Misplaced Pages

#829170

88-428: The Provincias Internas were the brainchild of José de Gálvez . He hit upon the idea during his time as royal Visitador General (Inspector General) to New Spain from 1761 to 1772. His initial idea was to create a full-fledged viceroyalty or captaincy general out of the northern provinces, but the low population of the area and large military expenses of the area in comparison to its revenues, prevented this. Instead

176-614: A Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas , which was to be independent of the viceroy of New Spain. The new political unit included the Provincias Internas of Nueva Vizcaya , Nuevo Santander , Sonora y Sinaloa , Las Californias , Coahuila y Tejas (Coahuila and Texas), and Nuevo México . Chihuahua was the capital, and Teodoro de Croix , nephew of the former viceroy, was named the first Commandant General. Gálvez's zeal to more effectively organize

264-649: A decree of 1812 county councils were created in the territories named in the constitution: On 4 May 1814, King Ferdinand VII annulled the Constitution of Cadiz and the Viceroyalty of New Spain was restored on August 11, 1815, dissolving county councils before they had been established in the Interior Provinces. On 7 March 1820, as consequence of the liberal revolution in Spain, Constitution of Cadiz

352-619: A decree turning all of Baja's missions — except mission Loreto — over fully to the Franciscan friars. He banned card-playing and gambling at mission settlements. Overruling the Franciscans' appeal for clemency for miscreant soldiers, Gálvez punished most of them by assigning them to the upcoming expedition to Alta California — and discharged the rest from military service. Continuing to manage Baja California affairs into 1769, Gálvez sought to balance scarce natural and human resources in

440-525: A great source of revenue for the Spanish crown, the region wound up running an annual deficit during most of its years under Spanish rule. Historians James Rawls and Walton Bean call Gálvez the most effective visitador (inspector general) in the history of New Spain. They attribute Spain's expansion into Alta California to his intense personal ambitions. "…Although he was a brilliant, forceful, and generally successful administrator," write Rawls and Bean, "he

528-677: A large herd of cattle, horses and mules. They arrived in San Diego on May 14, where the San Carlos and San Antonio awaited them. Meanwhile, the second overland party, headed by Portolá , gathered in Loreto , around 900 miles south of San Diego — with instructions to follow the Rivera party to San Diego. The Portolá expedition included Franciscan missionaries headed by Junípero Serra . The expedition founded Mission San Diego de Alcalá and

616-494: A naval base at San Blas and, in 1768–9, organized sea and land expeditions up the California coast to the projected Spanish outpost at the harbor named Monterrey (originally spelled with a double "r") by Sebastián Vizcaíno in 1603. Gaspar de Portolá , governor of Las Californias, commanded the second overland expedition. Closely attending to the logistical details of the expeditions, Gálvez issued thorough instructions to

704-696: A new office created by King Charles III which made Gálvez, for all purposes, independent of the Council of the Indies (of which he was also an honorary member). From his new position, Gálvez was able to implement his vision for Spanish America. In addition to the Provincias Internas, Gálvez also created the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and the Captaincy General of Venezuela (which was essentially

792-548: A new viceroyalty in all but name). He also recommenced the stalled project of replacing the older corregimientos and alcaldías mayores with intendants . Gálvez appointed Teodoro de Croix as the first Commander General of the Provinicas Internas. It is assumed that my actual title delivers in your favor that you have given the jurisdiction and extensive powers that you need as governor and captain General of

880-461: A real audiencia with jurisdiction over the Interior Provinces, but the project was not put into effect. The viceroy had a limited authority over the two general headquarters until the King ordered on March 11, 1788, restoring full viceroyal authority over them and abolished the position of Inspector Commander . In 1790 Ugarte was replaced by Pedro Nava in the west, who in 1791 also served temporarily in

968-615: A report arrived from the Spanish ambassador in Russia that Catherine the Great planned to establish settlements down the California coast towards Monterey, Gálvez trumpeted the Russian threat. King Carlos gave the go-ahead, and Gálvez prepared a series of expeditions of soldiers, sailors, artisans, Christian Indians and missionaries to push north into unexplored upper California. In 1768, Gálvez sailed from San Blas to Loreto to finish planning

