A protectory was a Catholic institution for the shelter and training of the young, designed to afford neglected or abandoned children shelter, food, raiment and the rudiments of an education in religion, morals, science and manual training or industrial pursuits. Institutions of this nature were once found in most of the dioceses of the United States . They were usually opened to receive orphans , truants , juvenile delinquents, and destitute children. The largest, by far, was the Catholic Protectory in New York.
34-589: Secular protectories or reform schools , or euphemistically termed "training schools", were instituted in America during the initial quarter of the nineteenth century. On 1 January 1825, the House of Refuge was opened with appropriate exercises on what is now Madison Square, New York City . Nine children, just gathered from the streets, were present and formed the nucleus of the new establishment that later grew to vast proportions on Randalls Island . Boston followed with
68-580: A Methodist chapel and a high street still recognisable from the 19th century. Other sights of interest include the post office , the duck pond and Station Farm. Market Weighton history includes William Bradley , the Yorkshire Giant who at the age of 20 was 7 ft 9 in (2.36 m) tall. In May of each year local residents take to the streets of Market Weighton for the Giant Bradley Day (formerly Giant Community Day) festival in
102-592: A celebration of the life and times of William Bradley. Industry in the town is largely based on agriculture . The town is known geologically for having given its name to the Market Weighton Axis . The Yorkshire Wolds Way National Trail , a long-distance footpath, passes through the town. As a civil parish , Market Weighton has a town council , which operates under the East Riding of Yorkshire Council . In 2003, after some local consultation,
136-591: A crime, as an alternative to an adult prison. In parallel, industrial schools were set up for vagrants and children needing protection. Both were 'certified' by the government from 1857 onward, and in 1932, the systems merged and both were 'approved' and became approved schools . Both in the United Kingdom and the United States, they came out of social concerns about cities, poverty, immigration and vagrancy following industrialization , as well as from
170-522: A publication now in the public domain : Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Protectories ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Reform school A reform school was a penal institution , generally for teenagers , mainly operating between 1830 and 1900. In the United Kingdom and its colonies, reformatories (commonly called reform schools) were set up from 1854 onward for children who were convicted of
204-401: A shift in society's attitude from retribution (punishing the miscreant) to reforming . They were distinct from borstals (UK; 1902–1982), which were enclosed juvenile prisons. Social reformers in America during the late 19th and early 20th centuries almost invariably found fault with the then-usual practice of treating juvenile offenders essentially the same as adult criminals . It
238-444: A similar institution in 1826; Philadelphia in 1828; and in 1855 a girls' reformatory was founded at Lancaster, Massachusetts on the family or cottage plan, dividing the institution into three separate houses of thirty girls each, with their three matrons, all under the general supervision of a superintendent. In the great majority of cases the institutions were public, but in several states the reformation and correction of delinquents
272-445: A two-pronged approach – a separate juvenile code and juvenile courts for offenders who had not reached the age of majority , and the building of separate institutions for juvenile "delinquents" (the stigmatizing term "criminal" not being used). Since the primary purpose of these institutions was to be rehabilitative rather than punitive , they were styled "reform schools". For the most part, these institutions were custodial. In
306-519: Is a town and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire , England. It is one of the main towns in the East Yorkshire Wolds and lies midway between Hull and York , about 20 miles (32 km) from either one. According to the 2011 UK census , Market Weighton parish had a population of 6,429, an increase on the 2001 UK census figure of 5,212. The 19th-century English lexicographer Sir William Smith proposed Market Weighton as
340-721: The 1857 Industrial schools act . In Australia, reform schools were established by the Neglected and Criminal Children Act 1864 , which provided for children who came under state guardianship. In theory, children who were considered 'neglected' were sent to an industrial school, while those who had broken the law were sent to a reformatory. In practice however, older children tended to be sent to reformatories and younger ones to industrial schools, with little regard as to why they had been committed. The over-crowding and insanitary conditions of these schools, combined with poor diets and overwork, caused terrible health problems. Contagious disease
374-496: The Archdiocese of Montreal. In England: for boys, at Walthamstow , Essex; Farnworth , Lancashire; Birkdale , Lancashire and Market Weighton , Yorkshire and for girls, at Bristol, Gloucestershire and Liverpool, Lancashire. In Scotland, at Parkhead, Glasgow. In Ireland: for boys, at Glencree, Co. Wicklow, and Philipstown, King's Co.; for girls, at Drumcondra, Co. Dublin. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from
