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95-815: The Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland was created to take the place of the previous governmental body, the Polish Committee of National Liberation ( Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego or PKWN). Because of its location in Lublin , the PKWN was also known as the "Lublin Committee". The establishment of the RTRP was an important step in strengthening the control of the Polish Workers' Party and

190-480: A "very close friend" of a Socialist Revolutionary , Alexander Arosev , who shared his exile in Vologda. In 1937, fearing arrest, Arosev tried three times to ring Molotov, who refused to speak to him. He was arrested and shot. In the 1950s, Molotov gave Arosev's daughter his signed copies of her father's books, but later wished he had kept them. "It appears that it was not so much the loss of his 'very close friend' but

285-466: A Moscow communist party conference on 23 February 1929, Molotov emphasised the need to undertake "the most rapid possible growth of industry" both for economic reasons and because, he claimed, the Soviet Union was in permanent, imminent danger of attack. The argument over how fast to expand industry was behind the rift between Stalin and the right, led by Bukharin and Rykov, who feared that too rapid

380-556: A bomb never seen before, Stalin relayed the conversation to Molotov and told him to speed up development. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet government substantially increased investment in the project. In a collaboration with Kliment Voroshilov , Molotov contributed both musically and lyrically to the 1944 version of the Soviet national anthem . Molotov asked the writers to include a line or two about peace. The role of Molotov and Voroshilov in

475-412: A failed coup against Khrushchev in 1957, after which he was dismissed from all of his positions. Molotov was sent to Mongolia as an ambassador before being expelled from the party in 1961. He continued to defend Stalin's legacy until his own death in 1986. Molotov was born Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Skryabin in the village of Kukarka , Yaransk Uyezd , Vyatka Governorate (now Sovetsk, Kirov Oblast ),

570-609: A formal non-aggression treaty. Although the treaty is known as the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , it was Stalin and Hitler, not Molotov and Ribbentrop, who decided the content of the treaty. The most important part of the agreement was the secret protocol, which provided for the partition of Poland, Finland and the Baltic States between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union and for the Soviet annexation of Bessarabia (then part of Romania, now Moldova ). The protocol gave Hitler

665-549: A hug and said: 'Be well. If everything goes well with you, it will go well for all Jews everywhere.' " Zhemchuzhina was imprisoned for a year in the Lubyanka and was then exiled for three years in an obscure Russian city. She was sentenced to hard labour, spending five years in exile in Kazakhstan. Molotov had no communication with her except for the scant news that he received from Beria, whom he loathed. Zhemchuzhina

760-513: A month," Stalin replied, "unless there is some catastrophe at the front, which is improbable." "I said that this would of course set our minds at rest, and we could wholeheartedly support a freely elected Government which would supersede everything else, but we must not ask for anything which would in any way hamper the military operations." On 23 April, Soviet diplomat Vyacheslav Molotov was in Washington, DC. President Harry S. Truman and

855-698: A pace would cause economic dislocation. With their defeat, Molotov emerged as the second most powerful figure in the Soviet Union. During the Central Committee plenum of 19 December 1930, Molotov succeeded Alexey Rykov as the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars , the equivalent of a Western head of government . In that post, Molotov oversaw the implementation of the First Five-Year Plan for rapid industrialisation. Despite

950-602: A second front against Germany. After signing the Anglo–Soviet Treaty of 1942 on 26 May, Molotov left for Washington . He met US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and agreed on a lend-lease plan. Both the British and the Americans only vaguely promised to open a second front against Germany. On his flight back to the Soviet Union, his plane was attacked by German fighters and later mistakenly by Soviet fighters. There

1045-405: A small-minded intriguer and accomplice in terror. Molotov was succeeded in his post as premier by Stalin. At first, Hitler rebuffed Soviet diplomatic hints that Stalin desired a treaty; but in early August 1939, Hitler allowed Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop to begin serious negotiations. A trade agreement was concluded on 18 August, and on 22 August Ribbentrop flew to Moscow to conclude

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1140-759: A younger brother of Wincenty Witos , a notable pre-war politician. Andrzej Witos was later replaced by Stanisław Janusz. The fifteen members included those from the KRN and the ZPP. Officially, three were from the Polish Socialist Workers' Party (RPPS, a left-wing PPS faction), four represented the agrarian People's Party (SL), one the Democratic Party (SD), five the Polish Workers' Party (PPR) and two were unaffiliated. Stanisław Radkiewicz

