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125-716: John Duns Scotus OFM ( / ˈ s k oʊ t ə s / SKOH -təs ; Ecclesiastical Latin : [duns ˈskɔtus] , "Duns the Scot"; c.  1265/66  – 8 November 1308) was a Scottish Catholic priest and Franciscan friar , university professor, philosopher and theologian. He is one of the four most important Christian philosopher-theologians of Western Europe in the High Middle Ages , together with Thomas Aquinas , Bonaventure and William of Ockham . Duns Scotus has had considerable influence on both Catholic and secular thought. The doctrines for which he

250-676: A cultus immemorabilis , i.e., one of ancient standing. On 27 July 1920, a committee of theologians was convened to evaluate his spiritual writings for orthodoxy. He was declared Venerable by Pope John Paul II in 1991, who officially recognized his liturgical cult, effectively beatifying him on 20 March 1993. Owing to Scotus's early and unexpected death, he left behind a large body of work in an unfinished or unedited condition. His students and disciples extensively edited his papers, often confusing them with works by other writers, in many cases leading to misattribution and confused transmission. Most 13th-century Franciscans followed Bonaventura , but

375-686: A basis for reunion, and they were actually accepted by a general chapter at Assisi in 1430; but the majority of the Conventual houses refused to agree to them, and they remained without effect. Equally unsuccessful were the attempts of the Franciscan Pope Sixtus IV , who bestowed a vast number of privileges on both original mendicant orders, but by this very fact lost the favor of the Observants and failed in his plans for reunion. Julius II succeeded in doing away with some of

500-875: A body of regulations known as the Rule of St Francis. These are: The Order of Friars Minor, known as the "Observants", most commonly simply called Franciscan friars , official name: "Friars Minor" (OFM). According to the 2013 Annuario Pontificio , the OFM has 2,212 communities; 14,123 members; 9,735 priests The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin or simply Capuchins , official name: "Friars Minor Capuchin" (OFM Cap). it has 1,633 communities; 10,786 members; 7,057 priests The Conventual Franciscans or Minorites , official name: "Friars Minor Conventual" (OFM Conv). It has 667 communities; 4,289 members; 2,921 priests A sermon on Mt 10:9 which Francis heard in 1209 made such an impression on him that he decided to fully devote himself to

625-522: A community based station. Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire and ITV Yorkshire . Television signals are received from the Belmont TV transmitter. Jake Thackray 's song "The Hair of the Widow of Bridlington" mocks Bridlington for the ostensible small-mindedness of its inhabitants. There are three main parks. Queen's Park is a small open area at

750-507: A complex argument for the existence of God, and argued for the Immaculate Conception of Mary . The intellectual tradition derived from Scotus' work is called Scotism . Duns Scotus was given the scholastic accolade Doctor Subtilis ("the subtle doctor") for his penetrating and subtle manner of thought. He was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1993. Little is known of Duns Scotus apart from his work. His date of birth

875-449: A debate over the origins of 'modernity.' This line of argument first emerged in the 1960s among popular French philosophers who, in passing, singled out Duns Scotus as the figure whose theory of univocal being changed an earlier approach which Aquinas had shared with his predecessors. Then, in 1990, the historian of philosophy Jean-Francois Courtine argued that, between the time of Aquinas in the mid-thirteenth century and Francisco Suárez at

1000-685: A gymnasium and squash courts. In January 2014, Bridlington Leisure World on the Promenade, with its swimming facilities, gymnasium and indoor bowling rinks, closed for redevelopment. A temporary Olympic legacy pool was opened by Jo Jackson in January 2014 at the Bridlington Sports Centre on Gypsey Road, while Leisure World was rebuilt. The new centre opened on 23 May 2016, with an official opening on 1 July 2016 by Rebecca Adlington , Gail Emms and Dean Windass . The town has

1125-513: A life of apostolic poverty. Clad in a rough garment, barefoot, and, after the Evangelical precept, without staff or scrip, he began to preach repentance. The mendicant orders had long been exempt from the jurisdiction of the bishop, and enjoyed (as distinguished from the secular clergy) unrestricted freedom to preach and hear confessions in the churches connected with their monasteries. This had led to endless friction and open quarrels between

1250-438: A man" is contingent, nevertheless "It is possible that he exists" is necessary, because his existence does not include any contradiction. Therefore, "Something – different from God – is possible" is necessary, because being is divided into the contingent and the necessary. Just as necessity belongs to a necessary being in virtue of its condition or its quiddity, so possibility belongs to a possible being in virtue of its quiddity. If

1375-455: A master. A version that has been checked by the master himself is known as a reportatio examinata . By the time of Scotus, these 'commentaries' on the Sentences were no longer literal commentaries. Instead, Peter Lombard 's original text was used as a starting point for highly original discussions on topics of theological or philosophical interest. For example, Book II Distinction 2, about

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1500-430: A meaning different from, although related to, the meaning of that same word as applied to creatures. Duns struggled throughout his works in demonstrating his univocity theory against Aquinas's analogy doctrine. Scotus gave the lecture, Lectura I 39, during 1297–1299 to refute the view that everything is necessary and immutable. He claims that the aim of this lecture has two points ( Lectura I 39, §31): first, to consider

1625-760: A nautical mile of text that references aspects of the locale. It was completed in 1998 and won the RIBA 'Building of the Year'. Bridlington is served by a railway station on the Yorkshire Coast Line between Hull and Scarborough. It opened on 6 October 1846 between the Quay and the Old Town. East Yorkshire Motor Services has a depot, running nine local and six out-of-town bus routes, including York, Scarborough, Driffield, Beverley and Hull. The company operates

1750-505: A population split of 48.2 per cent male to 51.8 per cent female. The religious breakdown was 66.2 per cent Christian, 0.2 per cent Buddhist, 0.1 per cent Muslim, 0.1 per cent Hindu, 0.1 per cent Sikh, 0.0 per cent Other, and the remaining 33.3 per cent stating no religion or not declaring one. The ethnic make-up was 98.5 per cent White British, 0.7 per cent Mixed Ethnic, 0.2 per cent Black British, 0.5 per cent Chinese/Other Ethnic and 0.6 per cent British Asian. There were 17,827 dwellings. From

