The Psychological Strategy Board (PSB) was a committee of the United States executive formed to coordinate and plan for psychological operations . It was formed on April 4, 1951, during the Truman administration. The board was composed of the Under Secretary of State , the Deputy Secretary of Defense , and the Director of Central Intelligence , or their designated representatives. The board's first director was Gordon Gray , later National Security Advisor during the Eisenhower administration. The board was created in response to the growth of Office of Policy Coordination covert activities during the Korean War .
41-512: Under Eisenhower, the board became a purely coordinating body. The board's function was reviewed by the Jackson Committee, chaired by William Harding Jackson , set up to propose future United States Government information and psychological warfare programs. The committee concluded that the board had been established on the assumption that psychological strategy could be conducted separately from official policy and actions, an assumption
82-608: A "term employed to designate a locum tenens who is performing the duties of an office to which he does not himself claim title". The 1914 edition of Corpus Juris Secundum gives much the same account. Fraser v. United States , the first case cited in the Black's entry on "acting", concerns James G. Hill , the Supervising Architect of the Treasury . Hill had been suspended with pay while being investigated for
123-556: A book chapter on the PSB. The PSB defined psychological warfare as any nonmilitary action which influenced public opinion or foreign policy interest. This, therefore, includes, but is not limited to: trade and economic aid, cultural and educational exchange, threats to use force and diplomacy. Buzzwords Diplomats and Politicians used carefully selected words and phrases, often referred to as buzzwords, to shape policies and influence domestic and international opinion. The most popular buzzword
164-564: A charge of fraud. Another person, John Fraser , was then directed by the Secretary of the Treasury to take charge of and perform the duties of Hill's office as "Acting" Supervising Architect. Officially, Fraser was merely a contractor who had been contracted to oversee the construction of a building for the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. When Hill was returned to his position some five and a half months later, Fraser sought to be compensated for
205-691: A professional career Agency. Jackson was appointed Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency on August 18, 1950, and sworn-in October 7. He was the first Deputy Director of Central Intelligence (DDCI) to serve under Walter Bedell Smith (DCI), former Ambassador to the Soviet Union (1945–46) and former World War II four-star General. Smith and Jackson brought Allen W. Dulles to CIA under contract as Deputy Director/Plans (clandestine activities) in early 1951. After completing
246-466: A third time to U.S. Senator and former Ambassador to Israel, Kenneth Keating ; thus, becoming Mary Pitcairn Jackson Davis Keating. Jackson died on September 28, 1971, in Tucson, Arizona , at the age of 70. Acting (law) In law, a person is acting in a position if they are not serving in the position on a permanent basis. This may be the case if the position has not yet been formally created,
287-528: A threat to democracy. This was evident from the South Korean invasion by North Korea. The Psychological Strategy Board (PSB) was set up to produce propaganda that would win the opinion of people around the world and prevent the spread of Communism. According to a report by the State Department, "convincing a foreign official is less important than carrying an issue over his head to his people" as
328-506: Is a good indicator that the acting person has the confidence of their superiors or colleagues, and is likely to be chosen for the position on a permanent basis. In Commonwealth countries including Australia and Canada, the Carltona doctrine is the overarching legal principle governing when a minister may be said to be acting for or on behalf of a government department. The 1910 edition of Black's Law Dictionary defines "acting" as
369-713: Is believed to be the only US Army officer below the rank of general to receive both the French Legion of Honor and Croix de Guerre with Palm . Prior to discharge from the Army and OSS, Jackson was assigned the task of studying the British Secret Intelligence Service. The study took four months working in London with MI-5, MI-6 and Sir Anthony Eden to complete a report for Gen. Marshall and Gen. Donovan on June 14, 1945. On November 14, 1945, at
410-772: The Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998 (FVRA). Legal scholar Anne Joseph O'Connell notes that one central—and unresolved—question about the nature of acting officials under FVRA is their status under the Appointments Clause of the Constitution of the United States . O'Connell observes that portions of FVRA, an act of Congress which sets out a detailed scheme for filling vacant positions in federal agencies, may be unconstitutional if acting officials can be "principal" officers under