1235-440: Is no evidence that Molotov ever persuaded Stalin to pursue a different policy from that on which he had already decided. Volkogonov could not find one case where any of the elite in government openly disagreed with Stalin. There is some evidence that, although Stalin realised he needed Molotov, Stalin did not like him. Stalin's one-time bodyguard, Amba, stated: "More general dislike for this statesman robot and for his position in

1330-638: The 20th Congress of the Communist Party. Khrushchev attacked Stalin over the purges of the 1930s and the defeats of the early years of the Second World War, which he blamed on Stalin's overly-trusting attitude towards Hitler and the purges of the Red Army command structure. Molotov was the most senior of Stalin's collaborators still in government and had played a leading role in the purges, so it became evident that Khrushchev's examination of

1425-456: The 20th Party Congress in 1956, Khrushchev told delegates that Stalin had plans for "finishing off" Molotov and Mikoyan in the aftermath of the 19th Congress. Following Stalin's death, a realignment of the leadership strengthened Molotov's position. Georgy Malenkov , Stalin's successor in the post of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, reappointed Molotov as Minister of Foreign Affairs on 5 March 1953. Although Molotov

1520-578: The Allies to be incorporated into the Soviet Union (see Tehran Conference , Yalta Conference ). Among the members of the PKWN were politicians of various communist and leftist parties accepted by Stalin. Its chairman was Edward Osóbka-Morawski of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS). His deputies were Wanda Wasilewska and Andrzej Witos of the Union of Polish Patriots (ZPP); Witos was

1615-593: The Katyn massacre . In November 1940, Stalin sent Molotov to Berlin to meet Ribbentrop and Hitler. In January 1941, British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden visited Turkey in an attempt to get the Turks to enter the war on the Allies' side. The purpose of Eden's visit was anti-German, rather than anti-Soviet, but Molotov assumed otherwise. In a series of conversations with Italian Ambassador Augusto Rosso, Molotov claimed that

1710-659: The Lublin Committee , was an executive governing authority established by the Soviet -backed communists in Poland at the later stage of World War II . It was officially proclaimed on 22 July 1944 in Chełm , installed on 26 July in Lublin and placed formally under the direction of the State National Council ( Krajowa Rada Narodowa , KRN). The PKWN was a provisional entity functioning in opposition to

1805-468: The Manhattan Project and its importance, Stalin handpicked Molotov to be the man in charge of the Soviet atomic bomb project . However, under Molotov's leadership, the bomb and the project itself developed very slowly, and he was replaced by Beria in 1944 on the advice of Igor Kurchatov . When Roosevelt's successor as U.S. President Harry S. Truman told Stalin that the Americans had created

1900-578: The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany , and during the Second World War was deputy chairman of the State Defense Committee and Stalin's main negotiator with the Allies . After the war, he began to lose favour, losing his ministership in 1948 before being criticized by Stalin at the 19th Party Congress in 1952. Molotov was reappointed foreign minister after Stalin's death in 1953, but his staunch opposition to leader Nikita Khrushchev 's de-Stalinization policy led him to join

1995-604: The Politburo in 1921 and held the office of Responsible Secretary . Alexander Barmine , a minor communist official, visited Molotov in his office near the Kremlin while he was running the secretariat, and remembered him as having "a large and placid face, the face of an ordinary, uninspired, but rather soft and kindly bureaucrat, attentive and unassuming." Molotov was criticised by Lenin and Leon Trotsky , with Lenin noting his "shameful bureaucratism" and "stupid behaviour". On

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2090-570: The Rhineland . Derek Watson believed that it was Molotov's statement on foreign policy that offended Stalin. Molotov had made it clear that improved relations with Germany could develop only if its policy changed and stated that one of the best ways for Germany to improve relations was to rejoin the League of Nations . However, even that was not sufficient since Germany still had to give proof "of its respect for international obligations in keeping with

2185-641: The Russian Civil War , which had broken out. Since he was not a military man, he took no part in the fighting. In summer 1919, he was sent on a tour by steamboat of the Volga and Kama rivers, with Lenin's wife, Nadezhda Krupskaya to spread Bolshevik propaganda. On his return, he was appointed chairman of the Nizhny Novgorod provincial executive, where the local party passed a vote of censure against him, for his alleged fondness for intrigue. He

2280-852: The Soviet Union in Poland . On 1 January 1945, the Polish Committee of National Liberation became the Provisional Government of Republic of Poland. In London , the Polish government-in-exile protested. They issued a declaration that the Soviet Union had "taken over the sovereign political rights of the Polish nation." The governments of Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt also issued formal protest, but they took no further action . The Provisional Government of