SECTION 10

#1732764915830

1056-578: A shepherd, then studied at an elite Catholic seminary in Málaga . After he realized he was not cut out for a priestly vocation, the local bishop sent him to study law at Salamanca . He received his law degree at the University of Alcalá . Practicing law in Madrid, he handled many legal cases involving the Indies. He gained the attention of powerful people in Madrid, including the marqués de Equilache and

1144-546: A uniform excise tax on the importation of African slaves into the Indies. As representative of the King of Spain, José de Gálvez signed the Cedula de Poblacion of 1783 opening the island of Trinidad to immigration from, primarily, the French Caribbean islands. Negotiated by Phillipe Rose Roume de Saint-Laurant, the edict consists of 28 articles governing various forms of land grants to encourage population growth,

1232-584: The Plan of Iguala proclaimed by Agustín de Iturbide , making him swear it in Chihuahua on August 26 and then in Arizpe on September, 6. The governor of Baja California, Fernando de la Toba , acceded to independence in 1822, ending the Spanish rule in northern New Spain. The finances of the Provincias Internas were subsidized by a situado ("subsidy") from the royal treasury of Mexico City. The first capital of

1320-597: The Purépecha —at the time of the conquest, the areas under the Audiencia of Guadalajara had not. Instead the semi-nomadic peoples (referred to at the time by the Nahuatl term, Chichimeca ) that lived in this more arid region (and who had resisted Spanish incursions into the area) had either been pushed onto marginal lands or been absorbed into a new Hispanic culture that emerged in the haciendas , towns and cities near

1408-588: The Royal Ordinance of Army mayors and province of New Spain that created twelve intendencies in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, replacing by parties the districts, major municipalities and other provincial jurisdictions. The viceroy was confirmed in all its powers, but had to leave the affairs of the Royal Treasury in the hands of a deputy superintendent of Real Property which depended on 11 provincial governors. The government of Nueva Vizcaya formed

1496-937: The Royal Presidio of San Diego in July 1769 in San Diego . Portolá then continued north to explore the Alta California coast and re-establish the port of Monterey visited in 1602 by Sebastián Vizcaíno . In November 1769, the Portolá expedition discovered San Francisco Bay before returning to San Diego. A second trip in 1770 led to the establishment of the Presidio of Monterey and Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo (Mission Carmel). Although Gálvez — in arguing for his plan to expand into San Diego and Monterey — had projected that Alta California would eventually prove

1584-593: The San Carlos set sail, Gálvez followed in a launch to see the ship round Cabo San Lucas . On February 15, Gálvez dispatched the San Antonio , the second ship of the sea expedition, from Cabo San Lucas. Captain Juan Pérez , a native of Palma de Majorca , commanded the San Antonio . Franciscan friars Juan Vizcaíno and Francisco Gómez served as chaplains. The third ship, the San José , disappeared at sea on

1672-718: The Túpac Amaru rebellion broke out in Peru and the Comunero Revolt in New Granada (Colombia), Gálvez unleashed ruthless repression. Gálvez was a heavy-handed administrator, implementing major reforms in Spanish America to strengthen royal power, promote efficiency, diminish the role of American-born elites, and increase revenues. One assessment of Gálvez is that "his legacy of a more rational administration

1760-502: The bishopric of Guadalajara , while the province of Sonora and Sinaloa was formerly under the bishopric of Durango . Teodoro de Croix remained in office until August 1783 when he was appointed viceroy of Peru , being succeeded by the then Inspector General of the Interior Provinces, Felipe de Neve, who was the Captain general until his death on August 21, 1784. On May 21, 1785, the districts of Saltillo and Parras were separated from

1848-641: The Californias and Nueva Vizcaya; and of course you can stay at the house next to the church that produced expatriate missionaries, meantime in another building in the same town or wherever convenient. Teodoro de Croix arrived to Mexico City in December 1776 and from there he began his tenure as Captain general in February 1777, arriving at the city of Durango in September of the same year. After inspecting

SECTION 20

#1732764915830

1936-572: The Canadian Forces is Rear-Admiral G. Bernatchez. The Military Prosecution Service or Judge Advocate General's Corps ( Danish : Forsvarets Auditørkorps , short FAUK ) is a Danish independent military prosecutor and the legal branch of the Danish military . It is a Level.I command and is under the Ministry of Defence . The Judge Advocate General ( Danish : Generalauditør ) heads