1875-743: A port, King John in 1200 gave permission for a weekly market and an annual fair, and Henry VI allowed three annual fairs, on the Nativity of Mary and the Deposition and Translation of St John of Bridlington in 1446. In 1415 Henry V visited the Priory to give thanks for victory at the Battle of Agincourt . After the Dissolution of the Monasteries , the manor of Bridlington remained with

2000-530: A public library in King Street. Within the triangle of Station Avenue, Station Road and Quay Road are the Town Hall , Magistrates Court and several other government buildings. On South Marine Drive there is an RNLI Life Boat Station . There has been a life boat since 1805, manned wholly by volunteers. It received a new Shannon-class lifeboat in 2018, with some redevelopment to accommodate it. Close to

2125-755: A quotation seems to refer to epistemology, with abstracted concepts, rather than with ontology, which Scotus admits can be diverse. In 2012 Fernando Muraca directed for TVCO and the Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate the biopic Blessed Duns Scotus: Defender of the Immaculate Conception in Italian. It centers on the debate at the Paris University with glimpses of his infancy and Franciscan vocation. Adriano Braidotti played

2250-867: A resurgence of interest in Scotus, with a range of assessments of his thought. For one thing, Scotus has received interest from secular philosophers such as Peter King, Gyula Klima, Paul Vincent Spade, and others. For some today, Scotus is one of the most important Franciscan theologians and the founder of Scotism , a special form of Scholasticism . He came out of the Old Franciscan School, to which Haymo of Faversham (died 1244), Alexander of Hales (died 1245), John of Rupella (died 1245), William of Melitona (died 1260), St. Bonaventure (died 1274), Cardinal Matthew of Aquasparta (died 1289), John Peckham , Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1292), Richard of Middletown (died c. 1300) and others belonged. He

2375-512: A rim of a Sun rising Gules. with the motto: Signum Salutis Semper meaning Always the bringer of good health . Bridlington lies in the large Bridlington and The Wolds parliamentary constituency that covers the mostly rural, northern part of the county, including the towns of Driffield , Market Weighton and Pocklington . Its size and shape correspond to the East Yorkshire/North Wolds District under

2500-562: A ring of eight bells (tenor c. 24 cwt, 05 t) with a long draft. It also has a large four-manual organ that boasts the widest "scaled" 32-foot reed (contra tuba) in the United Kingdom. Bridlington's war memorial is located in a triangular patch of garden at the junction of Prospect Street and Wellington Road. It was unveiled on 10 July 1921 by Captain S. H. Radcliffe, C. M. G., R. N. Bridlington Cemetery in Sewerby Road dates from

2625-446: A single-member Buckrose seat until 1950. From 1950 to 1997, Bridlington had its own MP, until reform extended the boundary to include more countryside, as the single-seat East Yorkshire constituency. Bridlington was designated a municipal borough in 1899. Local government reorganisation in 1974 included it in the new county of Humberside , which caused resentment among residents against being excluded from Yorkshire. The town became

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2750-698: A summer Beachcomber open-top bus service in Bridlington. Yorkshire Coastliner runs a service to Filey , Malton , York , Tadcaster and Leeds . The town lies at the junction of two trunk roads: the A165 between Hull and Scarborough and the A614 between Bridlington and Nottingham. The A614 was extended in 1996 to include the length previously known as the A166 to York. Four land trains run in Bridlington:

2875-721: A thing exists ( si est ) and what it is ( quid est ) for we never know whether something exists unless we have some concept of what we know to exist. Scotus elaborates a distinct view on hylomorphism , with three important strong theses that differentiate him. He held: 1) that there exists matter that has no form whatsoever, or prime matter, as the stuff underlying all change, against Aquinas (cf. his Quaestiones in Metaphysicam 7, q. 5; Lectura 2, d. 12, q. un.), 2) that not all created substances are composites of form and matter (cf. Lectura 2, d. 12, q. un., n. 55), that is, that purely spiritual substances do exist, and 3) that one and

3000-611: A year. The town is served by the Bridlington-based monthly Bridlington Echo newspaper, Scarborough-based weekly Bridlington Free Press and the East Riding Mail in Hull. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Humberside , Hits Radio East Yorkshire & North Lincolnshire , Nation Radio East Yorkshire , Capital Yorkshire , Greatest Hits Radio Yorkshire Coast , This is The Coast and Bridlington Gold Radio,

3125-479: Is a mendicant religious order of men that traces its origin to Francis of Assisi. Their official Latin name is the Ordo Fratrum Minorum Which is the name Francis gave his brotherhood. Having been born among the minorum (serfs, second class citizens), before his conversion, he aspired to move up the social ladder to the maiorum (nobles, first class citizens). After a life of conversion,

3250-644: Is believed to have been sometime between 23 December 1265 and 17 March 1266. He was born into a leading family of the region. The reputed site of his birth, in front of the Pavilion Lodge, near the North Lodge of Duns Castle in Scotland, is now marked by a cairn which was erected in 1966 by the Franciscan friars of the United Kingdom to mark the 700th anniversary of his birth. Duns Scotus received

3375-401: Is best known are the " univocity of being ", that existence is the most abstract concept we have, applicable to everything that exists; the formal distinction , a way of distinguishing between different formalities of the same thing; and the idea of haecceity , the property supposed to be in each individual thing that makes it an individual (i.e. a certain “thisness”). Duns Scotus also developed

3500-418: Is contingent, it is not necessarily mutable and temporal by that very fact. In Lectura I 39 §1, Scotus asks, "whether God has determinate knowledge of things according to every aspect of their existence, as according to being in the future." He presents a counterview which claims that God cannot have determinate knowledge of the future. To support this counterview, he uses Aristotle's De Interpretatione IX. In

3625-511: Is exposed as the land rises to the north of the town, where a cliff, probably formed in the last interglacial , extends inland at right angles to the present sea cliff, and forms the promontory of Flamborough Head. Bridlington is in an area said to have the highest coastal erosion rate in Europe. Southwards the coast becomes low, but northwards it is steep and very fine, where the great spur of Flamborough Head projects eastwards. The sea front