2375-559: The Union of Polish Patriots (ZPP) and the Polish Workers' Party (PPR). The Polish communist movement had been decimated during the Soviet purges in the 1930s, but revived under Stalin's auspices beginning in 1940. The PPR was a new party organized in occupied Poland , the ZPP originated during the war in the Soviet Union. The PPR had already established in Warsaw a conspiratorial State National Council (KRN), which they declared to be

2470-684: The United States Department of State appealed to Molotov for a compromise on the "Polish question". On the same day, Prime Minister Edward Osóbka-Morawski of the RTRP announced the following at a press conference: We need people who agree with our foreign policy and with our social reforms. Only such a government can do its work properly. We need the collaboration of men who accept the Yalta decisions, not only formally, but in fact. We are making every effort to contact such people. What we do not want are Fascists . . . On 28 June 1945,

2565-440: The Communist Party. In 1962, all of Molotov's party documents and files were destroyed by the authorities. In retirement, Molotov remained unrepentant about his role under Stalin's rule. In 1968, United Press International reported that Molotov had completed his memoirs but that they would likely never be published. The first signs of Molotov's rehabilitation were seen during Leonid Brezhnev 's rule, when information about him

2660-501: The Congress of Soviets "We have never refuted the fact that healthy prisoners capable of normal labour are used for road building and other public works. This is good for society; it is also good for the peasants themselves." The famine caused by the disruption of agricultural output and the emphasis on exporting grain to pay for industrialisation, and the harsh conditions of forced labour killed an estimated 11 million people. Despite

2755-532: The Great Purge, he approved 372 documented execution lists, more than any other Soviet official, including Stalin. Molotov was one of the few with whom Stalin openly discussed the purges. When Stalin received a note denouncing the deputy chairman of Gosplan , G.I.Lomov , he passed it to Molotov, who wrote on it: "For immediate arrest of that bastard Lomov." Before the Bolshevik revolution, Molotov had been

2850-507: The Kremlin could scarcely be wished and it was apparent that Stalin himself joined in this feeling". A party was silenced by Molotov's arrival, the merriment resuming when he had left. Stalin could be rude to Molotov. In 1942, Stalin took Molotov to task for his handling of the negotiations with the Allies. He cabled Molotov on 3 June stating how displeased he was and how Molotov had failed to provide details of his actions while talking to Churchill and Roosevelt. When Beria told Stalin about

2945-752: The London-based Polish government-in-exile , which was recognized by the Western allies. The PKWN exercised control over Polish territory retaken from Nazi Germany by the Soviet Red Army and the Polish People's Army . It was sponsored and controlled by the Soviet Union and dominated by Polish communists . At the time of the formation of the PKWN, the principal Polish authority in German-occupied Poland

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3040-538: The Moscow Communist Party and held that position until 15 August 1929. Trotsky and his supporters underestimated Molotov, and the same went for many others. Trotsky called him "mediocrity personified," and Molotov himself pedantically corrected comrades referring to him as "Stone Arse" by saying that Lenin had actually dubbed him "Iron Arse." However, that outward dullness concealed a sharp mind and great administrative talent. He operated mainly behind

3135-594: The Polish officer corps present in the east was eliminated in the Katyn massacre or left the Soviet Union with Anders' Army ), kept the appearance of a national army and participated in the Soviet offensive all the way to Berlin . At the end of December 1944, the PKWN was reconstituted as the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland (RTRP), which was formally recognized by the Soviet Union in January 1945. The government-in-exile retained for

3230-411: The Polish population, enjoyed the full material support of the Red Army and of the Soviet security forces in the creation of structures of government behind the Soviet front line." Vyacheslav Molotov Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov ( né   Skryabin ; 9 March [ O. S. 25 February] 1890 – 8 November 1986) was a Soviet politician, diplomat, and revolutionary who was a leading figure in

3325-660: The Provisional Government of Republic of Poland ( Rząd Tymczasowy Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej ) was transformed into the more coalition-like Provisional Government of National Unity ( Tymczasowy Rząd Jedności Narodowej ). This was promised by Stalin at Yalta and done by him as gesture of good will towards the Western Allies and Polish government-in-exile in London. Polish Committee of National Liberation The Polish Committee of National Liberation ( Polish : Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego , PKWN ), also known as

3420-730: The RTRP was relocated from Lublin to Warsaw . From 30 January to 2 February, the heads of government of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States— Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, respectively — attended preliminary discussions on the Yalta Conference in Malta. From 4 February to 12 February, the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and