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#1732802253329408-607: The Hudson Way and Bubwith Rail Trail, respectively. Bus services, provided by East Yorkshire Motor Services , link the town with Beverley, Hull, Pocklington , York, Holme on Spalding Moor , Driffield and Bridlington . The three-mile £5.1 million A1079 bypass opened in March 1991. The Minsters Rail Campaign is campaigning to re-open the railway line between Beverley and York (with stops at Stamford Bridge , Pocklington and Market Weighton). The re-opened railway would skirt
442-613: The Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help. The church dedicated to All Saints was designated a Grade I listed building in 1967 and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England , maintained by Historic England . Market Weighton railway station was at the junction of the lines to Selby , Driffield , York and Beverley . The last train ran in 1965. The abandoned lines to Beverley and to Selby are now used as public paths as
476-559: The State, might, when better instructed and trained, become useful to it. In the Year of Grace 1704; of the Pontiff, the fourth". On a marble slab inserted in one of the interior walls he read further: "It is of little use to restrain criminals by punishment, unless you reform them by education". This became the keynote of modern penology . The inmates worked together by day in a large hall where
510-425: The United Kingdom, reformatory schools were provided for criminal children, whilst industrial schools were intended to prevent vulnerable children from becoming criminals. There was a perceived rise in juvenile delinquency during the early 19th century; whereas in a rural economy young children could gain paid employment doing tasks such as bird scaring and stone gathering, these opportunities were not available in
544-506: The Weighton Area Regeneration Partnership (WARP) adopted a slogan and logo, 'The Heart of East Yorkshire', intended to indicate both its central location in the county and the strength of the local community. WARP was dissolved in 2012 but the phrase continued in use to promote the area and on local signage. Market Weighton has three churches. These are All Saints’ Church, St John's Methodist Church and
578-539: The beginning of the eighteenth century, more than a hundred years prior to the introduction of the method into use here. The same pontiff established in connexion with this foundation of San Michéle a special court for the trial of offenders under twenty years of age, a plan that has re-appeared in the Juvenile Courts established in America and elsewhere for the trial of delinquents under (seventeen years of) age. The New York Catholic Protectory was, at one time,
612-737: The cities. Children were very visible on the streets. In 1816, Parliament set up a ‘Committee for Investigating the Alarming Increase in Juvenile Crime in the Metropolis’; in 1837, the writer Charles Dickens published Oliver Twist , a story about a child involved in a street gang; and in 1846, it was recognised in the Juvenile Offences Act of 1846 that children under 14 should be tried in a special court, not an adult court. Begging and vagrancy were rife, and it
646-695: The edge of the town, as the former alignment has since been built over. Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Yorkshire and ITV Yorkshire . Television signals are received from the Emley Moor TV transmitter. However, BBC East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire region is also the default BBC One variant given to Market Weighton postcodes on Channel 101 through satellite television such as Freesat . Local radio stations are BBC Radio Humberside , Greatest Hits Radio East Yorkshire , Hits Radio East Yorkshire & North Lincolnshire , Nation Radio East Yorkshire , Capital Yorkshire and Vixen 101
680-638: The largest child welfare organization in the country. By the mid 1860s, many children in New York City were the offspring of immigrants living in squalid and disease-ridden neighborhoods. Adding to the destitution was the fact that casualties of the Civil War left many women widows and their children fatherless. "The Society for the Protection of Destitute Roman Catholic Children in the City of New York"
714-550: The library or recreational facilities. According to the 1910 Report of Benevolent Institutions, young African-American men numbered among the 100 residents. At the Lincoln Agricultural School, a subsidiary institution, the boys also receive a training in dairy-farming and other agriculture. In 1938, due to high overhead and declining residents with other resources and options available, the Girls' Department
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#1732802253329748-542: The location of the still-undiscovered Roman camp of Delgovicia . Historically the town was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as "Wicstun", and was granted its charter to become a market town in 1251; the markets ceased in the nineteenth century. Notable architecture includes: a parish church, parts of which are Norman , the Londesborough Arms (an 18th-century coaching inn ), a Wesleyan chapel,
782-418: The population of such institutions to the maximum extent possible, and to leave all but the most incorrigible youths in a home setting. Also, in an attempt to make the situation more socially normal, and in response to the rising number of young female offenders, many such institutions have been made coeducational. The current approach involves minimizing the use of custodial institutions and the maximization of