3750-664: Is guarded by a sea wall and a wide beach with wooden groynes to trap the sand. Offshore, the Smithic Sands sandbank stretches out into the bay, as an important habitat for many marine species. Bridlington north and south beaches have won EU environmental quality awards over the years. The climate is temperate with warm summers and cool, wet winters. The hottest months are from June to September, with temperatures reaching an average high of 20 °C (68 °F) and falling to 13 °C (55 °F) at night. The average daytime temperatures in winter are 8 °C (46 °F) in

3875-491: Is his commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard , which contains nearly all the philosophical views and arguments for which he is well known, including the univocity of being , the formal distinction , less than numerical unity, individual nature or "thisness" ( haecceity ), his critique of illuminationism and his renowned argument for the existence of God. His commentary exists in several versions. The standard version

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4000-457: Is not possible. If so, then it is possible that there is a first agent, and if it [is] possible that it exists, then it exists, just as we have proved before. If not and if there is no infinite regress, then the argument at once comes to a standstill. For more on this argument, see especially Authors/Duns Scotus/Ordinatio/Ordinatio I/D2/Q2B – The Logic Museum . Scotus argued against the version of illuminationism that had been defended earlier in

4125-491: Is simply first such that neither can it be an effect nor can it, by virtue of something other than itself, cause an effect" Ordinatio I.2.43 runs like this: Scotus acknowledges two objections and deals with them accordingly. First is that he begs the question in assuming a first in the series. Here he argues that while many admit an infinite regress in an accidentally ordered series of causes, no philosopher admits infinite regress in an essentially ordered series. Scotus explains

4250-594: Is the Ordinatio (also known as the Opus oxoniense ), a revised version of lectures he gave as a bachelor at Oxford. The initial revision was probably begun in the summer of 1300 – see the remarks in the Prologue, question 2, alluding to the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar in 1299, news of which probably reached Oxford in the summer of 1300. It was still incomplete when Scotus left for Paris in 1302. The two other versions of

4375-485: Is the most complete and final version, the Ordinatio proof is usually offered. However, the De Primo version is fascinating and worth looking into for a wider understanding of the argument as well as Scotus's metaphysical underpinnings for his argument for God's existence, but the Ordinatio version will be followed here. Briefly, Scotus begins his proof by explaining that there are two angles we must take in arguing for

4500-439: Is true, it is utterly manifest that things are produced or effected. But in order to respond, Scotus makes a modal move and reworks the argument. Now he argues from the possibility of production. "It is possible that something can be produced" is a necessary proposition. From there he is able to conclude that it is possible that the first efficient cause exists, and if it is possible that it exists, then it does exist. He asserts that

4625-546: The Bishop of Lincoln for the hearing of confessions . He took part in a disputation under the regent master, Philip of Bridlington in 1300–01. He began lecturing on Peter Lombard 's Sentences at the prestigious University of Paris towards the end of 1302. Later in that academic year, however, he was expelled from the University of Paris for siding with Pope Boniface VIII in his feud with King Philip IV of France over

4750-799: The East Riding of Yorkshire , England. It is on the Holderness part ( Flamborough Head to the Humber estuary) of the Yorkshire Coast by the North Sea . The town is about 28 miles (45 km) north of Hull and 34 miles (55 km) east of York . The stream called Gypsey Race flows through the town and enters the North Sea at the harbour. The Priory Church of St Mary and associated Bayle (or gate) are Grade I listed buildings on

4875-686: The English reformation , probably due to its association with the Franciscans. In a letter to Thomas Cromwell about his visit to Oxford in 1535, Richard Layton described how he saw the court of New College full of pages from Scotus's work, "the wind blowing them into every corner." John Leland described the Oxford Greyfriar's library in 1538 (just prior to its dissolution) as an accumulation of "cobwebs, moths and bookworms." Critics of Scotus' work described his followers as " dunces ";

5000-620: The Metaphysics was lost for centuries but was recently rediscovered and edited by Giorgio Pini. In addition, there are 46 short disputations called Collationes , probably dating from 1300 to 1305; a work in natural theology ( De primo principio ); and his Quaestiones Quodlibetales , a record of a quodlibetal disputation probably dating to Advent 1306 or Lent 1307. A number of works once believed to have been written by Scotus are now known to have been misattributed. There were already concerns about this within two centuries of his death, when

5125-561: The National Heritage List for England of Historic England . Nearby are remains of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery on a farm outside Sewerby . The several suggested origins all trace the name to the Anglo-Saxon custom of matching a personal name with a settlement type. Here the personal names advanced include Bretel, Bridla and Berhtel, attached to -ingtūn , an Old English term for a small farming community. In 1072

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5250-723: The Observant branch (postnominal abbreviation OFM Obs.), is one of the three Franciscan First Orders within the Catholic Church , the others being the Capuchins (postnominal abbreviation OFM Cap.) and Conventuals (postnominal abbreviation OFM Conv). The Order of Friars Minor, in its current form, is the result of an amalgamation of several smaller Franciscan orders (e.g. Alcantarines , Recollects , Reformanti , etc.), completed in 1897 by Pope Leo XIII . The Capuchin and Conventual remain distinct religious institutes within

5375-851: The Prato clericorum or Pré-aux-Clercs – an open area of the Rive Gauche used by scholars for recreation – when orders arrived from the Franciscan Minister General ; Scotus left immediately, taking few or no personal belongings. Duns Scotus died unexpectedly in Cologne in November 1308; the date of his death is traditionally given as 8 November. He is buried in the Church of the Friars Minor there. His sarcophagus bears

5500-469: The Questions on Porphyry 's Isagoge and Aristotle's Categories , Peri hermeneias , and De sophisticis elenchis , probably dating to around 1295. His commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics was probably written in stages, the first version having started around 1297, with significant additions and amendments possibly after the completion of the main body of the Ordinatio . His Expositio on