451-681: The "Battle of the Bulge" in Dec-Jan 1945 (in addition to his duties with ULTRA and SCIU teams), on January 1, 1945, during the middle of heated battle, Jackson was named Deputy G-2 for all U.S. armies at 12th Army Group. Decorations—For service to his country and the people of Europe, Jackson was awarded the Bronze Star, the Legion of Merit with 1-OLC , and the Belgian Croix de Guerre . He
SECTION 10
#1732772289269492-835: The Appointments Clause. The constitutional issue emerges because the Appointments Clause requires principal officers to be appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. If acting officers who take office pursuant to FVRA—not pursuant to presidential nomination and Senate confirmation—can be considered principal officers, then the FVRA would be unconstitutional to the extent that it allows this to occur. Heilpern, for his part, argues that acting Cabinet -level officials are principal officers. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from this source, which
533-713: The Army-Air Force (USAAF) Air Combat Intelligence School at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He was assigned as an A-2 Assistant Intelligence officer, HQ 1st Bomber Command at 90 Church Street in New York (close to his law office), which immediately became the USAAF Anti-Submarine Command. Jackson was the principal author (along with investment banker Alexander Standish and Harold B. Ingersoll) of the USAAF Bay of Biscay Intelligence Estimate, calling for
574-740: The CIA as being a 'Special Adviser' and 'Senior Consultant to the Director of Central Intelligence' (from 1951–1955). In 1953, Jackson was appointed Chairman of President Eisenhower's Committee on International Information Activities , often known inside the Beltway as the Jackson Committee (1953–1954) which led to creation of the US Information Agency (USIA). While employed as managing director at J. H. Whitney & Co., Jackson
615-516: The New York law firm of Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft . In 1929 he became an Associate of Beekman, Bogue & Clark. Following the stock market crash of 1929, Jackson moved to the business and financial interest law firm of Carter, Ledyard & Milburn , where he became a full partner in 1934. During World War II , Jackson served in the United States Army (6 March 1942 – 7 July 1945) as an intelligence officer , graduating from
656-777: The President for Foreign Affairs to "assist in the coordination and timing of the execution of foreign policies involving more than one department or agency. He will represent the President on the Operations Coordinating Board (as Vice Chairman) and will attende meetings of the Cabinet and the National Security Council." President Eisenhower appointed Jackson to additional responsibilities serving as Acting United States National Security Advisor from September 1, 1956, until January 7, 1957. Jackson's first wife, Elizabeth Lyman (married 1929)
697-664: The U.S. as a superior nation. Each satellite country had a different program aimed towards them which focused on the issues that would attract the people towards democracy. William Harding Jackson William Harding Jackson (March 25, 1901 – September 28, 1971) was a U.S. civilian administrator, New York lawyer, and investment banker who served as Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency . Jackson also served briefly under President Dwight D. Eisenhower as Acting United States National Security Advisor from 1956 to 1957. William Harding Jackson
738-639: The US Embassy under Ambassador Gil Winant near Grosvenor Square, next to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). Shortly thereafter he was promoted to full colonel and appointed G-2 intelligence chief at 1st Army Group (FUSAG) headquarters in London's West End to work on Operation Bodyguard , the massive deception plan to make the Nazis believe the D-Day assault ( Operation Overlord ) would come from Scandinavia in
779-752: The attack on Nazi U-boats at their source on the coast of France. This was a significant turning point for the Battle of the Atlantic. After graduation from Harrisburg in June 1942, Jackson was promoted to Major and brought into the War Department by Secretary Henry L. Stimson , where he became General Staff (Chief of Secret Intelligence reporting to General George C. Marshall from the European Theater of Operations (ETO) at COSSAC headquarters) with
820-514: The board of directors may be designated to assume the responsibilities of the CEO until the board finds a new CEO. Examples of acting positions in politics include acting mayor , acting governor , acting president , and acting prime minister . Officials in an acting position sometimes do not have the full powers of a properly appointed official, and are often the proper official's deputy or longest serving subordinate. Being placed in an acting position
