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48-463: Despite being situated in the central part of the present-day city of Bergen, the Puddefjorden did not play a major role in the city's early history. The fjord experiences strong currents and has numerous small islets , rendering boat passage dangerous. Furthermore, its innermost parts used to lightly freeze over during winters. Because of that, the nearby Vågen bay was the preferred entrance to

96-541: A Soviet submarine near the island and attacked her with depth charges, but it managed to escape. The Romanian marines were evacuated from the island and Soviet troops occupied it on 29–30 August 1944. The Paris Peace Treaties of 1947 between the protagonists of World War II stipulated that Romania cede Northern Bukovina , the Hertsa region , Budjak , and Bessarabia to the Soviet Union, but made no mention of

144-588: A lighthouse on the very site obliterated all trace of it. Ovid , who was banished to Tomis , mentions the island, so do Ptolemy and Strabo . The island is described in Pliny the Elder 's Natural History , IV.27.1. It is also described in Arrian 's Letter to Emperor Hadrian , a historical document movingly drawn upon by Marguerite Yourcenar in her Memoirs of Hadrian . Several ancient inscriptions were found on

192-530: A military radar , and transferred all other infrastructure to civilians. Eventually, the Romania-Ukraine international relationships soured (see "Maritime delimitation" section) when Romania tried to assert that the island is no more than a rock in the sea. In February 2007, the Verkhovna Rada approved establishing a rural settlement as part of Vylkove city which is located some distance away at

240-399: A nearby area. This view held until the mid-1800s. The fjord's northeastern side belonged to the city, however, and scattered habitations appeared there at the end of the 17th century, later becoming the neighbourhoods of Møhlenpris and Nøstet. The original Puddefjorden was both longer and broader than it is today, but after extensive industrialisation of the nearby areas in the 19th century,

288-496: A post office, a bank (branch of the Ukrainian bank "Aval"), the first-aid station, a satellite television provider, a phone network, a cell phone tower, and an Internet link. Most of building structures are located either in the middle of the island by a lighthouse or the northeastern peninsula of the island by its pier. The island lacks a fresh water source. Its border guard contingent is regularly resupplied by air. Since 2009

336-444: A temple of the hero with a statue inside. Solinus wrote that on the island there was a sacred shrine. According to Arrian in the temple there were many offerings to Achilles and Patroclus . Furthermore, people came to the island and sacrificed or set animals free in honour of Achilles. He also added that people said that Achilles and Patroclus appeared in front of them as hallucinations or in their dreams while they were approaching

384-543: Is a Ukrainian island located in the Black Sea , near the Danube Delta , with an important role in delimiting Ukrainian territorial waters. The island has been known since classical antiquity , and during that era hosted a Greek temple to Achilles . Today, it is administered as part of Izmail Raion of Ukraine's Odesa Oblast . The island is populated, reported to have under 30 people in 2012. A village, Bile ,

432-439: Is a very small, often unnamed, island with little or no vegetation to support human habitation . It may be made of rock, sand and/or hard coral ; may be permanent or tidal (i.e. surfaced reef or seamount ); and may exist in the sea , lakes , rivers or any other sizeable bodies of water . As suggested by its origin islette , an Old French diminutive of "isle", use of the term implies small size, but little attention

480-466: Is given to drawing an upper limit on its applicability. The World Landforms website says, "An islet landform is generally considered to be a rock or small island that has little vegetation and cannot sustain human habitation", and further that size may vary from a few square feet to several square miles, with no specific rule pertaining to size. Whether an islet is considered a rock or not, it can have significant economic consequences under Article 121 of

528-478: Is listed as UKR 050 by ARLHS, EU-182 by IOTA, and BS-07 by UIA. The island was named by the Greeks Leuke ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Λευκή , 'White Island') and was similarly known by Romans as Alba , probably because of the white marble formations that can be found on the isle. According to Dionysius Periegetes , it was called Leuke, because the serpents there were white. According to Arrian , it

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576-555: The Shchuka class ( Shch-208 and Shch-213 ) and three of the M class ( M-35 , M-56 , and M-62 ) conducted a patrol near the island. On 29–30 October and 5 November 1942, the Romanian minelayers Amiral Murgescu and Dacia , together with the Romanian destroyers Regina Maria , Regele Ferdinand , the Romanian flotilla leader Mărăști , the Romanian gunboat Stihi and four German R boats laid two mine barrages around