5625-467: The Seventh Crusade , when Louis IX asked who the particularly zealous monks pursuing Saracens were, and was told they were "de cordes liés" . Upon the crusaders return to France, the name became part of the language. Arranged according to date of celebration which is marked in brackets. Books Articles Bridlington Bridlington is a seaside town and civil parish in

5750-459: The Whitby promontory can be seen. Another suggestion has been a line of signal stations stretching south round Bridlington Bay. A fort at Bridlington would have made a centre of operations for these. This counterpart to the northern chain would have guarded a huge accessible anchorage from barbarian piracy. Near Dukes Park are two bowl barrows known as Butt Hills, designated ancient monuments in

5875-471: The religious habit of the Order of Friars Minor at Dumfries , where his uncle, Elias Duns, was guardian . Duns Scotus's age is based on the first certain date for his life, that of his ordination to the priesthood at St Andrew's , Northampton , England, on 17 March 1291. The minimum canonical age for receiving holy orders is 25 and it is generally assumed that he would have been ordained as soon as it

6000-612: The "dunce cap" was later used as a form of punishment in schools and the word "dunce" has come to be used as a term to describe someone dull-witted. When in the sixteenth century the Scotists argued against Renaissance humanism , the term duns or dunce became, in the mouths of humanists and reformers, a term of abuse and a synonym for one incapable of scholarship . Despite this, Scotism grew in Catholic Europe. Scotus's works were collected into many editions, particularly in

6125-479: The 16th-century logician Jacobus Naveros noted inconsistencies between these texts and his commentary on the Sentences , leading him to doubt whether he had written any logical works at all. The Questions on the Prior Analytics ( In Librum Priorum Analyticorum Aristotelis Quaestiones ) were also discovered to be mistakenly attributed. In 1922, Grabmann showed that the logical work De modis significandi

6250-423: The 19th century and includes 73 Commonwealth War Graves . The Grade II listed Gothic cemetery chapels, gatehouse and lodge were built in 1869 by the architect Alfred Smith of Nottingham. Bridlington Spa opened in 1896, when Bridlington in its heyday was a leading entertainment resort and a nationally famous dance venue, where many well-known entertainers appeared, including David Bowie and Morrissey . By 2005

6375-719: The 19th century. The Domesday Book records that Bretlinton was the Hunthow Wapentake's meeting point (the wapentake later merged with neighbouring wapentakes to form the Dickering Wapentake ). The wapentake was held by Earl Morcar , it later passed to William the Conqueror by forfeiture . It also records the effect of the Harrying of the North : the annual value of the land had fallen from £32 in

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6500-659: The A165/A614 junction is Bridlington Hospital and the Ambulance Station. On the opposite side, closer to the town centre, is the fire station, established in 1960, with a mix of full-time and on-call crew. There is a post office and depot not far from the level crossing in Quay Road. David Hinde, who lived in the nearby village of Bempton and was a member of the Ancient and Honourable Guild of Town Criers and

6625-532: The Catholic Church, observing the Rule of Saint Francis with different emphases. Franciscans are sometimes referred to as minorites or greyfriars because of their habit . In Poland and Lithuania they are known as Bernardines , after Bernardino of Siena , although the term elsewhere refers rather to Cistercians . The "Order of Friars Minor" are commonly called simply the " Franciscans ". This Order

6750-405: The Crown until 1624, when Charles I passed it to Sir John Ramsey, who had recently been created Earl of Holderness. In 1633, Sir George Ramsey sold the manor to 13 inhabitants of the town, on behalf of all the manor tenants. In May 1636, a deed was drawn up empowering the 13 men as Lords Feoffees or trust holders of the Manor of Bridlington. The town began to grow in importance and size around

6875-402: The King instituted in 1925. During his pontificate, Pope John XXIII recommended the reading of Duns Scotus's theology to modern theology students. Duns Scotus was long honored as a Blessed by the Order of Friars Minor, as well as in the Archdioceses of Edinburgh and Cologne . In the 19th century, the process was started seeking his recognition as such by the Holy See , on the basis of

7000-434: The Latin poem: The story about Duns Scotus being buried alive , in the absence of his servant who alone knew of his susceptibility to coma, is probably a myth. The first known attestation of this theme dates from around 1400. Among many authors, Francis Bacon reported it in his Historia vitae et mortis . The colophon of Codex 66 of Merton College, Oxford , says that Scotus was also at Cambridge . Scotus's great work

7125-435: The Loyal Company of Town Criers, was appointed in the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Year of 2012 by Bridlington Town Council. He was the first town crier in Bridlington since 1901. On 23 July 2013 Hinde gave a special proclamation outside Bridlington Priory, before a visit from Prince Charles and Camilla Parker-Bowles as part of the special "Priory 900" celebrations. On 17 August 2013, at the town's Sewerby Park, Hinde's cry

7250-504: The Quay and the historic town. The area round it was developed and the two areas of the town were combined. Bridlington's popularity declined along with the industrial parts of the north and the rising popularity of cheap foreign holidays. Although the fishing fleet also declined, the port remains popular with sea anglers for trips along the coast or further out to local shipwrecks . Bridlington has lucrative shellfish exports to France, Spain and Italy, said to be worth several million pounds

7375-462: The West were divided on the subject (indeed, even Thomas Aquinas sided with those who denied the doctrine). The feast day had existed in the East (though in the East, the feast is just of the Conception of Mary) since the seventh century and had been introduced in several dioceses in the West as well, even though the philosophical basis was lacking. Citing Anselm of Canterbury 's principle, " potuit, decuit, ergo fecit " (He [i.e., God] could do it, it

7500-683: The administrative centre of a local government district, initially called the Borough of North Wolds but later changed to the Borough of East Yorkshire . The district disappeared when the county of Humberside was abolished in the 1990s, the new East Riding of Yorkshire unitary authority absorbing it and the neighbouring county districts, and Bridlington no longer having any formal local-government administrative status above town-council level. Bridlington lies 19 miles (31 km) north-north-east of Beverley , 17 miles (27 km) south-east of Scarborough , 11 miles (18 km) north-east of Driffield and 24 miles (39 km) north of Kingston upon Hull ,