2024-680: The Captain General in the first two intendencies of Arizpe and Durango. Despite the attempt of 1769, the Californias were excluded from the regime of intendencies and tracked affairs regarding the Real Hacienda under the direct supervision of the Captain General, which was expressed in the Article I of the ordinance: To my royal will, soon to have its due effect, control is now divided into twelve Intendencies, districts of that empire, not including Las Californias. On March 17, 1787,

2112-709: The Commandancy General was Arizpe in Sonora. The provinces that had been incorporated into the new district had been, and continued to be, under the jurisdiction of the Real Audiencia of Guadalajara . They were also different in culture from those of New Spain proper . Whereas the southern provinces of New Spain had been the site of complex, settled societies—such as the Mexica , the Zapotec , Mixtec and

2200-837: The Defence Judge Advocate Corps. It is located at Kastellet in Copenhagen . The judges who preside over all hearings of the Service courts are known while they are sitting as judge advocates . In the same way as other judges, they are appointed by the Lord Chancellor following a process conducted by the Judicial Appointments Commission (JAC) or, in the case of the Judge Advocate General, appointed by

2288-544: The East after the resignation of Ugalde, until the position was occupied by Ramón de Castro y Gutierrez. In November 1790, King Charles IV stated that the General captaincy be reunited again and independent from the control of the Viceroy, but returned to undergo changes in 1791 and by royal order on 24 November 1792 returned to the control of the Viceroy. Pedro Nava took power in 1793 as Captain general without any dependence of

2376-483: The Franciscan president of the Baja missions, Junípero Serra , in his projects to improve the lives of the natives, whom he called "the poor Israelites." Yet he insisted that Baja Indians pay the royal tax, standing by his order despite Serra's efforts to persuade him that collecting such a tax would prove impractical. Ambitious to reinvigorate the imperial fortunes of New Spain, Gálvez proposed consolidating and developing

2464-546: The Indies he was able to secure the appointment of his brother Matías as governor-captain general of Guatemala . Matías went on to serve as viceroy of New Spain. In 1780, he sent a royal dispatch to Teodoro de Croix , Commandant General of the Internal Provinces of New Spain , asking all subjects to donate money to help the American Revolution. Millions of pesos were given. In 1784 he established

2552-594: The Intendency of Durango, with Felipe Ortega Díaz as its first mayor, and the provinces of Coahuila (Saltillo and Parras included), Texas, Nuevo Reyno de León and Nuevo Santander were under the jurisdiction of the Intendency of San Luis Potosí as to the affairs of the Royal Treasury, while in the same sector the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México came under direct jurisdiction of the viceroy. Intendency governors gathered under his command causes (or branches of government) of justice, police, finance and war, depending on

2640-669: The Jesuits throughout his empire. In Mexico, this decree led to riots and other disturbances. Gálvez suppressed these by summary trials and sentences of life imprisonment, mainly in San Luis Potosí , Guanajuato and parts of Michoacán . With the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Baja California peninsula , Gálvez engaged the Franciscan Order to take over the spiritual affairs of the missions there. Even after

2728-536: The Judge Advocate General for the Canadian Forces provides legal advice to commanders at bases and wings , provides lawyers who defend accused persons at courts martial , teaches courses to other CF members or advises a commanding officer in an operational theatre to uphold the ethical and legal principles established by both the Canadian Forces and the Government of Canada . The current JAG of

Provincias Internas - Misplaced Pages Continue

2816-674: The King . They are always legally qualified civilians solicitors , barristers , or advocates – of at least seven years' standing. A High Court Judge may also sit as a judge advocate if requested to do so by the Judge Advocate General in a particularly serious case. Members of the Army Legal Services Branch or the RAF Legal Branch are not called judge-advocates. The Judge Advocate General's Corps , also known as JAG or JAG Corps ,

2904-498: The King ordered a new headquarters division of East and West, but the order was not fulfilled. On 1 May 1811 the King again ordered the division of the general commandancy, but was delayed until Salcedo was replaced in 1813 by two commanding generals Simon Herrera and Leyva (replaced that year by Joaquín de Arredondo ) on the east and Bernardo Bonavia y Zapata in the West. Arredondo remained in government until 1817, while Bonavia y Zapata