624-688: The Bystroe Canal and Skhidnyi Channel. The closest Romanian coastal city, Sulina , is 45 km (28 mi) away. The closest Ukrainian city is Vylkove , 50 km (31 mi); however, there also is a port Ust-Dunaisk, 44 km (27 mi) away from the island. For the end of 2011 in Zmiinyi Island coastal waters, 58 fish species (12 of which are included into the Red Book of Ukraine) and six crab species were recorded. A presidential decree of 9 December 1998, Number 1341/98, declared

672-478: The International Court of Justice in 2009, providing Romania with almost 80% of the disputed maritime territory. In the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , two Russian navy warships attacked and captured Snake Island . It was subsequently bombarded heavily by Ukraine and recaptured within a few months, following a Russian withdrawal. Snake Island is located 35 km from the coast, east of

720-519: The Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University established the Ostriv Zmiinyi marine research station every year, at which scientists and students from the university conduct research on local fauna, flora, geology, meteorology, atmospheric chemistry, and hydrobiology. In accordance with a 1997 Treaty between Romania and Ukraine, the Ukrainian authorities withdrew an army radio division, demolished

768-791: The Romania-Ukraine dispute , and previously in the dispute between Libya and Malta involving the islet of Filfla . There are thousands of islets on Earth: approximately 24,000 islands and islets in the Stockholm archipelago alone. The following is a list of example islets from around the world. Snake Island (Black Sea) 45°15′18″N 30°12′15″E  /  45.25500°N 30.20417°E  / 45.25500; 30.20417 Snake Island , also known as Serpent Island , White Island , Island of Achilles or Zmiinyi Island ( Ukrainian : острів Змії́ний , romanized :  ostriv Zmiinyi ; Romanian : Insula Șerpilor ),

816-651: The Romanian alliance with Russia , the Russians operated a wireless station on the island, which was destroyed on 25 June 1917 when it was bombarded by the Ottoman cruiser Midilli (built as SMS Breslau of the German Navy). The lighthouse (built by Marius Michel Pasha in 1860) was also damaged and possibly destroyed. The 1920 Treaty of Versailles reconfirmed the island as part of Romania. The lighthouse

864-620: The Soviet Union . In 1997, Romania and Ukraine signed a treaty in which both states "reaffirm that the existing border between them is inviolable and therefore, they shall refrain, now and in future, from any attempt against the border, as well as from any demand, or act of, seizure and usurpation of part or all the territory of the Contracting Party". However, both sides have agreed that if no resolution on maritime borders can be reached within two years, then either side can go to

912-652: The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea , which stipulates that "Rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf ." One long-term dispute over the status of such an islet was that of Snake Island (Black Sea) . The International Court of Justice jurisprudence however sometimes ignores islets, regardless of inhabitation status, in deciding territorial disputes; it did so in 2009 in adjudicating

960-728: The Hellenic cult of Achilles centred here. According to another myth Thetis gave the island to Achilles and let him live there. The oracle of Delphi sent Leonymus (other writers called him Autoleon ) to the Island, telling him that there Ajax the Great would appear to him and cure his wound. Leonymus said that on the island he saw Achilles, Ajax the Great, Ajax the Lesser , Patroclus , Antilochus and Helen of Troy . In addition, Helen told him to go to Stesichorus at Himera and tell him that

1008-622: The Romanian-Soviet State Border Regime, Collaboration and Mutual Assistance on Border Matters, signed in Bucharest on 27 February 1961. Between 1967 and 1987, the USSR and Romanian side negotiated the delimitation of the continental shelf. The Romanian side refused to accept a Russian offer of 4,000 km (1,500 sq mi) out of 6,000 km (2,300 sq mi) around the island in 1987. Following

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1056-519: The Soviet destroyer leader Kharkov together with the destroyers Bezposhchadny and Smyshlyonyi and several torpedo boats ran a patrol near the island, but found no Axis ships. On 9 July 1941, the Soviet destroyer leader Tashkent together with four other destroyers ( Bodry , Boiky , Bezuprechny , and Bezposhchadny ) conducted a shipping sweep operation near the island, but did not make any contacts. On 7 September 1941, two Soviet submarines of

1104-417: The city for nearly all water-craft traffic. The ice, islets, and strong current caused the kings of Alrekstad (today known as Årstad ) to avoid using Puddefjorden. The ice also stopped an invasion attempt by Kristoffer Throndsen in 1536, when Puddefjorden went all the way in to what is now known as Lille Lungegårdsvann . Puddefjorden was originally not considered a part of the city of Bergen, but rather