7625-419: The adult Scotus and Emanuele Maria Gamboni played Scotus as a child. Order of Friars Minor Francis began preaching around 1207 and traveled to Rome to seek approval of his order from Pope Innocent III in 1209. The original Rule of Saint Francis approved by the pope disallowed ownership of property, requiring members of the order to beg for food while preaching. The austerity was meant to emulate

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7750-425: The area around the Bronze Age and Roman Britain era. The date of earliest habitation at Bridlington is unknown, but the 2.5-mile (4 km) man-made Danes Dyke at nearby Flamborough Head goes back to the Bronze Age. A Roman road from York , now Woldgate , can be traced across the Yorkshire Wolds into the town. Roman coins have been found: two hoards in the harbour area, along with two Greek coins from

7875-403: The area was given to Gilbert de Gant, uncle of the later king King Stephen , it was inherited by his son Walter and thereafter appears to follow the normal descent of that family. The 1086 Domesday Book is earliest known reference to Bridlington being record as Bretlinton : the settlement has since been called Berlington , Brellington and Britlington before gaining its present name in

8000-434: The authority of the Minister General of the Order, a member of the Observant branch, but were allowed their distinct practices. They included: A difference of opinion developed in the community concerning the interpretation of the rule regarding property. The Observants held to a strict interpretation that the friars may not hold any property either individually nor communally. The literal and unconditional observance of this

8125-494: The body, will be capable of knowing the spiritual intuitively. Like other realist philosophers of the period (such as Aquinas and Henry of Ghent ) Scotus recognised the need for an intermediate distinction that was not merely conceptual but not fully real or mind-dependent either. Scotus argued for a formal distinction ( distinctio formalis a parte rei ), which holds between entities which are inseparable and indistinct in reality but whose definitions are not identical. For example,

8250-462: The castle, the bailey and the old wall, where the Friars Minor had moved when the University of Paris was dispersed in 1229–30. At that time there would have been about 270 people living there, of whom about 80 would have been friars. Duns Scotus appears to have been in Oxford by 1300, as he is listed among a group of friars for whom the provincial superior of the English ecclesiastical province (which included Scotland) requested faculties from

8375-403: The century by Henry of Ghent . In his Ordinatio (I.3.1.4) he argued against the sceptical consequences that Henry claimed would follow from abandoning divine illumination. Scotus argued that if our thinking were fallible in the way Henry had believed, such illumination could not, even in principle, ensure "certain and pure knowledge". Perhaps the most influential point of Duns Scotus's theology

8500-439: The common nature ( natura communis ) feature existing in any number of individuals. For Scotus, the axiom stating that only the individual exists is a dominating principle of the understanding of reality. For the apprehension of individuals, an intuitive cognition is required, which gives us the present existence or the non-existence of an individual, as opposed to abstract cognition. Thus the human soul, in its separated state from

8625-464: The condition of the building had deteriorated to a point where East Riding of Yorkshire Council had to undertake a thorough refurbishment in 2006–2008. It has since begun to attract well-known names again: in 2013 indie rock bands the Kaiser Chiefs and Kasabian , Irish band The Script and Joe McElderry all performed there. In 2014 blue plaques went up for Herman Darewski , composer and conductor of light music, and Wallace Hartley , leader of

8750-426: The contingency in what is ( de contingentia in entibus ); second, to consider how God's certain knowledge is compatible with the contingency of things. Scotus tries to defend the validity of Christian theology against the attack of ancient philosophers. The main argument is unpacked in Lectura I 39, §§49–53. Scotus argues that a necessary being (God) is able to have contingent knowledge, and that although this knowledge

8875-416: The criticism that Anselm makes an illicit leap from concept to reality. Finally, he gives a definite answer of "yes" to the question of whether there exists an actually infinite being. The very next question of the Ordinatio deals with the unicity of the nature thus proved to exist. However, the De Primo Principio version concludes with this argument. The proof for the conclusion that "some efficient cause

9000-605: The day and 2 °C (36 °F) at night. The 2001 UK census showed a population 47.4 per cent male and 52.6 per cent female. The religious affiliations were 77 per cent Christian, 0.14 per cent Buddhist, 0.03 per cent Jewish, 0.196 per cent Hindu, 0.04 per cent Sikh, 0.22 per cent other, and the rest, over 22 per cent stating no religion or not declaring one. The ethnic make-up was 98.7 per cent White, 0.43 per cent Mixed, 0.08 per cent Black/Black British, 0.19 per cent Chinese/Other Ethnic and 0.49 per cent Asian/British Asian. There were 16,237 dwellings. The 2011 UK census showed that

9125-418: The differences between the two and offers proofs for the conclusion that an infinity of essentially ordered causes in a series is impossible. Second, it is objected that his proof is not really a demonstration since it begins with a contingent premise. That something is produced is contingent and not necessary. Therefore, the proof proceeds from a contingent and not a necessary premise. Scotus says that while that

9250-401: The earlier county of Humberside. The town has been subject to several changes in parliamentary representation. From 1290 to 1831 it was part of the large Yorkshire constituency, sending two members until 1826, when it gained an additional two. Thereafter it was part of the East Riding of Yorkshire constituency until 1885, returning two members. Further reform reduced the boundaries again, to

9375-476: The early history of Bridlington, a small fishing port grew up near the coast, later known as Bridlington Quay. After the discovery of a chalybeate spring, the Quay developed in the 19th century into a seaside resort. Bridlington's first hotel was opened in 1805 and it soon became a popular resort with industrial workers from the West Riding of Yorkshire . A new railway station opened on 6 October 1846 between

9500-626: The existence of an actually infinite being. First from the view of the Relative Properties of God and second from the Absolute Properties of God. Relative properties are those which are predicable of God in relation to creation; absolute properties are those which belong to God whether or not He chose to create. Under the first heading of Relative Properties, Scotus argues for a triple primacy of efficiency, finality and pre-eminence. From there he shows that one primacy implies

9625-501: The first argument is alternatively qualified with the notion of ontological possibility, then we have necessary propositions as follows: It is possible that there is something different from God – it is not of itself (because then it would not be the case that it were possible), nor from nothing. Therefore, it is possible that it is from something else. Either it is possible that the other agent acts by virtue of itself – and not by virtue of something else, not being from something else – or it