861-733: The committee disagreed with. It was abolished September 3, 1953 by Executive Order 10483, with its responsibilities being transferred to the Operations Coordinating Board . In August 1950, the Department of State created the National Psychological Strategy Board (NPSB), attempting to centralize psychological warfare activities under its control. That resulted in a conflict with the Department of Defense which called for an interdepartmental committee instead. President Truman broke
SECTION 20
#1732772289269902-589: The cover title Chief of G-2 intelligence for 1st Army Group (FUSAG). After training on the Enigma codes at Bletchley Park , UK, he became the senior ULTRA SCIU team leader for all US armies in the ETO. Jackson achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel, and was assigned by Gen. Hap Arnold to the planning staff of Brig. Gen. Harold George , who had just taken over the USAAF Air Transport Command. He
943-459: The government's directorate for political warfare should be "answerable" to the Secretary of State, suggesting that "one man must be boss;" and suggesting further, that the Director of Central Intelligence and the Agency should get "out of the business of covert psychological operations". Kennan took the discussion to Allen W. Dulles , then in private law practice in New York, thinking Dulles would be
984-476: The job of DCI and tried to beg off on health issues, repeatedly. When Jackson declined because of philanthropic and business commitments in New York, Truman is said to have all but issued a direct order as commander-in-chief to General Smith, that he would become the next DCI. Smith turned to Bill Jackson as his nominee for Deputy Director of Central Intelligence to reorganize the Agency - with particular emphasis on covert activities, psychological warfare, and building
1025-502: The logical choice to head the new agency at State. Some believe this started an inter-agency squabble over just who would control intelligence among the military-industrial and civilian intelligence complex. National Security Council executive director, Adm. Sidney Souers , appointed Jackson on February 13 to serve on the NSC's Intelligence Survey Group with Allen Dulles and Mathias Correa (an aide to then Sec. of Defense James Forrestal ) for
1066-523: The logjam on January 4, 1951, when he ordered Frederick Lawton and Sidney Souers to develop a plan for what would become PSB – an interdepartmental committee. After World War II, the atmosphere altered: wars could not be won through bloodshed but by winning the hearts and minds of people. Consequently, the Truman administration changed their foreign policy from traditional warfare to psychological warfare. The American government perceived Soviet actions as
1107-514: The new Secretary of Defense, Louis Johnson , and General Omar Bradley sent a letter to President Truman nominating William Harding Jackson for Director of Central Intelligence to replace Hillenkoetter. Having known of Jackson's background, Truman added a short note to the letter and sent it to his White House aide, Donald S. Dawson, saying "... Don: Let's look into this. Tell Mr. [Averell] Harriman what we are doing. If this works out, we'll forget Gen. Smith. " General Walter Bedell Smith did not want
1148-636: The north and at Pas-de-Calais under the command of Gen. George S. Patton , at the narrowest point of the English Channel. He worked closely with Gen. T. J. Betts, Deputy G-2 SHAEF and then Colonel Edwin L. Sibert (G-2) at Headquarters, 1st Army located in Bristol. After the successful D-Day feint, Jackson was made head of all OSS X-2 Special Counter-Intelligence Units (SCIU) in the ETO, traveling with 12th Army Group's forward EAGLE TAC headquarters to Luxembourg on General Omar Bradley 's staff. During
1189-812: The other hand, were portrayed as champions who were trying to overthrow the capitalists, such as America. Many people in the international community believed the Soviet propaganda. The U.S. adopted the Soviet strategy to win the hearts and minds of people. Radio Radio programs were transmitted to countries behind the iron curtain, such as Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia, because the USSR could not block this form of propaganda as they could not stop radio waves. Some radio series, such as Voice of America (VOA), were aired in Latin America as well. The programs were designed to accentuate America's successes and portrayed
1230-621: The people will have a greater influence on the official's action. As a result, the PSB was formed to create propaganda which subconsciously turned people towards democracy. While working for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, historian Edward P. Lilly wrote a 1,400 page study of United States psychological warfare during World War II, which is available among Lilly's papers at the Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas; Lilly also wrote
