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32-519: Probus may refer to: People [ edit ] Marcus Valerius Probus (c. 20/30–105 AD), Roman grammarian Marcus Pomponius Maecius Probus , consul in 228 Probus (emperor) , Roman Emperor (276–282) Probus of Byzantium (–306), Bishop of Byzantium from 293 to 306 Saint Probus of Side , martyr of the Diocletian persecution (c. 304 AD) Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus ( floruit 358–390),

64-556: A "country district" called Pagus Augustus , where are located the famous Niha temples with Latin inscriptions. Agrippa greatly favoured the city of Berytus, and adorned it with a splendid theatre and amphitheatre, beside baths and porticoes, inaugurating them with games and spectacles of every kind, including shows of gladiators. Now only minor ruins remain, in front of the Catholic Cathedral of Beirut. Four large bath complexes as well as numerous private baths increased

96-505: A century, even if the Latin language started to be replaced by the Greek language and become Hellenised again. However, in the sixth century a series of earthquakes demolished most of the temples of Heliopolis (actual Baalbek ) and destroyed the city of Berytus, leveling its famous law school and killing nearly 30,000 inhabitants (according to Anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza ). Furthermore,

128-540: A larger work). It contains a list of abbreviations used in official and historical writings (especially proper names), in laws, legal pleadings and edicts. The following works have been wrongly attributed to him: See J Steup, De Probis grammaticis (1871); W.S. Teuffel & Ludwig von Schwabe, A History of Roman Literature (Wilhelm Wagner trans., G.C.W. Warr ed., rev. ed. 1891) (1873), Vol. 2, p. 73, par. 295, available at [1] . Berytus The veterans of two Roman legions under Augustus were established in

160-473: A part of the empire. ...(Berytus) was made a Roman colony about 14 B.C. Herod the Great, Agrippa I and II, and Queen Berenice built exedras, porticos, temples, a forum, a theater, amphitheater, and baths here. In the 3d c. A.D. the city became the seat of a famous school of law and continued to flourish until the earthquake of A.D. 551 ravaged the city....Its streets, laid out on a grid plan, are spaced at roughly

192-1000: A powerful Roman senator of the fourth century Anicius Petronius Probus , Roman consul in 406 Probus , martyr of 437 Probus (son of Magnus) , Gallo-Roman senator of the fifth century Anicius Probus ( fl. 459), a Roman senator of the 5th century Probus (consul 502) , consul in 502 Probus (consul 513) , Flavius Probus, consul in 513 Anastasius (consul 517) , Flavius Anastasius Paulus Probus Sabinianus Pompeius, consul in 517 Flavius Anicius Probus Iunior , consul in 525 Rufius Gennadius Probus Orestes , consul in 530 Henryk IV Probus (c. 1258–1290), High Duke of Polan Probus Brittanicus, pseudonym of Samuel Johnson (1709–1784), English lexicographer, playwright and critic Probus, pseudonym of Charlotte Forman (1715–1787), Anglo-Irish journalist Probus, pseudonym of Thomas Chatterton (1752–1770), English poet Probus, pseudonym of Nancy H. Adsit (1825–1902), art educator Other uses [ edit ] Probus, Cornwall ,

224-546: A single pantheon from a single culture. There is evidence that indicates that gods of many cultures were all worshipped in their own pantheons. Berytus had a closer relationship with Poseidon , who was the chief god of the city. He was especially revered by the Berytian merchants, who would call themselves "Poseidonistes". Up until the third century CE, Poseidon was commonly depicted on coins minted in Berytus. On these coins, he

256-565: A village near Truro in the UK Probus: International Journal of Latin and Romance Linguistics Probus Clubs , an international movement catering to the interests of retired or semi-retired professional or business people Probus Management , a former bus company in the UK, now part of Go West Midlands Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

288-473: The 551 Beirut earthquake the students were transferred to Sidon . Since the third century, the city had an important law college. It was here that the great codification of Roman Law, which was to be propagated by emperors like Theodosius II and Justinian, was prepared. Under the Eastern Roman Empire, some intellectual and economic activities in Berytus continued to flourish for more than