9750-527: The first moment of Her conception, Mary was preserved free from the stain of original sin, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ." Scotus's position was hailed as "a correct expression of the faith of the Apostles." Another of Scotus's positions also gained official approval of the Catholic Church: his doctrine on the universal primacy of Christ became the underlying rationale for the feast of Christ

9875-664: The following arguments, Scotus does not attempt to contradict Aristotle. He does not affirm or reject the ideas of Aristotle. The only issue he argues against is the proposition that God cannot have determinate knowledge of the future. Scotus appears to try to fully demonstrate that Aristotle's text is not contradictory to the Christian doctrine of God. Scotus argues that God wills with one single volition ( unica volitione ) whatever he wills. God has one volition ad intra , but this one volition can be related to many opposite things ad extra . God can simultaneously will one thing at time 1 and

10000-637: The groups that followed the Franciscan Rule literally were united to the Observants, and the right to elect the Minister General of the Order , together with the seal of the order, was given to the group united under the Observants. This grouping, since it adhered more closely to the rule of the founder, was allowed to claim a certain superiority over the Conventuals. The Observant general (elected now for six years, not for life) inherited

10125-554: The help of other works of Aristotle in Lectura I 39 §§51, 54; (4) Scotus introduces the diachronic feature of God's volition to his contingency theory as well as the synchronic feature. Duns Scotus argued that it is better to construct a metaphysical argument for the existence of God, rather than the more common physical argument from motion favoured by Aquinas, following Aristotle. Though the version in De Primo Principio

10250-465: The influence of Scotus (as well as that of his arch-rival William of Ockham ) spread in the fourteenth century. Franciscan theologians in the late Middle Ages were thus divided between so-called Scotists and Ockhamists. Fourteenth century followers included Francis of Mayrone (died 1325), Antonius Andreas (died 1320), William of Alnwick (died 1333), and John of Bassolis (died 1347), supposedly Scotus's favourite student. His reputation suffered during

10375-586: The junction of the B1254 and Queensgate. Westgate Park is a mostly wooded area between Westgate and the A165 on the outskirts of the town. The largest open area is Duke's Park, between Queensgate and the railway line. It hosts Bridlington Sports and Community Club, a skate park and Bridlington Town Football Club. In addition, there is a Sports Centre on the outskirts, in Gypsey Road, with a general-purpose sports hall,

10500-464: The last claim will be proved later in the argument. In the Lectura proof, Scotus argues the following way: Although beings different from God are actually contingent with respect to their factual existence, nevertheless, they are not with respect to their possible existence. Hence, those entities which are called contingent with respect to their factual existence are necessary with respect to their possible existence – for instance, although "There exists

10625-482: The last instant. Whichever of these options was most excellent should probably be attributed to Mary. This apparently careful statement provoked a storm of opposition at Paris, and suggested the line 'fired France for Mary without spot' in the famous poem "Duns Scotus's Oxford," by Gerard Manley Hopkins . Scotus's argument appears in Pope Pius IX 's 1854 declaration of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, "at

10750-509: The late 20th century. Decline in the popularity of seaside tourism in the 1960s, reduced the number of pleasure steamers working from the harbour. By the end of the decade, just three were operating. Bridlington is within the unitary authority of the East Riding of Yorkshire. Its three wards are Bridlington North, Bridlington South and Bridlington Old Town and Central, returning eight councillors out of 67. The civil parish consists of

10875-489: The late fifteenth century with the advent of printing . His school was probably at the height of its popularity at the beginning of the seventeenth century; during the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries there were special Scotist chairs, e.g. at Paris, Rome, Coimbra, Salamanca, Alcalá, Padua, and Pavia. New ideas were included pseudographically in later editions of his work, such as the principle of explosion , now attributed to Pseudo-Scotus . Scotism flourished well into

11000-409: The life and ministry of Jesus Christ . Franciscans traveled and preached in the streets, while boarding in church properties. The extreme poverty required of members was relaxed in the final revision of the Rule in 1223. The degree of observance required of members remained a major source of conflict within the order, resulting in numerous secessions. The Order of Friars Minor, previously known as

11125-549: The location of angels, is a starting point for a complex discussion about continuous motion, and whether the same thing can be in two different places at the same time ( bilocation ). In the same book, Distinction 3, he uses the question of how angels can be different from one another, given that they have no material bodies, to investigate the difficult question of individuation in general. Scotus wrote purely philosophical and logical works at an early stage of his career, consisting of commentaries on Aristotle's Organon . These are

11250-412: The mind (as opposed to a Platonic "third realm"). He attacks a position close to that later defended by Ockham , arguing that things have a common nature – for example the humanity common to Socrates , Plato , and Plutarch . He followed Aristotle in asserting that the subject matter of metaphysics is "being qua being" ( ens inquantum ens ). Being in general ( ens in communi ), as a univocal notion,

11375-426: The name of his brotherhood (Order of Second-Class Brothers) indicates his coming to an appreciation of his social condition on behalf of those who have no class or citizenship in society. The modern organization of the Friars Minor comprises several separate families or groups, each considered a religious order in its own right under its own Minister General and particular type of governance. They all live according to

11500-689: The north and south. Apart from landing fish, the port was used to transport corn: the 1826 Corn Exchange can still be seen in Market Place. There used to be mills in the town for grinding it, which led to some breweries starting up locally. In the Second World War , Bridlington suffered several air raids that caused deaths and much bomb damage. The Royal Air Force had training schools in the town collectively known as RAF Bridlington , with one unit, No. 1104 Marine Craft Unit, continuing until 1980. Like most industry, these had petered out by

11625-631: The opposite thing at time 2. There are various possible interpretations of Aristotle's De Interpretatione IX. For example, John Buridan (ca. 1300–1362) thought the Scotistic contingency theory was an Aristotelian view . Buridan's judgment is all the more possible because of at least four reasons: (1) Aristotle's De Interpretatione IX, 19a23-25 can be interpreted like the Scotistic contingency theory; (2) Scotus himself does not refute Aristotle's De Interpretatione IX in Lectura I 39 §§49–53; (3) Scotus, rather, tries to formulate his contingency theory with