2992-625: The Spanish King ordered the creation of the Intendency of Sinaloa, separating it from Arizpe, appointing Colonel Agustín de las Cuentas Zayas  [ es ] as Intendent Governor, but a royal order of July 30, 1789 reversed that creation before it would take effect, de las Cuentas Zayas became Intendent Governor of Chiapas. On 11 September 1813 the courts in New Spain created the Intendency of Saltillo, including Coahuila, Texas, Nuevo Leon and Nuevo Santander, but failed to be enacted with

3080-488: The Viceroyalty of New Spain) he exercised sweeping powers; the most in Spanish North America. The visitador served as the king's special deputy, with special powers overlapping and sometimes exceeding those of the viceroy . Gálvez was given the task of reforming the finances of New Spain to increase its revenues for the crown — part of the energetic attempts to reorganize King Carlos III 's government after

3168-717: The Western Internal Provinces (Sonora y Sinaloa) under the Commander General; the Central Internal Provinces (Nueva Vizcaya and Nuevo México) under the Viceroy; and the Easter Internal Provinces (Coahuila y Tejas, with Nuevo León and Nuevo Santander as well) also under the Viceroy. A year later this complex arrangement was changed to just two Western and Eastern districts. In 1792 the Commander General

3256-513: The appointment of an inspector commander , Brigadier Felipe de Neve , the Governor of the Californias, would be appointed as such. On March 17, 1783, the king decided to create the Bishopric of Sonora , comprising the province of the same name and the provinces of Californias and Sinaloa, and was appointed Francisco Antonio de los Reyes as the first bishop. Las Californias were separated from

3344-403: The arrival of Junípero Serra and his fellow Franciscan friars, the Spanish military — having evicted the Jesuits from the missions they had established — continued running the missions' practical business. In 1768, Gálvez toured the Baja chain of missions. Angered over the sloppy administration he found there, he reprimanded the soldier commissioners stationed at the missions. In August, he signed

3432-592: The birth of the United States. Both these new governments were intended to expand areas of settlement and stimulate the economy. He also established the Real Compañía de Filipinas and in 1778 founded the Archivo General de Indias , bringing together documents about the Indies from Simancas , Seville and Cádiz . Also in 1778 he established limited free trade among the colonies. As Minister of

3520-414: The chief official of the area received the military title of commander or commandant general ( comandante general in Spanish) in addition to being the chief civil executive officer of the region. Due to objections from the viceroys of New Spain, Gálvez was unable to implement his plan during his time as visitador , but a few years after his return he was appointed Minister of the Indies. This was essentially

3608-485: The coming year's expeditions. To free the Franciscan missionaries from their posts in Baja California, Gálvez called upon friars of the Dominican Order to take charge of the Baja missions. Gálvez assigned Junípero Serra to head the missionary team in the Alta California expedition — without bothering to ask padre Serra if he agreed to his new mission. As it turned out, Serra, eager to pioneer in evangelizing Indians in Alta California, readily joined in. Gálvez established

Provincias Internas - Misplaced Pages Continue

3696-514: The costly Seven Years' War , which had in 1762 seen the British capture both Havana , Spain's main Caribbean port, and Manila , Spain's governmental and commercial center in the Philippines and also resulted in Spain ceding Florida to Britain. As visitador , Gálvez instituted quick and decisive changes in tax collection, accounting, and jailed corrupt officials. He created a state monopoly of tobacco and imposed new taxes on pulque and flour. He also took measures to combat contraband and reformed

3784-439: The direct command of the commander of provinces of Sonora and Sinaloa and the Californias; another commanding ' Juan de Ugalde ' with the title of Commander of arms in the eastern part comprising the provinces of Coahuila, Nuevo Reyno de León, Nuevo Santander, Texas, and the districts of Parras and Saltillo; the third military district was under Jose Antonio Rengel Alcaraz y Paez under the title of Inspector Commander , comprising

3872-425: The expedition members to demonstrate to the Indians the advantages they would gain by living under the sovereign protection of the Spanish king. The commander of the first overland expedition, Fernando Rivera y Moncada , was waiting at Velicatá, 350 miles south of San Diego. Gálvez had ordered captain Rivera to requisition horses and mules from local Baja California missions without endangering their survival, giving