320-786: The Bekaa valley and included Heliopolis ; it was the only area mostly Latin-speaking in the Syria-Phoenicia region, because of the Roman colonists who promoted agriculture in the fertile lands around Yammoune . From the 1st century BCE the Bekaa valley served as a source of grain for the Roman provinces of the Levant and even for the same Rome (today the valley makes up to 40 percent of Lebanon's arable land ): Roman colonists created there even

352-567: The Berytian (c. 20/30 – 105 AD), was a Roman grammarian and critic , who flourished during Nero 's reign. He was a student rather than a teacher, and devoted himself to the criticism and elucidation of the texts of classical authors (especially the most important Roman poets) by means of marginal notes or by signs, after the manner of the Alexandrine grammarians . In this way, he treated Horace , Lucretius , Terence and Persius ,

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384-593: The law school of Berytus stood "pre-eminent". The Code of Justinian (one part of the Corpus Juris Civilis , the codification of Roman law ordered early in the 6th century CE by Justinian I and fully written in Latin) was mostly created in this school. In 140 BCE the Phoenician village called "Biruta" was destroyed by Diodotus Tryphon in his contest with Antiochus VII Sidetes for the throne of

416-506: The Elder , the only daughter of Augustus (according to Theodore Mommsen , Res gestae divi Augusti , II, 119). The veterans of two Roman legions were established in the city of Berytus by emperor Augustus: the fifth Macedonian and the third Gallic . The city quickly became Romanized, with two third of the inhabitants being descendants of the Roman veterans. Large public buildings and monuments were erected and Berytus enjoyed full status as

448-586: The Forum or visiting temples and churches. In 1968 were discovered the "Roman Baths" Gardens, a landscaped public space that lies on the eastern slope of the Serail Hill . It consists of a garden and a set of uncovered ruins of the ancient Roman Baths (hence the name of the place). These ruins underwent a thorough cleaning and further excavation in 1995–1997. Designed by the British landscaping firm Gillespies,

480-587: The Gardens' layout is dominated by low-slung glass walls and lookout platforms that can be turned into concert venues, thus giving a 21st-century touch without harming the area's historical fabric. At the turn of the 20th century, the area where existed the famous school of Roman law at Berytus was identified. Archaeological excavations in the area between the Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral and Saint George Cathedral of

512-458: The Latin character of Berytus remained dominant until the fifth century: the city was a center for the study of Latin literature and – after Septimius Severus – of Roman Law . During the reign of Nero , the son of a Roman colonist, Marcus Valerius Probus (born in Berytus around CE 25), was known in all the empire as a Latin grammarian and literature master philologist . Roman emperors promoted

544-706: The Macedonian Seleucid monarchy. Later it was rebuilt on a more conventional Hellenistic plan—the exact date is unclear but prosperous Berytian merchants were recorded in Delos by 110–109 BCE —under the name of Laodicea in Phoenicia ( Greek : Λαοδίκεια ἡ ἐν Φοινίκῃ ) or Laodicea in Canaan in honor of a Seleucid Laodice . During the late decades of the Roman Republic the city was conquered by

576-540: The Maronites unearthed a funerary stele etched with an epitaph to a man named Patricius, "whose career was consecrated for the study of law". The epitaph was identified as being dedicated to the famous 5th-century law school professor. In 1994, archaeological diggings underneath the Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral in Beirut Central District 's Nejmeh Square identified structural elements of

608-712: The NW side of the same hill. Some villas in a S suburb facing the sea had mosaic floors (now in the Beirut Museum).Some 12 km upstream on the Beirut river are the ruined arches of an aqueduct. Berytus was considered the most Roman city in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. It was one of four Roman colonies in the Syria-Phoenicia region and the only one with full Ius Italicum (meaning: exemption from imperial taxation). Its territory/district under Claudius reached

640-580: The Roman Baths. Roman Berytus was a city of nearly 50,000 inhabitants during the reign of Trajan and had a huge forum and necropolis. The Hippodrome of Berytus was the largest known in the Levant, while literary sources indicate there was a theatre. Scholars like Linda Hall write that the hippodrome was still working in the fifth century. The gods worshipped by the Berytians were not limited to

672-554: The Romans of Pompey in 64 BCE. It renamed "Berytus", as a reference to the name of the old original Phoenician port-village . The city was assimilated into the Roman Empire , many veteran soldiers were sent there, and large building projects were undertaken. In 14 BCE, during the reign of Herod the Great , Berytus became an important Roman colonia . The city was named Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus in honor of Julia