1152-538: The coast of the island or sailing a short distance from it. Pliny the Elder wrote that the tomb of the hero was on the island. According to the legend, on the island no bird flew higher than the temple of Achilles. The uninhabited isle Achilleis ("of Achilles ") was the major sanctuary of the hero, where "seabirds dipped their wings in water to sweep the temples clean", according to Constantine D. Kyriazis. Several temples of Thracian Apollo can be found here, and there are submerged ruins. According to Greek myths

1200-407: The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine inherited control over the island. A number of Romanian parties and organizations consistently claimed it should be included in its territory. According to the Romanian side, in the peace treaties of 1918 and 1920 (after World War I ), the isle was considered part of Romania, and it was not mentioned in the 1947 border-changing treaty between Romania and

1248-658: The course of the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 . In 1829, following the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 , the island became part of the Russian Empire until 1856. In 1877, following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 , the Ottoman Empire gave the island and Northern Dobruja region to Romania , as a reimbursement for the Russian annexation of Romania's Southern Bessarabia region. As part of

1296-474: The development of the island was suspended due to financing which caused a great degree of concern of local authorities asking for more funding from the state. The Snake Island Lighthouse was built in the autumn of 1842 by the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Empire . The lighthouse is an octagonal -shaped building, 12 meters tall, located near the highest elevated area of the island, 40 meters above

1344-574: The fjord's form was altered. Formerly, the Puddefjord was wrapped around the city, ending only a few blocks away from Vågen. Following the final filling of the strait between Lille Lungegårdsvannet and Store Lungegårdsvannet in 1926, the fjord now stops in the Store Lungegårdsvannet bay. The first bridge across Puddefjorden was the first Nygård Bridge , opened in 1851. Since that time, three additional bridges have been built across

1392-624: The fjord; the New Nygård Bridge (1978), the Second New Nygård Bridge (2008), and the Puddefjord Bridge (1956). The former three cross the entrance to Store Lungegårdsvann, while the fourth spans the fjord between Møhlenpris and Gyldenpris . Industry has had an environmental effect on the fjord, and its sediment has become polluted with PCB and mercury . There has never been a thorough record of

1440-425: The island and coastal waters as a state-protected area. The total protected area covers 232 hectares (570 acres). The island was one of the last hauling-out sites in the basin for critically endangered Mediterranean monk seals until the 1950s. About 100 inhabitants live on the island's only settlement, Bile , mostly frontier guard servicemen with their families and technical personnel. In 2003, an initiative of

1488-424: The island up to 25 metres high. The structural geology of the island is defined by a wavy monocline oriented to the northeast, with a small anticline in the eastern part of the island. The island is crisscrossed by faults with both N-S and NE-SW orientations. The nearest coastal location to the island is Kubanskyi Island on the Ukrainian part of the Danube Delta , located 35 km (22 mi) away between

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1536-489: The island was created by Poseidon for Achilles to inhabit, but also for sailors to have an island to anchor at the Euxine Sea , but the sailors should never sleep on the island. According to a surviving epitome of the lost Trojan War epic of Arctinus of Miletus , the remains of Achilles and Patroclus were brought to this island by Thetis , to be put in a sanctuary, furnishing the aition , or founding myth of

1584-457: The island, but failed to inflict significant losses. On 11 December 1942, the Soviet submarine Shch-212 was sunk by a Romanian minefield near the island along with all of her crew of 44. The Soviet submarine M-31 was either sunk as well by the Romanian mine barrages near the island on 17 December, or sunk with depth charges by the Romanian flotilla leader Mărășești on 7 July 1943. On 25 August 1943, two Romanian motorboats spotted

1632-420: The island, including a 4th-century BC Olbiopolitan decree which praises someone for defeating and driving out the pirates that lived on the "holy island". Another inscription which found on the island and dates back to the fifth century BC writes: "Glaukos, son of Posideios, dedicated me to Achilles, lord of Leuke" A fragment was found on the island which was signed by the famous ancient painter Epiktetos and

1680-408: The island. On 1 December 1942, while the Soviet cruiser Voroshilov together with the destroyer Soobrazitelny were bombarding the island with forty-six 180 mm and fifty-seven 100 mm shells, the cruiser was damaged by Romanian mines, but it managed to return to Poti for repairs under her own power. During the brief bombardment, she struck the radio station, barracks and lighthouse on

1728-473: The lighthouse visibility to 37 kilometres (20 nmi). The lighthouse was either destroyed or damaged in the First World War (it is not clear which). It was subsequently rebuilt (see #World War I below). The lighthouse was heavily damaged during World War II by Soviet aviation and German retreating forces. It was restored at the end of 1944 by the Odesa military radio detachment. In 1949 it