3960-442: The far northwest under a huge governmental unit to embrace the regions of Sinaloa, Sonora, Chihuahua, and the Californias — including claimed but unsettled upper (Alta) California. Playing on long-standing fears in Spain's ruling circles that rival powers would muscle in on territories Spain claimed along the Pacific coast, Gálvez spread rumors of schemes by the British and Dutch rulers to add California to their own empires. Then, when

4048-485: The fragile chain of missions: Some missions lacked enough land and water to sustain all their Indian converts; other missions, endowed with ample land and water, lacked enough workers to cultivate their fields. Gálvez ordered Indians moved from one mission to another — despite the Indians' reluctance to leave their home villages — to correct such imbalances. He also had some young Indian orphans sent to Loreto for training in handling coastal boats and ships. Gálvez worked with

4136-415: The frontier on, so that the Indians will be well treated. The soldiers are to be punished as in the case of an irremissible crime if they offer any affront or violence to the women because, besides being offenses against God, such excesses committed by them could also bring disaster to the entire expedition. Gálvez then cautioned Portolá to travel slowly, to reduce the chances of Indian resistance. He wanted

4224-444: The incursions and indigenous rebellions. Croix in the instructions from the king ordered that the Captaincy General were only nominally under the Viceroy: Although all of the provisions and orders of your government and captaincy general would depend on just my real person and orders that I reserved directs the Indies route, you shall give notice to the viceroy of New Spain about interesting news and notable occurrences that may occur in

4312-418: The indigenous in Sonora; although he recovered, "the end of the visita was clouded." He returned to take up his position on the Council of the Indies to which he had been appointed in 1767. José de Gálvez returned to Spain in 1772, where he was a member of the General Council on Commerce, Coinage and Mining, a governor in the Council of the Indies, and a councilor of state. Instead he was authorized to set up

4400-472: The jurisdiction of the viceroy Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid , who was particularly interested in the northern border because he had been governor of the Spanish Louisiana . Rengel decided to move the capital to the town of Chihuahua . On August 26, 1786, the Viceroy gave directions (286 articles) to Captain General to regulate the manner of governing the Interior Provinces. He provided that the general command can be divided into three military districts: one under

4488-570: The key officers and technicians. He ordered Miguel Costansó , the young engineer and cartographer, to make observations of the ports of San Diego and Monterey, compare his findings with the older sailing charts, draw new maps, and examine the countryside around both ports. Gálvez issued further instructions for building a proper fortification at Monterey; reconnoitering the ports of Monterey and San Francisco; and preparing detailed accounts destined for top officials in Mexico and Spain. On January 9, 1769, Gálvez, padre Serra and town dwellers gathered on

SECTION 50

#1732764915830

4576-452: The latter, but those projections never reached implementation. On June 18, 1770, the Viceroy Croix appointed Pedro Antarctica as interim mayor of Sonora and operating the Intendency of Arizpe under subordination of the governor of Nueva Navarra until both administrative offices were unified in 1777, remaining Corbalán in these functions until 1787. As part of the so-called Bourbon reforms on December 4, 1786, King Charles III of Spain signed

4664-429: The laws the viceroys have of those domains and will continue that viceroy from the kingdom of Mexico for all the rest of New Spain. I also grant broad powers to the same laws of the Indies law with the viceroys and governors exercising my royal patronage( ... ) The King ordered that the headquarters of the commandant was initially going to be the town of Arizpe , and it may choose a different place if it suited him. Arizpe

4752-441: The majority of the inhabitants in the Provincias Internas by 1810. This was caused by the arrival of more waves of new Spanish settlers, racial segregation among castes and especially by a catastrophic decrease in numbers of the indigenous peoples. In the decades that lead up to Spanish American wars of independence , the Provincias Internas were restructured four times. In 1786 the Provincias Internas were split into three commands:

4840-421: The many silver mines that promoted European settlement of this region from Spain and Catholic regions in Europe under Spanish control such as parts of Italy , Netherlands , Belgium and present day Germany . In the northern Provincias Internas, skirmishes between Spanish settlers (later Mexican nationals) and the indigenous peoples, extended even after the Mexican independence well into the 19th century. This

4928-439: The marqués de Grimaldi, ministers of Charles III . Gálvez married María Magdalena de Grimaldo, who died a year later. He then married Lucía Romet y Pichelín, an elite woman of French origin, well connected at the royal court. Lucía's connections enabled Gálvez to work as legal adviser at the French embassy in Madrid. Climbing the social and political ladder, he secured a job as personal secretary to Jerónimo Grimaldi , minister to