11750-547: The orchestra playing as the Titanic sank. Hartley had led an orchestra in the town in 1902. Darewski was musical director for the town in 1924–1926 and 1933–1939. Brindlington has several notable public artworks along the seafront. 'Promenade' by Bruce McLean and Mel Gooding with architects Bauman Lyon runs the length of the South Foreshore and encompasses beach huts, a metal sculpture and public showers as well as

11875-668: The others, and finally there can only be one nature that is the First Efficient Cause, Ultimate End, and the Most Perfect Nature. From there the Subtle Doctor discusses the Absolute Properties of God. The First Being is intellectual and volitional, and the intellect and will are identical with the essence of this supreme nature. The First Being is also infinite being. While discussing the infinity of God, Scotus resurrects Anselm's argument and responds to

12000-532: The personal properties of the Trinity are formally distinct from the Divine essence. Similarly, the distinction between the 'thisness' or haecceity of a thing is intermediate between a real and a conceptual distinction. There is also a formal distinction between the divine attributes and the powers of the soul. Scotus was an Augustinian-Franciscan theologian. He is usually associated with theological voluntarism ,

12125-601: The principal city in the county. It is 179 miles (288 km) north of London . The height above sea level ranges from the beaches to 167 feet (51 m) on Bempton Lane on the outskirts. The Gypsey Race river flows through the town, the last 1 ⁄ 2  mi (800 m) being below ground from the Quay Road Car Park. The solid geology of the area is mainly from the Cretaceous period, consisting of Chalk overlain by Quaternary Boulder clay . The chalk

12250-452: The reformed congregations and annexed them to the Observants; it then declared the Observants an independent order, and separated them completely from the Conventuals. The less strict principles of the Conventuals, permitting the possession of real estate and the enjoyment of fixed revenues, were recognized as tolerable, while the Observants, in contrast to this usus moderatus , were held strictly to their own usus arctus or pauper . All of

12375-431: The same substance can have more than one substantial form – for instance, humans have at least two substantial forms, the soul and the form of the body ( forma corporeitas ) (cf. Ordinatio 4, d. 11, q. 3, n. 54). He argued for an original principle of individuation (cf. Ordinatio 2, d. 3, pars 1, qq. 1–6), the " haecceity " as the ultimate unity of a unique individual ( haecceitas , an entity's 'thisness'), as opposed to

12500-521: The second century BC — suggesting the port was in use long before the Roman conquest of Britain . In the fourth century AD, Count Theodosius set up signal stations on the North Yorkshire coast to warn of Saxon raids. It has been suggested that the current town was built near the site of a Roman maritime station called Gabrantovicorum . In the early second-century, Ptolemy described what

12625-513: The seventeenth century, and its influence can be seen in such writers as Descartes and Bramhall . Interest dwindled in the eighteenth century, and the revival of scholastic philosophy, known as neo-Scholasticism , was essentially a revival of Thomistic thinking. Gerard Manley Hopkins was able to reconcile his religious calling and his vocation as a poet thanks to his reading of Duns Scotus. His poem As Kingfishers Catch Fire expresses Duns Scotus's ideas on "haecceity". The twentieth century saw

12750-489: The site of an Augustinian Priory . As a sea-fishing port, the town is known for shellfish , and is the largest lobster port in Europe, with over 300 tonnes of the crustaceans landed there each year. It has been termed the "Lobster Capital of Europe". Alongside manufacturing, retail and service firms, its main trade is summer tourism. It holds one of the UK's coastal weather stations . Archaeological evidence shows habitation of

12875-577: The site of the dispersed priory. In 1643 Queen Henrietta Maria of France landed there with troops to support the Royalist cause in the English Civil War , before moving on to York , which became her headquarters. The town was originally two settlements: the Old Town about one mile (1.6 km) inland and the Quay area where the modern harbour lies. In 1837, an Act of Parliament enabled the wooden piers to be replaced with two stone piers to

13000-552: The smaller branches, but left the division of the two great parties untouched. This division was finally legalized by Leo X , after a general chapter held in Rome in 1517, in connection with the reform movement of the Fifth Lateran Council , had once more declared the impossibility of reunion. Leo X summoned on 11 July 1516 a general chapter to meet at Rome on the feast of Pentecost 31 May 1517. This chapter suppressed all

13125-534: The strict observance of the rule. Pope Martin V , in the Brief Ad statum of 23 August 1430, allowed the Conventuals to hold property like all other orders. Projects for a union between the two main branches of the order were put forth not only by the Council of Constance but by several popes, without any positive result. By direction of Pope Martin V , John of Capistrano drew up statutes which were to serve as

13250-574: The taxation of church property. Duns Scotus was back in Paris before the end of 1304, probably returning in May. He continued lecturing there until, for reasons that are still mysterious, he was dispatched to the Franciscan studium at Cologne , probably in October 1307. According to the 15th-century writer William Vorilong , his departure was sudden and unexpected. He was relaxing or talking with students in

13375-424: The tendency to emphasize God's will and human freedom in all philosophical issues. The main difference between Aquinas 's rational theology and that of Scotus is that Scotus believed certain predicates may be applied univocally, with exactly the same meaning, to God and creatures, whereas Aquinas insisted that this is impossible and that only analogical predication can be employed, in which a word as applied to God has

13500-473: The time of Edward the Confessor to eight shillings (£0.40) at the time of the survey, comprising two villeins and one socman with one and a half Carucate , the rest being waste. Walter de Gant founded an Augustinian priory on the land in 1133, confirmed by Henry I in a charter. Several succeeding kings confirmed and extended Walter de Gant's gift: King Stephen granted an additional right to have

13625-815: The title of "Minister-General of the Whole Order of St. Francis" and was granted the right to confirm the choice of a head for the Conventuals, who was known as "Master-General of the Friars Minor Conventual"—although this privilege never became practically operative. In 1875, the Kulturkampf expelled the majority of the German Franciscans, most of whom settled in North America. The habit has been gradually changed in colour and certain other details. Its colour, which

