130-740: Puffin Books is a longstanding children's imprint of the British publishers Penguin Books . Since the 1960s, it has been among the largest publishers of children's books in the UK and much of the English-speaking world. The imprint now belongs to Penguin Random House , a subsidiary of the German media conglomerate Bertelsmann . Four years after Penguin Books had been founded by Allen Lane ,
260-610: A 2006 list for the Royal Society of Literature , author J. K. Rowling (author of the Harry Potter books) named Charlie and the Chocolate Factory among her top ten books that every child should read. A fan of the book since childhood, film director Tim Burton wrote: "I responded to Charlie and the Chocolate Factory because it respected the fact that children can be adults." A 2004 study found that it
390-631: A blog post accompanying the announcement about the jacket art: "This new image . . . looks at the children at the center of the story, and highlights the way Roald Dahl’s writing manages to embrace both the light and the dark aspects of life." Additionally, Penguin Press's Helen Conford told the Bookseller: "We wanted something that spoke about the other qualities in the book. It's a children's story that also steps outside children's and people aren't used to seeing Dahl in that way." She continued: "[There is]
520-494: A blueberry pie flavor, Veruca and her parents fall down a garbage chute after the former tries to capture one of the nut-testing squirrels, and Mike is shrunk down to the size of a chocolate bar after misusing the Television Chocolate device despite Wonka's warnings. The Oompa-Loompas sing about the children's misbehaviour each time disaster strikes. With only Charlie remaining, Wonka congratulates him for "winning"
650-416: A doll-like expression, taken by the photographers Sofia Sanchez and Mauro Mongiello as part of a photo shoot for a 2008 fashion article in a French magazine, for a fashion article titled "Mommie Dearest." In addition to writing that "the image seemingly has little to do with the beloved children's classic", reviewers and commentators in social media (such as posters on the publisher's Facebook page) have said
780-466: A few hours later. After learning the purpose of Spotty Powder, the humourless, smug Miranda Piker and her equally humourless father (a schoolmaster) are enraged and disappear into the Spotty Powder room to sabotage the machine. Soon after entering, they are heard making what Mrs. Piker interprets as screams. Mr. Wonka assures her (after making a brief joke where he claims that headmasters are one of
910-609: A film adaptation sparked a statement from the NAACP , which expressed concern that the transportation of Oompa-Loompas to Wonka's factory resembled slavery , Dahl found himself sympathising with their concerns and published a revised edition. In this edition, as well as the subsequent sequel, the Oompa-Loompas were drawn as being white and appearing similar to hippies , and the references to Africa were deleted. In 2023, publisher Puffin made more than eighty additional changes to
1040-538: A letter to The Horn Book Review , saying that her own daughter would turn "quite nasty" upon finishing the book. Dahl responded to Cameron's criticisms by noting that the classics that she had cited would not be well received by contemporary children. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory has frequently been adapted for other media, including games, radio, the screen, and stage, most often as plays or musicals for children – often titled Willy Wonka or Willy Wonka, Jr. and almost always featuring musical numbers by all
1170-483: A line of the publishers The Bodley Head , only becoming a separate company the following year. Penguin revolutionised publishing in the 1930s through its inexpensive paperbacks , sold through Woolworths and other stores for sixpence , bringing high-quality fiction and non-fiction to the mass market . Its success showed that large audiences existed for several books. It also affected modern British popular culture significantly through its books concerning politics,
1300-427: A lot of ill feeling about it, I think because it's such a treasured book and a book which isn't really a 'crossover book'" As she acknowledged: "People want it to remain as a children's book." The New Yorker describes what it calls this "strangely but tellingly misbegotten" cover design thusly: "The image is a photograph, taken from a French fashion shoot, of a glassy-eyed, heavily made-up little girl. Behind her sits,
1430-509: A mother figure, stiff and coiffed, casting an ominous shadow. The girl, with her long, perfectly waved platinum-blond hair and her pink feather boa , looks like a pretty and inert doll—" The article continues: "And if the Stepford daughter on the cover is meant to remind us of Veruca Salt or Violet Beauregarde, she doesn't: those badly behaved squirts are bubbling over with rude life." Moreover, writes Talbot, "The Modern Classics cover has not
