A case study is an in-depth, detailed examination of a particular case (or cases) within a real-world context. For example, case studies in medicine may focus on an individual patient or ailment; case studies in business might cover a particular firm 's strategy or a broader market ; similarly, case studies in politics can range from a narrow happening over time like the operations of a specific political campaign , to an enormous undertaking like world war , or more often the policy analysis of real-world problems affecting multiple stakeholders.
41-470: Final Cut Studio is a discontinued suite of professional video production and post-production made by Apple for the Mac . The suite competed with Avid Media Composer for the high-end movie production market. It first went on sale in 2005. In 2011, after the release of Final Cut Pro X, Apple discontinued Final Cut Studio, Final Cut Express, and Final Cut Server . Upon its discontinuation, Final Cut Studio
82-413: A nomothetic style of analysis. He adds that "the defining feature of qualitative work is its use of noncomparable observations—observations that pertain to different aspects of a causal or descriptive question", whereas quantitative observations are comparable. According to John Gerring, the key characteristic that distinguishes case studies from all other methods is the "reliance on evidence drawn from
123-410: A case study can highlight nearly any individual, group, organization, event, belief system, or action. A case study does not necessarily have to be one observation ( N =1), but may include many observations (one or multiple individuals and entities across multiple time periods, all within the same case study). Research projects involving numerous cases are frequently called cross-case research, whereas
164-411: A case study that will then be used in classrooms in the form of a "teaching" case study (also see case method and casebook method ). For instance, as early as 1870 at Harvard Law School , Christopher Langdell departed from the traditional lecture-and-notes approach to teaching contract law and began using cases pled before courts as the basis for class discussions. By 1920, this practice had become
205-539: A demonstration video shown at the product's introduction at NAB 2005. This video also includes reference to Shake 4 – a high-end digital compositing application that integrates with Final Cut Pro but is not included in Final Cut Studio. To market the Studio components, Apple compiled a set of case studies of real-world users of the applications. For Final Cut Pro, they used Bunim-Murray Productions ' uses of
246-756: A fruitful way to come up with hypotheses and generate theories. Case studies are useful for understanding outliers or deviant cases. Classic examples of case studies that generated theories includes Darwin's theory of evolution (derived from his travels to the Easter Island), and Douglass North 's theories of economic development (derived from case studies of early developing states, such as England). Case studies are also useful for formulating concepts , which are an important aspect of theory construction. The concepts used in qualitative research will tend to have higher conceptual validity than concepts used in quantitative research (due to conceptual stretching :
287-468: A random selection of cases is a valid case selection strategy in large-N research, there is a consensus among scholars that it risks generating serious biases in small-N research. Random selection of cases may produce unrepresentative cases, as well as uninformative cases. Cases should generally be chosen that have a high expected information gain. For example, outlier cases (those which are extreme, deviant or atypical) can reveal more information than
328-511: A single case and its attempts, at the same time, to illuminate features of a broader set of cases". Scholars use case studies to shed light on a "class" of phenomena. As with other social science methods, no single research design dominates case study research. Case studies can use at least four types of designs. First, there may be a "no theory first" type of case study design , which is closely connected to Kathleen M. Eisenhardt 's methodological work. A second type of research design highlights
369-418: A small-N problem and certain standard causal identification problems." By using Bayesian probability , it may be possible to makes strong causal inferences from a small sliver of data. KKV also identify inductive reasoning in qualitative research as a problem, arguing that scholars should not revise hypotheses during or after data has been collected because it allows for ad hoc theoretical adjustments to fit
410-436: A study of a single case is called within-case research. Case study research has been extensively practiced in both the social and natural sciences . There are multiple definitions of case studies, which may emphasize the number of observations (a small N), the method ( qualitative ), the thickness of the research (a comprehensive examination of a phenomenon and its context), and the naturalism (a "real-life context"
451-596: Is a software compilation by Apple used for digital video editing. Production Suite contains Final Cut Pro HD, DVD Studio Pro 3, and Apple Motion . The compilation's component applications were announced at the National Association of Broadcasters in April 2004, and the compilation was released in August 2004. Final Cut Studio was introduced at the National Association of Broadcasters in April 2005, as
SECTION 10
#1732791004750492-498: Is being examined) involved in the research. There is general agreement among scholars that a case study does not necessarily have to entail one observation (N=1), but can include many observations within a single case or across numerous cases. For example, a case study of the French Revolution would at the bare minimum be an observation of two observations: France before and after a revolution. John Gerring writes that
533-414: Is that cases are chosen because they are consistent with the scholar's preconceived notions, resulting in biased research. Alexander George and Andrew Bennett also note that a common problem in case study research is that of reconciling conflicting interpretations of the same data. Another limit of case study research is that it can be hard to estimate the magnitude of causal effects. Teachers may prepare