3515-474: The Red Army's "rear areas" (which effectively meant all of Poland) and proclaimed the creation of a Polish Army under Soviet leadership. The PKWN used a combination of repressive and co-optive measures. It appealed to patriotic sentiment, supported cultural events, and implemented a popular and long-overdue land reform . No revolutionary changes were introduced beyond the land reform. The newly recreated Polish army, largely staffed with Soviet officers (most of

3610-549: The Republic of Poland did not recognize the Polish government-in-exile and proclaimed itself to be the legitimate government of Poland. Initially, the RTRP was only officially recognized by the Soviet Union. But before the Yalta Conference , Joseph Stalin conveyed his intention to the Western Allies that Poland was under the control of the Soviet Union and that he intended for it to stay that way. The RTRP

3705-414: The Soviet Union . Molotov was responsible for telling the Soviet people of the attack when he, instead of Stalin, announced the war. His speech, broadcast by radio on 22 June, characterised the Soviet Union in a role similar to that articulated by Winston Churchill in his early wartime speeches. The State Defence Committee was established soon after Molotov's speech. Stalin was elected chairman and Molotov

3800-580: The Soviet Union attended the Yalta Conference in the Crimea. At Yalta, the following "Joint Allied Declaration on Poland" was developed: The three heads of governments consider that the Eastern frontier of Poland should follow the Curzon line, with digressions from it in some regions of five to eight kilometers in favor of Poland. They recognize that Poland must receive substantial of accessions of territory in

3895-513: The Soviets would soon be faced with an Anglo–Turkish invasion of the Crimea . The British historian D.C. Watt argued that on the basis of Molotov's statements to Rosso, it would appear that, in early 1941, Stalin and Molotov viewed Britain, rather than Germany, as the principal threat. The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact governed Soviet–German relations until June 1941, when Hitler turned east and invaded

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3990-571: The Stalin years. In 1960, he was appointed Soviet representative to the International Atomic Energy Agency , which was seen as a partial rehabilitation. However, after the 22nd Party Congress in 1961, during which Khrushchev carried out his de-Stalinisation campaign, including the removal of Stalin's body from Lenin's Mausoleum , Molotov, along with Lazar Kaganovich , was removed from all positions and expelled from

4085-672: The Tsarist regime – it being thought that the old name sounded too German. Molotov became a member of the Bolshevik Party's committee in Petrograd in 1916. When the February Revolution occurred in 1917, he was one of the few Bolsheviks of any standing in the capital. Under his direction, Pravda took to the "left" to oppose the Provisional Government formed after the revolution. When Joseph Stalin returned to

4180-466: The advice of Molotov and Nikolai Bukharin , the Central Committee decided to reduce Lenin's work hours. In 1922, Stalin became General Secretary of the Bolshevik Party with Molotov as the de facto Second Secretary . As a young follower, Molotov admired Stalin but did not refrain from criticising him. Under Stalin's patronage, Molotov became a full member of the Politburo in January 1926. During

4275-571: The agreement, would not be reliable allies against German expansion. That made him decide instead to seek to conciliate Nazi Germany . In May 1939, Maxim Litvinov , the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, was dismissed; Molotov was appointed to succeed him. Relations between Molotov and Litvinov had been bad. Maurice Hindus in 1954 stated that Molotov "always detested Litvinov" and resented both his fluency in languages and his ease with foreigners. Litvinov had no respect for Molotov, regarding him as

4370-632: The capital, he reversed Molotov's line, but when Lenin arrived, he overruled Stalin. However, Molotov became a protégé of and a close adherent to Stalin, an alliance to which he owed his later prominence. Molotov became a member of the Military Revolutionary Committee , which planned the October Revolution and effectively brought the Bolsheviks to power. In 1918, Molotov was sent to Ukraine to take part in

4465-521: The death of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Molotov engaged in talks with the new American President Harry S. Truman ; these talks, despite not being hostile, came to be mythologised decades later as an early crack in US-Soviet relations, presaging the Cold War. From 1945 to 1947, Molotov took part in all four conferences of foreign ministers of the victorious states in the Second World War. In general, he

4560-492: The defendants – who had been forced to confess to crimes of which they were innocent – said that they had conspired to kill Stalin and seven other leading Bolsheviks, but not Molotov. According to Alexander Orlov , an NKVD officer who defected to the west, Stalin personally crossed Molotov's name out of the original script. In May 1936, Molotov went to the Black Sea on an extended holiday under careful NKVD supervision until