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#17327753864761560-427: A national institution. Though it had no formal role in the war effort, it was integral to it thanks to the publication of such bestselling manuals as Keeping Poultry and Rabbits on Scraps and Aircraft Recognition, and supplying books for the services and British POWs . In the war's six years, it printed some 600 titles and started 19 new series. At a time of enormous increase in the demand for books, Penguin enjoyed
1690-823: A new look to the Penguin cover. It was Marber's suggestion of what came to be called the Marber grid along with the retention of traditional Penguin colour-coding that was to replace the previous three horizontal bars design and set the pattern for the design of the company's paperbacks for the next twenty years. Facetti rolled out the new treatment across the Penguin line starting with crime, the orange fiction series, then Pelicans, Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin Specials, and Penguin Classics, giving an overall visual unity to
1820-412: A number of times: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory has undergone numerous editions and been illustrated by numerous artists. The cover photo of the 50th anniversary edition, published by Penguin Modern Classics for sale in the UK and aimed at the adult market, received widespread commentary and criticism. The cover is a photo of a heavily made up young girl seated on her mother's knee and wearing
1950-481: A number of years. Pelican Books was relaunched as a digital imprint in 2014, with four books published simultaneously on 1 May: Economics: A User's Guide by Ha-Joon Chang, The Domesticated Brain by the psychologist Bruce Hood, Revolutionary Russia by Orlando Figes and Human Evolution by the anthropologist Robin Dunbar. In 1965 Penguin entered the field of educational publishing, Allen Lane's aim being to carry
2080-523: A privileged place among its peers. Paper rationing was the besetting problem of publishers in wartime, with the fall of France cutting off supply of esparto grass, one of the constituents of the pulp Penguin used. When rationing was introduced in March 1940, the Ministry of Supply allocated a quota to each publisher as a percentage of the amount that firm used between August 1938 and August 1939. This
2210-508: A race of impish humanoids who help him operate the factory as a thanks for his rescuing them from a land of dangerous monsters. During the tour, the other children besides Charlie give in to their impulses and are ejected from the tour in darkly comical ways: Augustus falls into the Chocolate River and is sucked up a pipe, Violet swells into a giant human blueberry after chewing an experimental stick of three-course dinner gum ending with
2340-478: A sense of community. Colony Holidays (predecessor to ATE Superweeks) ran Children's Literature Summer Camps for members of the Puffin Book Club. Fifty or so children from all over Britain who loved reading would spend a ten-day holiday together, and popular children's authors such as Joan Aiken , Ian Serraillier and Clive King would spend a few days with them. Webb continued as editor until 1979, and
2470-623: A separate business in 1936. By March 1936, ten months after the company's launch on 30 July 1935, one million Penguin books had been printed. Only paperback editions were published until the King Penguin series debuted in 1939, and latterly the Pelican History of Art was undertaken; these works, considered unsuitable as paperbacks because of their lengths and copious illustrations on art paper, were cloth-bound. Penguin Books Inc
2600-598: A series of key texts such as Language, the Learner and the School and The Language of Primary School Children . Following Allen Lane's death in 1970 and the takeover the same year by Pearson Longman, the division discontinued publishing school books and was closed in March 1974. More than 80 teachers, educational journalists and academics signed a letter to the Times Educational Supplement regretting
2730-481: A series of volumes amounting to a county by county survey of the monuments of England in ten or more books to both the Cambridge University Press and Routledge before the war, however for various reason his plan came to nothing. It was only through his involvement with Penguin that he was in a position to make a similar suggestion to Allen Lane and be accepted. Pevsner described the project of
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#17327753864762860-447: Is little mention of monumental brasses, bells, tracery, the relationship of the building to the landscape. Nor is there much discussion on building techniques, nor industrial architecture, nor on Art Deco buildings, omissions that his critics hold have led to those subjects undervaluation and neglect. Nevertheless, Pevsner's synoptic study brought rigorous architectural history to an appreciative mass audience, and in particular he enlarged
2990-651: The Buildings of England , the Pelican History of Art and Penguin Education . In 1949, Harry F. Paroissien (who had been Sir Allen Lane's deputy) was sent by him to the United States to set up Penguin Books in Baltimore, Maryland. By 1960, a number of forces were to shape the direction of the company, the publication list and its graphic design. On 20 April 1961, Penguin became a publicly listed company on