574-533: Is the cut-down version of DVD Studio Pro. Like Motion, iMovie includes Core Image effects that can be applied in real time. In the Macworld Conference and Expo 2005, Steve Jobs , former CEO of Apple, declared 2005 to be the "Year of HD ". To this end, the HD features of Final Cut Studio were emphasized, such that a little HD logo was placed on the box for each individual Studio application, as well as
615-481: Is widely considered flawed; while quantitative scholars try to aggregate variables to reduce the number of variables and thus increase the degrees of freedom, qualitative scholars intentionally want their variables to have many different attributes and complexity. For example, James Mahoney writes, "the Bayesian nature of process of tracing explains why it is inappropriate to view qualitative research as suffering from
656-516: The Universal Binary version as Final Cut Studio 1.1. Final Cut Studio has been positioned as an all-in-one production workflow system because of its integration of film, motion graphics and audio post-production tools in one suite. It is analogous to the iLife suite, which is aimed at consumers, insomuch as iMovie is the consumer counterpart of Final Cut Pro; GarageBand 3 is a consumer version of Logic Pro and Soundtrack Pro; and iDVD
697-401: The dependent variable ". They argue for example that researchers cannot make valid causal inferences about war outbreaks by only looking at instances where war did happen (the researcher should also look at cases where war did not happen). Scholars of qualitative methods have disputed this claim, however. They argue that selecting the dependent variable can be useful depending on the purposes of
738-462: The Final Cut Studio box. Final Cut Pro supports nearly all High Definition formats ( HDV , DVCPRO HD , AVCHD , and uncompressed HD) and Soundtrack Pro and Motion can import these formats too, where they can be played back on an external monitor. DVD Studio Pro supports the HD DVD 1.0 specification. See DVD Studio Pro . The design for the packaging and websites for each application are consistent to
779-638: The N=1 research design is so rare in practice that it amounts to a "myth". The term cross-case research is frequently used for studies of multiple cases, whereas within-case research is frequently used for a single case study. John Gerring defines the case study approach as an "intensive study of a single unit or a small number of units (the cases), for the purpose of understanding a larger class of similar units (a population of cases)". According to Gerring, case studies lend themselves to an idiographic style of analysis, whereas quantitative work lends itself to
820-443: The application in a unique, interactive movie called Backwoods to Brooklyn . Software suite A software suite (also known as an application suite ) is a collection of computer programs ( application software , or programming software ) of related functionality , sharing a similar user interface and the ability to easily exchange data with each other. Advantages Disadvantages Case study Generally,
861-590: The cases violate theoretical predictions and specifying the scope conditions of the theory. Case studies are useful in situations of causal complexity where there may be equifinality , complex interaction effects and path dependency . They may also be more appropriate for empirical verifications of strategic interactions in rationalist scholarship than quantitative methods. Case studies can identify necessary and insufficient conditions, as well as complex combinations of necessary and sufficient conditions. They argue that case studies may also be useful in identifying
SECTION 20
#1732791004750902-429: The causal mechanisms in a way that may be harder in a large-N study. In terms of identifying "causal mechanisms", some scholars distinguish between "weak" and "strong chains". Strong chains actively connect elements of the causal chain to produce an outcome whereas weak chains are just intervening variables. Case studies of cases that defy existing theoretical expectations may contribute knowledge by delineating why
943-595: The collected data. However, scholars have pushed back on this claim, noting that inductive reasoning is a legitimate practice (both in qualitative and quantitative research). A commonly described limit of case studies is that they do not lend themselves to generalizability. Due to the small number of cases, it may be harder to ensure that the chosen cases are representative of the larger population. As small-N research should not rely on random sampling, scholars must be careful in avoiding selection bias when picking suitable cases. A common criticism of qualitative scholarship
984-481: The designs can have substantial methodological differences, the designs also can be used in explicitly acknowledged combinations with each other. While case studies can be intended to provide bounded explanations of single cases or phenomena, they are often intended to raise theoretical insights about the features of a broader population. Case selection in case study research is generally intended to find cases that are representative samples and which have variations on
1025-436: The dimensions of theoretical interest. Using that is solely representative, such as an average or typical case is often not the richest in information. In clarifying lines of history and causation it is more useful to select subjects that offer an interesting, unusual, or particularly revealing set of circumstances. A case selection that is based on representativeness will seldom be able to produce these kinds of insights. While
1066-565: The distinction between single- and multiple-case studies, following Robert K. Yin 's guidelines and extensive examples. A third design deals with a "social construction of reality", represented by the work of Robert E. Stake . Finally, the design rationale for a case study may be to identify "anomalies". A representative scholar of this design is Michael Burawoy . Each of these four designs may lead to different applications, and understanding their sometimes unique ontological and epistemological assumptions becomes important. However, although
1107-666: The dominant pedagogical approach used by law schools in the United States . Outside of law, teaching case studies have become popular in many different fields and professions, ranging from business education to science education. The Harvard Business School has been among the most prominent developers and users of teaching case studies. Teachers develop case studies with particular learning objectives in mind. Additional relevant documentation, such as financial statements, time-lines, short biographies, and multimedia supplements (such as video-recordings of interviews) often accompany