4655-404: The editorial staff of a new underground Bolshevik newspaper, Pravda , and met Joseph Stalin for the first time in association with the project. That first association between the two future Soviet leaders proved to be brief, however, and failed to lead to an immediate close political association. Molotov worked as a so-called "professional revolutionary" for the next several years, wrote for

4750-407: The end of August, when Stalin apparently changed his mind and ordered Molotov's return. Two explanations have been put forward for Molotov's temporary eclipse. On 19 March 1936 Molotov gave an interview with the editor of Le Temps concerning improved relations with Nazi Germany. Although Litvinov had made similar statements in 1934 and even visited Berlin that year, Germany had not then reoccupied

4845-490: The expense of Germany, and adherence to the 1921 March Constitution of Poland. It accused the Polish government-in-exile of being a "usurper" and called the 1935 April Constitution of Poland "fascist". At the outset, Polish communists had marginal support among the Polish population and the new regime was completely dependent on Moscow. The committee's early decrees granted the Soviet secret police (the NKVD ) authority over

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4940-402: The famine, in September 1931, Molotov sent a secret telegram to communist leaders in the North Caucasus telling them the collection of grain for export was going "disgustingly slowly." In December, he travelled to Kharkov , then the capital of Ukraine, and, ignoring warnings from local communist leaders about a grain shortage, told them that their failure to meet their target for grain collection

5035-440: The first Israeli envoy to the Soviet Union. There are unsubstantiated claims that, being fluent in Yiddish , Zhemchuzhina acted as a translator for a diplomatic meeting between Meir and her husband, the Soviet foreign minister. However, this claim (of being an interpreter) is not supported by Meir's memoir My Life . Presentation of her ambassadorial credentials was done in Hebrew, not in Yiddish. According to Meir's own account of

5130-436: The government of the Soviet Union from the 1920s to the 1950s, as one of Joseph Stalin 's closest allies. Molotov served as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (head of government) from 1930 to 1941, and as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1939 to 1949 during the era of the Second World War , and again from 1953 to 1956. An Old Bolshevik , Molotov joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1906 and

5225-487: The great human cost, the Soviet Union under Molotov's nominal premiership made large strides in the adoption and the widespread implementation of agrarian and industrial technology. Germany secretly purchased munitions that spurred a modern armaments industry in the USSR. Ultimately, that arms industry, along with American and British aid, helped the Soviet Union prevail in the Second World War . Molotov also oversaw agricultural collectivisation under Stalin's regime . He

5320-418: The green light for his invasion of Poland , which began on 1 September. The pact's terms gave Hitler authorisation to occupy two thirds of Western Poland and the whole of Lithuania . Molotov was given a free hand in relation to Finland. In the Winter War , a combination of fierce Finnish resistance and Soviet mismanagement resulted in Finland losing much of its territory but not its independence. The pact

5415-432: The latter refused to resign unless a Central Committee plenum decided so. In the plenum, which met from 22 to 29 June, Molotov and his faction were defeated. Eventually he was banished, being made ambassador to the Mongolian People's Republic . Molotov and his associates were denounced as "the Anti-Party Group " but notably were not subject to such unpleasant repercussions that had been customary for denounced officials in

5510-403: The list "and he was often deprived of his initials", and that when he was photographed receiving a delegation, he was never alone, but always flanked by his deputies, Janis Rudzutaks and Vlas Chubar . "In Soviet ritual all these are signs of paramount importance," Trotsky noted. Another startling piece of evidence was that the published transcript of the first Moscow Show Trial in August 1936,

5605-440: The loss of part of his own book collection ... that Molotov continued to regret." Late in life, Molotov described his role in purges of the 1930s, arguing that despite the overbreadth of the purges, they were necessary to avoid Soviet defeat in World War II. In 1939, Adolf Hitler 's invasion of the rest of Czechoslovakia , in violation of the 1938 Munich Agreement , made Stalin believe that Britain and France, which had signed

5700-422: The major Polish political parties were not officially represented. According to historian Norman Davies , most of the key positions in the PKWN were given to people who were essentially Soviet employees and not PPR members. Communists were in charge of the departments of military affairs, security, and propaganda. The PKWN Manifesto promised radical agrarian reforms, westward expansion of Polish territory at

5795-426: The making of the new Soviet anthem was, in the words of the historian Simon Sebag-Montefiore , acting as music judges for Stalin. Molotov accompanied Stalin to the Teheran Conference in 1943, the Yalta Conference in 1945, and, after the defeat of Germany, the Potsdam Conference . He represented the Soviet Union at the San Francisco Conference , which created the United Nations . In April 1945, shortly after