816-1007: The state terms it, than for other youths the same age. In the United States , the most well-known facilities meeting the general criteria for being colloquially labelled "reform schools" include the Lincoln Hills School near Merrill, Wisconsin and the Preston School of Industry in Ione, California . The first state-funded funded reform school in the United States was the State Reform School for Boys in Westborough, Massachusetts . It opened in 1848. In Denmark , continuation high schools continue to be used as reform schools as they are much cheaper than government regulated youth detention centers , while
850-573: The success rates are much the same in Denmark. Today, there are no national guidelines regarding the severity of the crimes with which the children are charged; nor are there any guidelines in place to assist in the decision to send them to reform school in the first place, since each town or jurisdiction has its own bylaws and budgets. Children charged with making bomb threats end up in such places. Market Weighton Market Weighton ( / ˌ m ɑːr k ɪ t ˈ w iː t ən / WEE -tən )
884-440: The use of less-restrictive settings which allow the youths to remain in their own homes, usually while attending during the daytime an alternative school , a term which may be viewed with pejorative bias, although these as defined are considered broad and diverse in scope. There may be court-monitored probation or other restrictions, such as a strict curfew applied to the clientele of the "Department of Youth Services" or whatever
918-443: The younger ones, sexually and otherwise, and the younger ones taking the more hardened, usually older offenders as role models and mentors. Also, the term "reform school" itself, originally intended as destigmatizing , had developed its own stigma. Today, no state openly or officially refers to its juvenile correctional institutions as "reform schools", although such institutions still exist. The attempt has also been made to reduce
952-401: Was a big problem, particularly measles and eye diseases. The reform school system came to an end on 1887, due to public pressure, and government shifted its focus towards the use of foster homes. In the 1950s and 1960s, many of the same problems that had occurred with the former system of incarcerating juveniles along with adults began to be noticed in reform school — older juveniles exploiting
986-637: Was chartered in 1863. St. Philip's Home was opened in 1902 at 417 Broome Street in Manhattan as transitional housing for boys who had "aged out" of the Protectory home. The Protectory's main office was at 415 Broome Street. It was run by the Christian Brothers and could accommodate about 100 young men. There former students were assisted with job placement and housing for those who were unemployed or homeless. Some would visit on weekends to use
1020-571: Was closed and the Boys' relocated to the Lincolndale facility. The 129-acre main campus was sold to Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, which constructed the Parkchester planned-housing development on the site. Similar institutions were: in the United States, at Arlington, New Jersey (Diocese of Newark); Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Utica, New York (Diocese of Syracuse). In Canada, 4 in
1054-488: Was entrusted in whole or in part to private or religious agencies. San Michéle, the first protectory for youth, was founded at Rome in 1704 by Pope Clement XI . When John Howard, the English prison reformer (1726–90), visited the institution, he read above the entrance this inscription: "Clement XI, Supreme Pontiff, for the reformation and education of criminal youths, to the end that those who when idle had been injurious to
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1088-569: Was hung up in large letters, visible to all, the Latin word silentium , indicating that the work must go on in silence. At night they slept in separate cells. This system of associated or congregate labour in silence by day and cellular separation at night, for which, under the name of the Auburn System , so much excellence has been claimed in American penology, was thus inaugurated at Rome in
1122-483: Was recognized that the juveniles were often sexually and/or otherwise exploited by the older inmates, and that they were often receiving instruction in more advanced and serious ways of crime by hardened criminals. As a result, rather than their sentences serving as a deterrent to future crimes, many juvenile offenders emerged from incarceration far worse than when they were first sentenced. The reforms, which were adopted more readily in some states than others, consisted of
1156-682: Was these low-level misdemeanours that caused the magistrates to send children to industrial schools to learn to be industrious, and learn skills that would make then more employable. More serious crimes required an element of punishment in an environment away from older prisoners, followed by education to reform their ways. The power to set up such an establishment was given in the 1854 Youthful Offenders Act (the Reformatory Schools Act) . This provided financial assistance and support for reformatory schools as an alternative to prison. Industrial schools were regularised three years later by
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