1271-399: The person is only occupying the position on an interim basis, the person does not have a mandate , or if the person meant to execute the role is incompetent or incapacitated. Organizations are advised to have a succession plan including the designation of an acting CEO if the person in that job vacates that position before a replacement has been determined. For example, the lead director on
Psychological Strategy Board - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-489: The purpose of analyzing departmental practices and inter-agency coordination. The Survey Group, known as the Dulles, Jackson, Correa Committee or Dulles Group , submitted its final report on February 28, 1949. It was a scathing criticism of CIA and its operations under Director Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter , which resulted in the removal of several key persons at CIA and, eventually, the removal of Hillenkoetter. On July 18, 1950,
1353-724: The reorganization in accordance with adoption of the Dulles Report and NSC-50, and Jackson's resignation in August 1951, Allen Dulles was promoted to DDCI to replace Jackson, later, replacing Smith as DCI in 1953. Jackson remained a contract special adviser to the DCI through both the Smith and Dulles directorships. During the Eisenhower Administration , Bill Jackson is listed by the 'White House Staff' publication and by
1394-420: The request of then SecNav James Forrestal , William Harding Jackson submitted his own plan for a new central intelligence agency as an alternative to General Donovan's plan. After World War II, Jackson resigned from Carter, Ledyard & Milburn to become an investment banker and the 'Managing Partner' (1947–1955) for J.H. Whitney & Co. of New York. In 1948, George F. Kennan proposed that control over
1435-425: The time he had worked as Acting Supervising Architect, seeking the difference between the salary for that office and his much lower pay as a contracting architect for the Treasury. The Court of Claims found that the "acting" position was not a statutory creation, and that Fraser was entitled to no pay beyond that of his contract for the period. The rules for appointment of acting officials are covered in many cases by
1476-545: Was named 'Special Assistant to the Secretary of State' John Foster Dulles to attend the 1955 Big Four talks in Geneva. In December 1955 Jackson resigned from J. H. Whitney & Co. In February 1956 Jackson was appointed special assistant to President Eisenhower for psychological warfare . He succeeded Nelson Rockefeller who had resigned in December. On 1 March Jackson was appointed by Eisenhower as Special Assistant to
1517-465: Was 'containment' because it allowed U.S. officials to present their foreign policy objectives as "noble, restrained and fundamentally defensive." Initially, the Soviet Union used buzzwords to promote their "hate America" campaign which was launched on January 21, 1951. The campaign emphasized the corruption of big businesses in America and accused them of attempting to dominate the world. The Soviets, on
1558-969: Was born on March 25, 1901, on the Belle Meade Plantation , in Belle Meade, Tennessee , near Nashville, Tennessee . He was named after his father William Harding Jackson (1874–1903), who died when he was two years old. His mother was Anne Davis Richardson (1877–1954). (After her husband's death, she married Maxwell Stevenson of Hempstead, New York ). Jackson attended the Fay School in Boston and St. Mark's School , an Episcopal Preparatory school in Southborough, Massachusetts . He received his undergraduate Bachelor of Arts degree (B.A.) from Princeton University (1924) and his LL.B. from Harvard Law School (1928). In 1928, Jackson joined
1599-653: Was listed as the Adjutant General for the ATC European Wing that ferried more than 7,000 U.S. aircraft to Britain during WW II. He received recognition for work rebuilding or expanding air fields in the United Kingdom for American aircraft and creating an expanded communications network for top secret secured communications (again, with Standish and Ingersoll). By summer of 1943, he was given the 'cover title' Assistant Attache for Air, stationed at
1640-890: Was nominated to the National Academy of Sciences. After the war, Jackson was elected to the boards of Bankers Trust, the John Hay Whitney Foundation, the New York Hospital for Special Surgery, and the Menninger Foundation. In 1951, Jackson married Mary Pitcairn, the daughter of Norman B. Pitcairn, a former President of the Wabash Railroad . They had two sons together: Bruce P. Jackson and Howell E. Jackson. After they divorced, around 1965, Keating married another New York lawyer, Wendell Davis, who died in 1972. She married
1681-495: Was the ex-wife of Thomas Rice of Dover; she brought two children Thomas Rice, Jr. and Lyman Rice to their marriage. Jackson and Elizabeth had two more sons, William Harding Jackson, Jr. and Richard Lee Jackson. They divorced in 1946 after Jackson returned from World War II. At age 39, Jackson was elected the youngest president to serve (1940–1949) on the board of directors of The Society of the New York Hospital , one of America's oldest hospitals founded by King George III in 1771, and