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5890-481: The meeting with a secret telegram ordering the Ukrainian leadership to intensify grain collection. Between the assassination of Sergei Kirov , the head of the Party organization in Leningrad , in December 1934, and the start of the Great Purge , there was a significant but unpublicised rift between Stalin and Molotov. In 1936, Trotsky, in exile, noted that when lists of party leaders appeared in Soviet press reports, Molotov's name sometimes appeared as low as fourth in

5985-558: The new leader of the Soviet Union . He presided over a gradual domestic liberalisation and a thaw in foreign policy, as was manifest in a reconciliation with Josip Broz Tito 's government in Yugoslavia , which Stalin had expelled from the communist movement. Molotov, an old-guard Stalinist, seemed increasingly out of place in the new environment, but represented the Soviet Union at the Geneva Conference of 1955 . Molotov's position became increasingly tenuous after February 1956, when Khrushchev launched an unexpected denunciation of Stalin at

6080-450: The north and west. They feel that the opinion of the new Polish Provisional Government of National Unity should be sought in due course on the extent of these accessions, and that the final delimitation of the Western frontier of Poland should thereafter await the Peace Conference. On 7 February, Churchill documented the following discussion while at Yalta: How soon," asked the President, "will it be possible to hold elections?" "Within

6175-412: The organisation's radical Bolshevik faction, which was led by Vladimir Lenin . Skryabin took the pseudonym "Molotov", derived from the Russian word molot (sledge hammer) since he believed that the name had an "industrial" and "proletarian" ring to it. He was arrested in 1909 and spent two years in exile in Vologda . In 1911, he enrolled at Saint Petersburg Polytechnic Institute . Molotov joined

6270-446: The party press, and attempted to improve the organisation of the underground party. He moved from St. Petersburg to Moscow in 1914 at the outbreak of the First World War . It was in Moscow the following year that Molotov was again arrested for his party activity and was this time deported to Irkutsk , in eastern Siberia . In 1916, he escaped from his Siberian exile and returned to the capital city, which had been renamed Petrograd by

6365-426: The past would probably result in the fall from power of Molotov, who became the leader of an old-guard faction that sought to overthrow Khrushchev. In June 1956, Molotov was removed as Foreign Minister; on 29 June 1957, he was expelled from the Presidium (Politburo) after a failed attempt to remove Khrushchev as First Secretary. Although Molotov's faction initially won a vote in the Presidium 7–4 to remove Khrushchev,

6460-435: The period 1969 to 1986 was published in 1993 by Felix Chuev as Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics . In June 1986 Molotov was hospitalised in Kuntsevo Hospital in Moscow, where he eventually died, during the rule of Mikhail Gorbachev , on 8 November 1986. During his life, Molotov had suffered seven heart attacks, but survived to the age of 96. At the time of his death, he was the last surviving major participant in

6555-409: The persecution against her by abstaining from the vote to condemn her, but later recanted, stating: "I acknowledge my heavy sense of remorse for not having prevented Zhemchuzhina, a person very dear to me, from making her mistakes and from forming ties with anti-Soviet Jewish nationalists", and divorced Zhemchuzhina. Polina Zhemchuzhina befriended Golda Meir , who arrived in Moscow in November 1948 as

6650-435: The power struggles after Lenin's death in 1924, Molotov remained a loyal supporter of Stalin against his various rivals: first Leon Trotsky , later Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev , and finally Nikolai Bukharin . In January 1926, he led a special commission sent to Leningrad (St Petersburg) to end Zinoviev's control over the party machine in the province. In 1928, Molotov replaced Nikolai Uglanov as First Secretary of

6745-698: The real interests of peace in Europe and peace generally." Robert Conquest and others believe that Molotov "dragged his feet" over Stalin's plans to purge the party and put Old Bolsheviks like Zinoviev and Kamenev on trial. After his return to favor, in August, Molotov supported Stalin throughout the purge, during which, in 1938 alone, 20 out of 28 People's Commissars in Molotov's Government were executed. After his deputy, Rudzutak, had been arrested, Molotov visited him in prison, and recalled years later that... "Rudzutak said he had been badly beaten and tortured. Nevertheless he held firm. Indeed, he seemed to have been cruelly tortured" ...but he did not intervene. During

6840-412: The reception given by Molotov on 7 November, "Mrs. Zhemchuzhina has spent significant time during this reception not only talking to Golda Meir herself but also in conversation with Mrs. Meir's daughter Sarah and her friend Yael Namir about their life as kibbutzniks. They have discussed the complete collectivization of property and related issues. At the end Mrs. Zhemchuzhina gave Golda Meir's daughter Sarah