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704-738: The already Hellenised (and fully Christian) population and made it easy prey to the newly converted Muslim Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula . Eastern Roman Berytus -reduced to the size of a village- fell to the Arabs in 635 CE. Recently at the Garden of Forgiveness , the two main streets of Roman Berytus, the cardo and decumanus , were discovered in the Beirut Central District . Their shaded colonnades became busy markets on festival days. At other times, these streets would have been frequented by Law School students and citizens passing to

736-505: The biography of the latter being probably taken from Probus's introduction to his edition of the poet. With the exception of these texts, he published little, but his lectures were preserved in the notes taken by his pupils. Some of his criticisms on Virgil may be preserved in the commentary on the Bucolics and Georgics which goes under his name. Part of one of his treatises, De notis , has also been preserved (probably an excerpt from

768-409: The city (the fifth Macedonian and the third Gallic ), that afterward quickly became Romanized . It was the only fully Latin-speaking city in the Syria-Phoenicia region until the fourth century. Although Berytus was still an important city after earthquakes, around 400 CE Tyre was made the capital of the Roman province of Phoenicia . "Of the great law schools of Rome, Constantinople, and Berytus",

800-478: The city's water consumption: the Romans constructed an aqueduct fed by the Beirut River whose main source was 10 km from the city. The aqueduct crossed the river at Qanater Zbaydeh and the water finally reached Riad Al Solh Square ; there, at the foot of the Serail Hill , it was stored in large cisterns . An intricate network of lead or clay pipes and channels distributed the water to the various pools of

832-568: The development of high-level culture in the fully Romanized city (even in Greek language as with Hermippus of Berytus ). The Berytian law school was widely known in the Roman Empire ;: it was famous the Latin motto Berytus Nutrix Legum ("Beirut, Mother of Laws"). Indeed, two of Rome's most famous jurists, Papinian and Ulpian , both natives of Phoenicia , taught there under the Severan emperors. When Justinian assembled his Pandects in

864-443: The ecumenical Christian councils of the fifth and sixth centuries CE were unsuccessful in settling religious disagreements within the surviving community. Berytus became a "Christian See" at an early date, and was a suffragan of Tyre in "Phoenicia Prima", a province of the "Patriarchate of Antioch". In antiquity its most famous bishop was Eusebius, afterwards Bishop of Nicomedia, the courtier-prelate and strong supporter of Arianism in

896-478: The fourth century....In 450 CE Berytus obtained from Theodosius II the title of metropolis, with jurisdiction over six sees taken from Tyre; but in 451 CE the "Council of Chalcedon" restored these to Tyre, leaving, however, to Berytus its rank of metropolis (Mansi, VII, 85–98). Thus, from 451 CE Berytus was an exempt metropolis depending directly on the Patriarch of Antioch. This turbulent Byzantine period weakened

928-402: The same intervals as those of Damascus and Laodicea. The new Roman city spread farther S and W (of the port), with its Forum near the (actual) Place de l'Etoile. On its N side was a civic basilica 99 m long with a Corinthian portico of polychrome materials..., dating from the 1st c. A.D. Some large baths have been uncovered on the E slope of the (actual) Colline du Sérail, and the hippodrome lay on

960-461: The sixth century, a large part of the "Corpus of Laws" -all in Latin- was derived from these two jurists, and in 533 CE Justinian recognized the school as one of the three official law schools of the empire. The law school of Beirut supplied the Roman Empire, especially its eastern provinces, with lawyers and magistrates for three centuries until the school's destruction in a powerful earthquake. After

992-573: The title Probus . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Probus&oldid=1055122485 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Marcus Valerius Probus Marcus Valerius Probus , also known as M. Valerius Probus Berytius or Probus

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1024-532: Was usually depicted in a similar fashion to the Phoenician god Baal Berit. Poseidon was not the only Graeco-Roman god to be given Phoenician qualities. An inscription written in Greek and Latin gives Jupiter the Phoenician epithet "Baal". Berytus had a monumental "Roman Gate" with huge walls (recently discovered ) and was a trade center of silk and wine production, well connected by efficient Roman roads to Heliopolis and Caesarea . According to Kevin Butcher,

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