5016-477: The mentioned provinces and all its borders, I declare, by this Code and Royal Decree, that in your higher command are to be understood and adjoined the Subaltern governments of Coahuila, Texas and New Mexico with its presidios and all other administrative divisions that are situated in the established line on them from the Gulf of California to the Bay of the Holy Spirit, according to my rules and actual instruction given on September 10, 1772, that you shall observe in

5104-443: The midst of the appearance of an ancient civilization, have all concurred to give to the character of the inhabitants of the north of New Spain an energy and temperament peculiar to themselves. To these causes we must no doubt add the nature of the climate, which is temperate, an eminently salubrious atmosphere, the necessity of labour in a soil by no means rich or fertile, and the total want of Indians and slaves who might be employed by

5192-482: The military engineer Juan de Pagazaurtundúa , who was stationed in the Interior Provinces, sent a letter to Lieutenant General Luis Huet entitled '' Sucinta Descripción de las Provincias Internas (Succinct Description of the Internal Provinces) in which he described the Internal Provinces and their respective geographic features Nava was the Captain general until 1804, when it was replaced by Pedro Grimarest and soon after by Nemesio Salcedo y Salcedo . On 30 May 1804

5280-411: The mission furniture aboard with his own hands. In his speech on the shore, Gálvez proclaimed that the ship's crew, including Franciscan friar Fernando Parrón, had the mission of planting the holy cross among the Indians at Monterey. In the name of king Carlos and viceroy Carlos Francisco de Croix , Gálvez urged the explorers to keep peace among themselves and respect their chaplain, padre Parrón. When

5368-463: The missionaries receipts for the exact number of animals taken. Those missions would later get restocked with animals shipped from Mexico across the Gulf of California . Franciscan friar Juan Crespí , chosen as chaplain and diarist for the Rivera party, left his post at Mission La Purísima to join Rivera at Velicatá. On March 24, 1769, Rivera, Crespí, 25 leather-jacketed soldiers, 42 Baja Christian Indians, and 3 muleteers began their journey, driving

SECTION 60

#1732764915830

5456-437: The most timely and in the same way as I was committed to my viceroy of New Spain. The new boundary was intended to give a unified military command to the northern provinces of New Spain, to improve their defense and promote the expansion and colonization of the territory, which was threatened by the expansion of Russia , France , the United Kingdom , and the new republic of the United States . The greatest threat, however, were

5544-402: The naturalization of inhabitants, taxation, the arming of slave owners, the duty and function of a militia to protect the island, and trade and mercantile issues. In 1786 he undertook another major reorganizing of the Spanish American administration with the introduction of the intendencia (intendancy) administered by an Intendente (Intendant) throughout most of the Americas. When in 1781

5632-464: The newly ascended king Carlos III . In 1762, Gálvez secured a position as attorney to prince Carlos, the future king Carlos IV . In 1765, he was appointed visitador (inspector) of New Spain , where he both gathered information and implemented royal policy to increase crown revenues. In 1765 at the age of 45, Gálvez arrived in New Spain , which included all of Spanish North America. As visitador del virreinato de Nueva España (inspector general for

5720-440: The next time he will leave his nephew, Bernardo de Gálvez as interim governor From Spanish Louisiana, replacing Unzaga, that same year he became brothers-in-law, when Bernardo married the little sister of Unzaga's wife; In this way, Minister José de Gálvez appointed Luis de Unzaga as the first Captain General of Venezuela in 1777 by bringing together various territories and creating a defense plan there that would also help achieve

5808-493: The overseas administration led him to also establish the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (1776) from territories of the Viceroyalty of Peru , and the Captaincy General of Venezuela (1777) from parts of the Viceroyalty of New Granada . He also created the Captaincy General of Venezuela in order to promote the population and economy of the area; For this purpose, in 1776 he named his fellow Malaga native Luis de Unzaga for his diplomatic skills, Unzaga, known as "le Conciliateur"

5896-432: The province of Nueva Vizcaya (today states of Chihuahua and Durango ) and were incorporated into Coahuila, which was confirmed by the Captain general on May 30, 1787. By instructions of the Real Audiencia of Guadalajara Colonel Jose Antonio Rengel Alcaraz y Paez temporarily succeeded in office Neve until 1786, when Jacobo de Ugarte y Loyola was appointed, the Spanish king decided that the Commandancy would remain under