3120-532: The City of Westminster , London, England. The first Penguin paperbacks were published in 1935, but at first only as an imprint of The Bodley Head (of Vigo Street , London) with the books originally distributed from the crypt of Holy Trinity Church Marylebone . Anecdotally, Lane recounted how it was his experience with the poor quality of reading material on offer at Exeter St Davids station that inspired him to create cheap, well designed quality books for
3250-551: The Penguin Classics , with a translation of Homer 's Odyssey by E. V. Rieu . Between 1947 and 1949, the German typographer Jan Tschichold redesigned 500 Penguin books, and left Penguin with a set of influential rules of design principles brought together as the Penguin Composition Rules , a four-page booklet of typographic instructions for editors and compositors. Tschichold's work included
3380-638: The 1950s Puffin made its mark in fantasy with tales such as The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis and Charlotte's Web by E. B. White . Some other notable titles whose paperback rights were acquired by Puffin included The Family from One End Street by Eve Garnett , which Puffin published in 1942, the Professor Branestawm books by Norman Hunter (1946), Ballet Shoes by Noel Streatfeild (1949), Carbonel: The King of
3510-464: The 1970s saw Puffin further advance its position with successes such as Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl and Watership Down by Richard Adams . The range of Picture Puffins , introduced in the late 1960s for younger children, also developed rapidly. Eric Carle 's The Very Hungry Caterpillar and Janet and Allan Ahlberg 's Each Peach Pear Plum became and have remained firm children's favourites, as have Eric Hill 's Spot
3640-590: The 2012 survey published by SLJ , a monthly with primarily US audience, Charlie was the second of four books by Dahl among their Top 100 Chapter Books, one more than any other writer. Time magazine in the US included the novel in its list of the 100 Best Young-Adult Books of All Time; it was one of three Dahl novels on the list, more than any other author. In 2016 the novel topped the list of Amazon 's best-selling children's books by Dahl in Print and on Kindle . In 2023,
3770-526: The Buildings of England as an attempt to fill the gap in English publishing for those multi-volume survey of national art familiar on the continent. In particular Georg Dehio 's Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmaler , a topographical inventory of Germany's important historic buildings that was published in five volumes between 1905 and 1912. Though Pevsner's ambition for the series was to educate and inform
3900-583: The Cats by Barbara Sleigh (1955), and The Silver Sword by Ian Serraillier (1960). Many different genres featured in the list, e.g. The Puffin Song Book (PS 100), 1956. In 1961, Kaye Webb became Puffin's second editor, as a boom began in children's publishing, and in a decade the Puffin list grew from 51 titles when she took over to 1,213 in print by 1969. Puffin obtained the paperback rights to many of
4030-521: The Chocolate Factory , with the Dahl family receiving total artistic control. The project languished in development hell until Tim Burton signed on to direct in 2003. The film, titled Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , starred Johnny Depp as Willy Wonka. It was released in 2005 to positive reviews and massive box office returns, becoming the eighth-highest-grossing film of the year . In October 2016, Variety reported that Warner Bros. had acquired
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4160-566: The Dog and Jan Pienkowski 's Meg and Mog books from the 1980s. The 1980s saw Puffin taking full advantage of popular culture with film tie-in publishing, forming close links with Disney and other production companies. It was at this time that Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone introduced the concept of adventure gamebooks to Puffin which grew into the Fighting Fantasy phenomenon. Philippa Dickinson , who had worked for Webb on
4290-615: The Forces Book Club. Penguin received 60 tons a month from Paper Supply in return for 10 titles a month in runs of 75,000 at 5d. Originally, every paperback carried the message, "FOR THE FORCES – Leave this book at a Post Office when you have read it, so that men and women in the Services may enjoy it too" at the bottom of the back cover, inviting the reader to take advantage of the Royal Mail 's free transmission of books to
4420-455: The Fruit and Nuts Room. Also in 2014, Vanity Fair published a plot summary of "The Warming Candy Room", wherein three boys eat too many "warming candies" and end up "bursting with heat." The Warming Candy Room is dominated by a boiler, which heats a scarlet liquid. The liquid is dispensed one drop at a time, where it cools and forms a hard shell, storing the heat and "by a magic process ...