1776-421: The loss of his sight was caused by her wrath. Pomponius Mela wrote that Achilles was buried there. In Andromache , work of Euripides , Thetis mention the island and said that Achilles was "dwelling on his island home". Ruins believed to be of a square temple dedicated to Achilles, 30 meters to a side, were discovered by the Russian naval Captain N. D. Kritzkii in 1823, but the subsequent construction of

1824-463: The mouth of the Danube . In addition to a helicopter platform, in 2002 a pier was built for ships with up to 8 meter draught, and construction of a harbour is underway. The island is supplied with navigation equipment, including a 150-year-old lighthouse . Electric power is provided by a dual solar/diesel power station. The island also has civil infrastructure such as the marine research station,

1872-567: The mouth of the Danube River . The island is irregularly shaped, with an area of 0.205 km (0.079 sq mi) and a maximum diameter of about 700m. The gently sloping terrain reaches its highest point 41 metres (135 ft) above sea level. The bedrock of the island consists of Silurian and Devonian sedimentary rocks, primarily metamorphosed , highly cemented quartzite conglomerate - breccias , with subordinate conglomerate, sandstone and clay , which form cliffs surrounding

1920-471: The mouths of the Danube and Snake Island. Until 1948, Snake Island was a part of Romania. On 4 February 1948, during the delimitation of the frontier, Romania and the Soviet Union signed a protocol that left Snake Island and several islets on the Danube south of the 1917 Romanian-Russian border under Soviet administration. Romania disputed the validity of this protocol, since it was never ratified by either of

1968-439: The poisons released into Puddefjorden, and both smaller businesses and locals have used Store Lungegårdsvann as a disposal area. As a result, Puddefjorden is now divided into five sub-areas and the rinsing process is estimated to cost around 10 million  kr . Islet An islet ( / ˈ aɪ l ə t / EYE -lət ) is generally a small island . Definitions vary, and are not precise, but some suggest that an islet

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2016-597: The potter Nikosthenes . The island was one of the three sites in the Black Sea which stand out in the cult of Achilles, the other two were the Racecourse of Achilles and the Pontic Olbia . The Greeks during the Ottoman Empire renamed it Fidonisi ( Greek : Φιδονήσι , 'Snake Island') and the island gave its name to the naval Battle of Fidonisi , fought between the Ottoman and Russian fleets in 1788, during

2064-556: The sea level. The lighthouse built on site of the previously destroyed temple of Achilles is adjacent to a housing building. The remnants of the Greek temple were found in 1823. As lighthouse technology progressed, in 1860 new lighthouse lamps were bought from England, and one of them was installed in the Lighthouse in 1862. In the early 1890s a new kerosene lamp was installed, with lamp rotating equipment and flat lenses. It improved

2112-778: The two countries; nevertheless it did not make any official claim on the territories. The same year, in 1948, during the Cold War , a Soviet radar post was built on the isle (for both naval and anti-aircraft purposes). The Soviet Union's possession of Snake Island was confirmed in the Treaty between the Government of the People's Republic of Romania and the Government of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics on

2160-570: Was called Leuke due to its color. He and Stephanus of Byzantium mentioned that the island was also referred to as the Island of Achilles ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ἀχιλλέως νῆσος and Ἀχίλλεια νῆσος ) and the Racecourse of Achilles ( Δρόμον Ἀχιλλέως and Ἀχίλλειος δρόμος ), though this is now identified with the Tendra Spit . The island was sacred to the hero Achilles and had

2208-478: Was founded in February 2007 with the purpose of consolidating the status of the island as an inhabited place. This happened during the period in which the island was part of a border dispute between Romania and Ukraine from 2004 to 2009, during which Romania contested the technical definition of the island and borders around it. The territorial limits of the continental shelf around Snake Island were delineated by

2256-434: Was further reconstructed and equipped by the Black Sea Fleet . The lighthouse was further upgraded in 1975 and 1984. In 1988 a new radio beacon "KPM-300" was installed with radio signal range of 280 kilometres (150 nmi). In August 2004, the lighthouse was equipped with a radio beacon "Yantar-2M-200", which provides differential correction signal for global navigation satellite systems GPS and GLONASS . The lighthouse

2304-763: Was rebuilt in 1922. The island, under Romanian control during the Second World War, was the location of a radio station used by the Axis forces, which turned it into a target for the Soviet Black Sea Fleet . The island's defences mainly consisted of several 122 mm and 76 mm anti-aircraft guns, captured from the Russians. The Romanian marine platoon defending the island was also equipped with two 45 mm coastal guns, two 37 mm anti-aircraft guns, and two anti-aircraft machine guns. The first naval action took place on 23 June 1941, when

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