5984-425: The provinces of Coahuila, Texas and Chihuahua, he came to Arizpe in the province of Sonora in October 1779 to set up his residence, declaring it the capital of the Captaincy on January 12, 1780. In Arizpe, Croix created a house Currency and in 1782 he created the Bank of San Carlos. Pedro Galindo Navarro was appointed as a judge advocate and adviser . Due to the extent of its jurisdiction in 1782 Croix requested

6072-436: The provinces of Nueva Vizcaya and New Mexico in the western part. At the death of the viceroy Galvez on November 30, 1786, the Captain General regained its autonomy from the new viceroy. The Inspector General Galvez proposed to Viceroy Croix in 1769 the creation of the Intendencies of the Californias and Sonora. The viceroy appointed Matías de Armona and then Felipe de Barri for the former and Eusebio Ventura Beleña for

6160-434: The provinces under your control, in order that the higher head of the kingdom be informed about all that ensues in their domestic countries and provide the assistance that you will need as you command whenever you ask for it ( ... ). I further declare that in the provinces of your government You have to exercise the general superintendence of my real estate immediately under my real person and the reserved track of Indies, and by

6248-488: The remains of his division to Jalisco . Nuevo Santander in 1812 returned to join the Eastern Internal Provinces. In March 1812 the Constitution of Cadiz was sanctioned, then the viceroyalty was divided in provinces governed by "Special political Governors". This constitution stated that the Spanish territories North America with a legal definition were composed of: New Spain to New Galicia and Yucatán, Guatemala, Eastern Internal Provinces and Western Internal Provinces. By

6336-592: The repeal of the decree shortly after. By order of the Spanish King in March 1787 the viceroyal authority was restored to the General Captain and on December 3, 1787, the viceroy Manuel Antonio Flórez Maldonado divided it into two general headquarters separated by the Guanaval River, only as for military jurisdiction, because the intendencies retained their functions: In 1787 it was considered to create

6424-478: The shore of La Paz to bless and send off the San Carlos , the expedition's flagship captained by Vicente Vila, a native of Andalusia . The hastily built galleon San Carlos , along with the two ships to follow — the San Antonio and San José — had arrived from San Blas leaking, requiring repairs at La Paz bay. Gálvez personally superintended the repairs and loading of the San Carlos , carrying some of

6512-758: The siege of the city of Durango, which was defended by the governor intendant Diego García Conde and marshal José de la Cruz, ending with their decision on September 6. On August 14, 1821, the Iturbidist Gaspar Antonio López took over as Captain general of the Eastern Internal Provinces in Monterrey. While, in the Western Internal Provinces Captain General Alejo García Conde pact with Negrete and joined

6600-537: The system of customs collection in Veracruz and Acapulco . (He ended the farming of customs.) He also established general accounting offices in the municipal governments. Government revenues rose from 6 million pesos in 1763 to 8 million in 1767 and 12 million in 1773. In 1765 Gálvez assisted in reorganizing the army, a project of viceroy Joaquín de Montserrat, marqués de Cruillas under the direction of general Juan de Villalva. When Cuillas opposed Gálvez's actions, he

6688-459: The viceroy, also gaining autonomy against the superintendent of the Royal Treasury of Mexico. Nava relocated the capital to the town of Chihuahua. It was decreed in 1793 that provinces of Californias, the Nuevo Reyno de León (New Kingdom of León) and Nuevo Santander were placed under military governors directly subject to the viceroy and separated from the Commandancy General. On 28 March 1797

6776-413: The way to San Diego. While Gaspar de Portolá prepared his overland expedition to San Diego, Gálvez issued him strict instructions: ...To prevent difficulties and disaster in the outcome, the most prudent supervision must be exercised. Therefore, I charge you with zeal and vigilance to maintain the most exact discipline over the soldiers of the expedition as well as over the muleteers , especially from

6864-529: The whites for the sake of giving themselves up securely to idleness and sloth. In the Provincias Internas the development of physical strength is favoured by a life of singular activity, which is for the most part passed on horseback. Some indigenous groups such as the Coahuiltecans of the northeast, disappeared by the mid-19th century because of displacement, disease and war against Spanish-Mexican settlers and Comanche attacks. Mestizaje ( miscegenation )