1148-458: The effects of an independent variable. They write that the number of observations could be increased through various means, but that would simultaneously lead to another problem: that the number of variables would increase and thus reduce degrees of freedom . Christopher H. Achen and Duncan Snidal similarly argue that case studies are not useful for theory construction and theory testing. The purported "degrees of freedom" problem that KKV identify
1189-497: The potentially representative case. A case may also be chosen because of the inherent interest of the case or the circumstances surrounding it. Alternatively, it may be chosen because of researchers' in-depth local knowledge; where researchers have this local knowledge they are in a position to "soak and poke" as Richard Fenno put it, and thereby to offer reasoned lines of explanation based on this rich knowledge of setting and circumstances. Beyond decisions about case selection and
1230-414: The program in their The Real World reality television show. For Soundtrack Pro, Walter Murch became their advocate – a film editor and sound designer who worked on Cold Mountain and The Godfather . For Motion, Apple used the example of Mekanism and their creation of a TV spot designed to persuade young people to vote . And for DVD Studio Pro, the example of Relevant was used, who used
1271-420: The research objectives), Alexander George and Andrew Bennett added a sixth category: Aaron Rapport reformulated "least-likely" and "most-likely" case selection strategies into the "countervailing conditions" case selection strategy. The countervailing conditions case selection strategy has three components: In terms of case selection, Gary King , Robert Keohane , and Sidney Verba warn against "selecting on
Final Cut Studio - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-564: The research. Barbara Geddes shares their concerns with selecting the dependent variable (she argues that it cannot be used for theory testing purposes), but she argues that selecting on the dependent variable can be useful for theory creation and theory modification. King, Keohane, and Verba argue that there is no methodological problem in selecting the explanatory variable , however. They do warn about multicollinearity (choosing two or more explanatory variables that perfectly correlate with each other). Case studies have commonly been seen as
1353-465: The same logics of causal inference can be used in both types of research. The authors' recommendation is to increase the number of observations (a recommendation that Barbara Geddes also makes in Paradigms and Sand Castles ), because few observations make it harder to estimate multiple causal effects, as well as increase the risk that there is measurement error , and that an event in a single case
1394-543: The scope conditions of a theory: whether variables are sufficient or necessary to bring about an outcome. Qualitative research may be necessary to determine whether a treatment is as-if random or not. As a consequence, good quantitative observational research often entails a qualitative component. Designing Social Inquiry (also called "KKV"), an influential 1994 book written by Gary King , Robert Keohane , and Sidney Verba , primarily applies lessons from regression-oriented analysis to qualitative research, arguing that
1435-519: The study is to be single or multiple, and choices also about whether the study is to be retrospective, snapshot or diachronic, and whether it is nested, parallel or sequential. In a 2015 article, John Gerring and Jason Seawright list seven case selection strategies: For theoretical discovery, Jason Seawright recommends using deviant cases or extreme cases that have an extreme value on the X variable. Arend Lijphart , and Harry Eckstein identified five types of case study research designs (depending on
1476-409: The subject and object of the study, decisions need to be made about the purpose, approach, and process of the case study. Gary Thomas thus proposes a typology for the case study wherein purposes are first identified (evaluative or exploratory), then approaches are delineated (theory-testing, theory-building, or illustrative), then processes are decided upon, with a principal choice being between whether
1517-481: The successor to Production Suite. It added new versions of all the Production Suite applications: Final Cut Pro , DVD Studio Pro and Motion. It also introduces a new application, Soundtrack Pro , which is a new version of Soundtrack, formerly included with Final Cut Pro. In January 2006, Final Cut Studio became the only way to purchase any of the individual major applications. In March 2006, Apple released
1558-577: The unintentional comparison of dissimilar cases). Case studies add descriptive richness, and can have greater internal validity than quantitative studies. Case studies are suited to explain outcomes in individual cases, which is something that quantitative methods are less equipped to do. Case studies have been characterized as useful to assess the plausibility of arguments that explain empirical regularities. Case studies are also useful for understanding outliers or deviant cases. Through fine-gained knowledge and description, case studies can fully specify
1599-441: Was caused by random error or unobservable factors. KKV sees process-tracing and qualitative research as being "unable to yield strong causal inference" due to the fact that qualitative scholars would struggle with determining which of many intervening variables truly links the independent variable with a dependent variable. The primary problem is that qualitative research lacks a sufficient number of observations to properly estimate
1640-576: Was no longer on sale in Apple Stores or on Apple's website, but was still available through Apple's phone sales. Its three primary applications Final Cut Pro , Motion , and Compressor , are still actively developed, and available on the Mac App Store . As of 2017, Final Cut Pro 7 no longer runs on macOS High Sierra or later; it can be patched to run on recent versions of macOS, though this is not supported by Apple. Final Cut Studio version 3
1681-413: Was released on July 23, 2009. It was the final release upon discontinuation of the suite and contains six main applications and several smaller applications used in content creation. The applications are designed to integrate as a suite, to form a workflow. In particular: Final Cut Pro and Motion also integrate directly with Apple's discontinued Shake , a digital compositing package. Production Suite