6935-692: The replacement for the Politburo, the Presidium , but was not listed among the members of the newly established secret body known as the Bureau of the Presidium, which indicated that he had fallen out of Stalin's favour. At the 19th Congress, Stalin said "there has been criticism of comrade Molotov and Mikoyan by the Central Committee," mistakes that included letting the British ambassador publish "bourgeois newspapers in our country". At his 73rd birthday, Stalin treated both men with disgust. In his speech to

7030-492: The scenes and cultivated an image of a colourless bureaucrat. Molotov was reported to be a vegetarian and teetotaler by the American journalist John Gunther in 1938. However, Milovan Djilas claimed that Molotov "drank more than Stalin" and did not note his vegetarianism although they had attended several banquets. Molotov and his wife had two daughters: Sonia, adopted in 1929, and Svetlana, born in 1930. Addressing

7125-611: The son of a merchant. Contrary to a commonly-repeated error, he was not related to the composer Alexander Scriabin . Throughout his teenager years, he was described as "shy" and "quiet" and always assisted his father with his business. He was educated at a secondary school in Kazan , where he became friends with fellow revolutionary Aleksandr Arosev . Molotov joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) in 1906, and soon gravitated toward

7220-459: The states of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union and later evolved into the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). In the postwar period, Molotov's power began to decline. A clear sign of his precarious position was his inability to prevent the arrest for " treason " in December 1948 of his Jewish wife, Polina Zhemchuzhina , whom Stalin had long distrusted. Molotov initially protested

7315-655: The time being the recognition of the United States and the United Kingdom , but in reality the Western powers no longer considered it relevant as an international settlement on the issue of Poland's government was sought. a. "The new Polish regime began to legislate as early as July, 1944. At that time the only existing Polish government was the Polish Government in Exile in London, which

7410-508: The wartime national parliament. Because of war-related obstacles, the communist leaders arriving from Warsaw (the PPR delegation that included Władysław Gomułka and Bolesław Bierut ) reached Lublin only on 31 July, and attained full agreement with the group from Moscow (ZPP) on 15 August. The documents they produced were antedated to 21 July to comply with the declarations issued as of 22 July. The PKWN Manifesto , proclaimed on 22 July 1944,

7505-438: Was Stanisław Radkiewicz . The Polish Workers' Party declared that the RTRP was to be a coalition , but in practice all key posts were controlled by PPR. Semi-official control of the RTRP was exercised by Soviet General Ivan Serov . Some Polish Communists , like Władysław Gomułka and Edward Ochab , were opposed to this excessive Soviet control. However, they could do little to change the existing status quo. On 18 January,

7600-564: Was again allowed to be included in Soviet encyclopaedias. His connection, support and work in the Anti-Party Group were mentioned in encyclopaedias published in 1973 and 1974, but eventually disappeared altogether by the mid-to-late-1970s. Later, Soviet leader Konstantin Chernenko further rehabilitated Molotov. In 1984, Molotov was even allowed to seek membership in the Communist Party. A collection of interviews with Molotov from

7695-412: Was also of Jewish origin. Molotov never stopped loving his wife, and it is said he ordered his maids to make dinner for two every evening to remind him that, in his own words, "she suffered because of me." According to Stalin's daughter, Molotov became very subservient to his wife. Molotov was a yes-man to his wife just as he was to Stalin. At the 19th Party Congress in 1952, Molotov was elected to

7790-454: Was arrested and internally exiled twice before the October Revolution of 1917. He briefly headed the party's Secretariat before supporting Stalin's rise to power in the 1920s, becoming one of his closest associates. Molotov was made a full member of the Politburo in 1926 and became premier in 1930, overseeing Stalin's agricultural collectivization (and resulting famine ) and his Great Purge . As foreign minister from 1939, Molotov signed

7885-565: Was distinguished by an unco-operative attitude towards the Western powers. Molotov, at the direction of the Soviet government, condemned the Marshall Plan as imperialistic and claimed it was dividing Europe into two camps: one capitalist and the other communist. In response, the Soviet Union, along with the other Eastern Bloc nations, initiated what is known as the Molotov Plan . The plan created several bilateral relations between

7980-533: Was due to their incompetence. He returned to Kharkov in July 1932, with Lazar Kaganovich , to tell the local communists that there would be no "concessions or vacillations" in the drive to meet targets for exporting grain. This was the first of several actions that led a Kyev Court of Appeal in 2010 to find Molotov, and Kaganovich, guilty of genocide against the Ukrainian people. On 25 July, the same two men followed up