6952-535: Was a Spanish lawyer and Visitador general ( inspector general ) in New Spain (1764–1772); later appointed to the Council of the Indies (1775–1787). He was one of the prime figures behind the Bourbon Reforms . He belonged to an important political family that included his brother Matías de Gálvez and nephew Bernardo de Gálvez . Following the death of his noble but impoverished father, Gálvez became

7040-406: Was also unusually vain, selfish, ruthless, deceitful and unstable. It was, indeed, because of Gálvez's possession of this very combination of qualities that the occupation of San Diego and Monterey, long considered and periodically given up as hopeless, actually materialized." Gálvez returned to Spain in 1771. In 1769 he collapsed mentally and physically, attributed to overwork and the conflict with

7128-584: Was noted by the German scientist, geographer and explorer Alexander von Humboldt in his Essai politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle-Espagne : This struggle with Indians, which has lasted for centuries, and the necessity in which the colonist, living in some lonely farm, or travelling through arid deserts, finds himself of perpetually watching after his own safety, and defending his flock, his home, his wife, and his children against incursions of wandering Indians; and, in short, that state of nature which subsists in

7216-586: Was purchased with the political alienation of many Americans and not a few Spaniards, whom he pushed from their traditional places and powers." Judge advocate Judge-advocates are military lawyers serving in different capacities in the military justice systems of different jurisdictions. The Australian Army Legal Corps (AALC) consists of Regular and Reserve commissioned officers that provide specific legal advice to commanders and general legal advice to all ranks . They must be admitted to practice as Australian Legal Practitioners. The Office of

7304-586: Was put back in charge of a remnant Provincias Internas consisting of Sonora y Sinaloa, Nueva Vizcaya, Nuevo México, Coahuila y Tejas. Las Californias was also under his jurisdiction but the Viceroy oversaw him on matters in this province. Finally the Western and Eastern district arrangement was returned in 1811, but with the viceroy ultimately in charge. Jos%C3%A9 de G%C3%A1lvez José de Gálvez y Gallardo, 1st Marquess of Sonora (2 January 1720, Macharaviaya , Spain – 17 June 1787, Aranjuez , Spain)

7392-519: Was rare compared to other provinces of New Spain. Many indigenous groups rejected conversion to Catholicism and incorporation into the Hispanic society, racial segregation being common. It is probable that the copper-coloured individual would rather choose to live in a village inhabited by other individuals of his own race, than to mix with whites who would domineer over him with arrogance. According to Humboldt , Spanish and Criollo people comprised

7480-569: Was replaced that year by Alejo García Conde , who ruled until 1821. In 1810 started the war of independence in New Spain. Miguel Hidalgo appointed colonel José María González de Hermosillo to the Interior Provinces to spread the insurrection. González de Hermosillo managed to occupy El Rosario on December 21, 1810. He and his troops loot the Arizpe's Royal office, then was totally defeated by Mayor Brigadier Alejo García Conde in San Ignacio Piaxtla on February 7, 1811, returning with

7568-610: Was restored and the viceroyalty finally disappeared on May 31, 1820, to be sworn by the viceroy. The county councils were then established in the Interior Provinces. In 1819, the Adams-Onís Treaty was ratified between Spain and the United States of America, which set the limit of the Interior Provinces with the latter country, confirming the Spanish possession from Texas and to the Oregon Territory and Nootka . On August 4, 1821, insurgent Celestino Negrete began

7656-405: Was soon replaced by a new viceroy, Carlos Francisco de Croix . Gálvez privileged peninsular-born Spanish merchants over American born, which had the effect of funneling capital into mining. He boosted the mining industry further by reducing the price of mercury , a crown monopoly, which allowed a greater volume of silver ore to be refined. In 1767, Spain's king Carlos III decreed expulsion for

7744-451: Was the headquarters of the experimentally created Intendency by Gálvez in 1770, which covered the government of Sonora and Sinaloa: With the purpose that you always fall into the faculties to visit or give appropriate orders to the most distant places of your government, you will establish the capital of your residence in the town of Arizpe, situated on the Sonora river and close to the frontier of that province, being almost equidistant from

#829170