13750-481: The town of Bridlington and the villages of Bessingby and Sewerby . It is run by a town council of twelve councillors, of which the three wards each return four. The Town Council coat of arms is described as: Per Sable and Argent three Gothic Capital letters B counterchanged on a Chief embattled of the second two Barrulets wavy Azure and for the Crest Issuant from a Coronet composed of eight Roses set upon

13875-622: The turn of the seventeenth, a fundamentally new approach to being was developed, with Scotus taking a major part in its development. During the 1990s, various scholars extended this argument to locate Scotus as the first thinker who succumbed to what Heidegger termed 'onto-theology'. In recent years, this criticism of Scotus has become disseminated in particular through the writings of the 'Radical Orthodox' group of theologians, drawing on John Milbank and Catherine Pickstock . The Radical Orthodox model has been questioned by Daniel Horan and Thomas Williams, both of whom claim that Scotus's doctrine of

14000-513: The two divisions of the clergy. This question was definitively settled by the Council of Trent . Amid numerous dissensions in the 14th century, a number of separate observances sprang up, almost like sects (to say nothing of the heretical parties of the Beghards and Fraticelli ), some of which developed within the order on both hermit and cenobitic principles. They all operated generally under

14125-533: The univocity of being is a semantic, rather than an ontological theory. Both thinkers cite Ord. 1, d. 3, pars 1, q. 3, n. 163, in which Scotus claims that "This [univocally] is how all the authoritative passages one might find on this topic in the Metaphysics or Physics should be interpreted: in terms of the ontological diversity of those things to which the concept is attributed, which is compatible with there being one concept that can be abstracted from them". Such

14250-528: The work are Scotus's notes for the Oxford lectures, recently transcribed and published as the Lectura , the first book of which was probably written in Oxford in the late 1290s, and the Reportatio parisiensis (or Opus parisiense ), consisting of transcriptions of the lectures on the Sentences given by Scotus when he was in Paris. A reportatio is a student report or transcription of the original lecture of

14375-554: Was actually by Thomas of Erfurt , a 14th-century logician of the modist school . Thus the claim that Martin Heidegger wrote his habilitation thesis on Scotus is only half true, as the second part is actually based on the work by Erfurt. Scotus' view of universals is known as Scotistic realism . Scotus is generally considered to be a realist (as opposed to a nominalist ) in that he treated universals as real, but he held that they exist both in particular things and as concepts in

14500-430: Was appropriate, therefore He did it), Duns Scotus devised the following argument: Mary was in need of redemption like all other human beings, but through the merits of Jesus' crucifixion , given in advance, she was conceived without the stain of original sin. God could have brought it about (1) that she was never in original sin, (2) she was in sin only for an instant, (3) she was in sin for a period of time, being purged at

14625-592: Was at first grey or a medium brown, is now a dark brown. The dress, which consists of a loose-sleeved gown, is confined by a white cord, from which is hung, since the fifteenth century, the Seraphic Rosary with its seven decades. Sandals are substituted for shoes. Around the neck and over the shoulders hangs the cowl. The habit of referring to the Francisans as Cordeliers in France is said to date back to

14750-476: Was for him the first object of the intellect. The doctrine of the univocity of being implies the denial of any real distinction between essence and existence . Aquinas had argued that in all finite being (i.e. all except God) the essence of a thing is distinct from its existence. Scotus rejected the distinction. Scotus argued that we cannot conceive of what it is to be something, without conceiving it as existing. We should not make any distinction between whether

14875-486: Was his defense of the Immaculate Conception of Mary (i.e., that Mary herself was conceived without sin). At the time, there was a great deal of argument about the subject. The general opinion was that it was appropriately deferential to the Mother of God , but it could not be seen how to resolve the problem that only with Christ 's death would the stain of original sin be removed. The great philosophers and theologians of

15000-459: Was known as "Doctor Subtilis" because of the subtle distinctions and nuances of his thinking. Later philosophers in the sixteenth century were less complimentary about his work and accused him of sophistry . This led to the word " dunce ," which developed from the name "Dunse" given to his followers in the 1500s, becoming used for "somebody who is incapable of scholarship ." Critics of Scotus' work described his followers as "dunces". The 'dunce cap'

15125-540: Was permitted. That his contemporaries called him Johannes Duns , after the medieval practice of calling people by their Christian name followed by their place of origin, suggests that he came from Duns , in Berwickshire, Scotland. According to tradition, Duns Scotus was educated at a Franciscan studium generale (a medieval university ), a house behind St Ebbe's Church, Oxford , in a triangular area enclosed by Pennyfarthing Street and running from St Aldate's to

15250-426: Was possibly Bridlington Bay in his Geography as Γαβραντουικων Ευλίμενος κόλπος "Gabrantwikone bay suitable for a harbour". No sheltered ancient harbour has been found, coastal erosion will have destroyed traces of any Roman installation near the harbour. Another station at Flamborough Head is also believed to have had one – probably on Beacon Hill (now a gravel quarry) from where Filey , Scarborough Castle and

15375-654: Was recorded at 114.8 decibels . He appeared as the Walmington-on-Sea town crier in the 2016 film Dad's Army . Bridlington Priory , also known as the Priory Church of St Mary, is a Grade I listed building named after the Augustinian Priory on which it was built. It was once fortified; the Bayle (gate) nearby is what remains of that fortification and also a Grade I listed building. It has

15500-528: Was rendered impracticable by the great expansion of the order, its pursuit of learning, and the accumulated property of the large cloisters in the towns. Regulations were drafted by which all alms donated were held by custodians appointed by the Holy See, who would make distributions upon request. It was John XXII who had introduced Conventualism in the sense of community of goods, income, and property as in other religious orders, in contradiction to Observantism or

15625-436: Was used as a form of punishment in schools and the word 'dunce' has come to be used as a term to describe someone dull-witted. An important question since the 1960s has revolved over whether Scotus's thought heralded a change in thinking on the nature of 'being,' a change which marked a shift from Aquinas and other previous thinkers; this question has been particularly significant in recent years because it has come to be seen as

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