFmpeg developers were also part of the MPlayer project. The name of the project is inspired by the MPEG video standards group, together with "FF" for "fast forward", so FFmpeg stands for "Fast Forward Moving Picture Experts Group". The logo represents
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