8075-524: Was elected deputy chairman. After the German invasion, Molotov conducted urgent negotiations with the British and then the Americans for wartime alliances. He took a secret flight to Scotland, where he was greeted by Eden. The risky flight in a high-altitude Tupolev TB-7 bomber flew over German-occupied Denmark and the North Sea . From there, he took a train to London to discuss the possibility of opening

8170-486: Was freed immediately after the death of Stalin. In 1949, Molotov was replaced as Foreign Minister by Andrey Vyshinsky but retained his position as First Deputy Premier and membership in the Politburo. Being appointed Foreign Minister by Stalin to replace the Jewish predecessor Maxim Litvinov to facilitate negotiations with Nazi Germany, Molotov was thus dismissed from the same position at least in part because his wife

8265-497: Was given control of the Polish territories seized by the Red Army as it advanced westward. The RTRP was chaired by the previous Prime Minister of PKWN, Edward Osóbka-Morawski . The Deputy Prime Ministers of the RTRP were Władysław Gomułka of the Polish Workers' Party (PPR, for Polska Partia Robotnicza ) and Stanisław Janusz from People's Party . The Minister of defense was Michał Rola-Żymierski . The Minister of Security

8360-498: Was internationally recognized". b. "In the summer of 1944 there were therefore two rival centres claiming authority in Poland. On one side, there was the non-communist Underground State with the AK, enjoying the support of most Poles, and owing allegiance to the legitimate Polish government in London, which was still recognized by the Western Allies; and on the other, the Soviet sponsored PKWN which, despite its feeble roots among

8455-454: Was later amended to allocate Lithuania to the Soviets in exchange for a more favourable border in Poland for Germany. The annexations led to horrific suffering and loss of life in the countries occupied and partitioned by both dictatorships. On 5 March 1940, Lavrentiy Beria gave Molotov, along with Anastas Mikoyan , Kliment Voroshilov and Stalin, a note proposing the execution of 25,700 Polish anti-Soviet officers in what has become known as

8550-591: Was outlined in advance in a Radio Moscow broadcast. The PKWN, located in Lublin, became known as the Lublin Committee. While the administrative authority in Poland was granted to the PKWN, many aspects of wartime governance were determined by the Soviet military surveillance. As the Red Army and the allied Polish Army moved into Polish territory, the PKWN expanded its authority within the liberated areas, except for Kresy (prewar eastern Poland), intended by

8645-438: Was responsible for the security department and Michał Rola-Żymierski for the defense department. The Soviet side was represented by Nikolai Bulganin , whose role was to provide support for the PKWN's administration and security apparatus, and who was charged with destruction of political and military groupings representing the Polish government-in-exile. The PKWN presented itself as a broad leftist and democratic coalition, but

8740-441: Was seen as a likely successor to Stalin in the immediate aftermath of his death, he never sought to become leader of the Soviet Union. A Troika was established immediately after Stalin's death, consisting of Malenkov, Beria, and Molotov, but ended when Malenkov and Molotov deceived Beria. Molotov supported the removal and later the execution of Beria on the orders of Khrushchev. The new Party Secretary, Khrushchev, soon emerged as

8835-559: Was the Polish Underground State network of organizations loyal to the Polish government-in-exile, resident in London . As the Red Army, fighting Nazi German forces, entered Polish territory, Joseph Stalin and Polish communists proceeded with the establishment of a rival executive authority, one that they could control. The PKWN was formed in negotiations involving primarily the main Polish communist organizations,

8930-618: Was the main speaker at the Central Committee plenum in 10–17 November 1929, at which the decision was made to introduce collective farming in place of the thousands of small farms owned by peasants, a process that was bound to meet resistance. Molotov insisted that it must begin the following year, and warned officials to "treat the kulak as the most cunning and still undefeated enemy." In the four years that followed, millions of 'kulaks' (land-owning peasants) were forcibly moved onto special settlements to be used as slave labour. In 1931 alone almost two million were deported. In that year, Molotov told

9025-602: Was transferred to Donetsk , and in November 1920, he became secretary to the Central Committee of the Ukrainian Bolshevik Party and married the Soviet politician Polina Zhemchuzhina . Lenin recalled Molotov to Moscow in 1921, elevated him to full membership of the Central Committee and Orgburo , and put him in charge of the party secretariat. Molotov was voted in as a non-voting member of

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