4550-491: The Greeks and Romans to Victorian Literature to modern classics. For nearly twenty years, variously coloured borders to the front and back covers indicated the original language. The second period of design meant largely black covers with a colour illustration on the front. In 2002, Penguin announced it was redesigning its entire catalogue, merging the original Classics list (known in the trade as "Black Classics") with what had been
4680-499: The Left Book Club was avowedly pro-Soviet, Penguin and Lane expressed no political preference as their editorial policy, though the widespread belief was that the series was left-leaning since the editor was the communist John Lehmann and its authors were, with a few exceptions, men of the left. Speed of publication and delivery (a turnaround of weeks rather than months) were essential to the topicality and therefore success of
4810-573: The London Stock Exchange; consequently, Allen Lane had a diminished role at the firm though he was to continue as managing director. New techniques such as phototypesetting and offset-litho printing were to replace hot metal and letterpress printing , dramatically reducing cost and permitting the printing of images and text on the same paper stock, thus paving the way for the introduction of photography and novel approaches to graphic design on paperback covers. In May 1960, Tony Godwin
4940-607: The Penguin Books UK blog announced that the project had come to an end. In 2014, the Penguin Hotline was created by Madeline McIntosh. An orange commemorative plaque was unveiled at Exeter train station in May 2017 to mark Lane's significant contribution to the publishing industry. Consonant with Penguin's corporate mission to bring canonical literature to the mass market, the company first ventured into publishing
5070-496: The Penguin English Project. Alongside these and other series, the imprint continued another Penguin tradition by producing Education Specials, titles which focussed on often controversial topics within education and beyond. They included highly topical books such as The Hornsey Affair and Warwick University Ltd , reflecting the student unrest of the late 1960s and contributing to the intense national debate about
5200-601: The Puffin Classics rubric and inaugurated the successful interactive gamebook series Fighting Fantasy . Complementary to the Puffin Club the Puffin School Book Club, addressed specifically to schools and organisations, grew significantly in this period helping to confirm Puffin market position such that by 1983 one in three Penguin books sold was a Puffin. Nikolaus Pevsner first proposed
5330-669: The Puffin Club, was the editor for the first book, The Warlock of Firetop Mountain . The 1980s also saw the launch of the Puffin Plus line of young adult fiction , a market earlier catered for by the imprint Peacock Books. In 2010, the young adult line was relaunched as Razorbill. The 1990s continued to see new writers join Puffin and in the 21st century the brand still shows heroes and heroines familiar to children such as Artemis Fowl , Percy Jackson , Max Gordon, Mildred Hubble and Scarlett , while celebrities such as Kylie Minogue and Madonna have written for Puffin. In 2023, it
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5460-617: The Puffin series over the rest of Penguin's books. Graham retired in 1961 and was replaced by Kaye Webb who presided over the department for 18 years in a period that saw greatly increased competition in the children's market as well as a greater sophistication in production and marketing. One innovation of Webb's was the creation of the Puffin Club in 1967 and its quarterly magazine Puffin Post , which at its height had 200,000 members. The Puffin authors' list added Arthur Ransome , Roald Dahl and Ursula K. Le Guin during Webb's editorship and saw
5590-509: The Specials, Genevieve Tabouis 's anti-appeasement tract Blackmail or War sold over 200,000 copies for example. However even this immediacy did not prevent them being overtaken by events: Shiela Grant Duff 's Europe and the Czechs only made it onto the bookstands on the day of the Munich agreement , but nevertheless went on to be a bestseller. Thirty-five Penguin Specials were published before
5720-556: The U.K. by George Allen & Unwin 11 months later. The book's sequel, Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , was written by Dahl in 1971 and published in 1972. Dahl had also planned to write a third book in the series but never finished it. The book has also been adapted into two major motion pictures: Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory in 1971 and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 2005. A stand-alone film exploring Willy Wonka's origins titled Wonka
5850-495: The US market, and NAL saw the move as a way to gain a hold in international markets. Penguin published Deborah Lipstadt 's book Denying the Holocaust , which accused David Irving of Holocaust denial . Irving sued Lipstadt and Penguin for libel in 1998 but lost in a much publicised court case . Other titles published by Penguin which gained media attention, and controversy, include Massacre by Siné , Spycatcher , which
5980-498: The art evokes Lolita , Valley of the Dolls , and JonBenet Ramsey ; looks like a scene from Toddlers & Tiaras ; and is "misleading," "creepy," "sexualised," "grotesque," "misjudged on every level," "distasteful and disrespectful to a gifted author and his work," "pretentious," "trashy", "outright inappropriate," "terrifying," "really obnoxious," and "weird & kind of paedophilic." The publisher explained its objective in
6110-520: The arts, and science. Penguin Books is now an imprint of the worldwide Penguin Random House , a conglomerate formed in 2013 by its merger with American publisher Random House , a subsidiary of German media conglomerate Bertelsmann . Formerly, Penguin Group was wholly owned by British Pearson plc , the global media company which also owned the Financial Times . When Penguin Random House
6240-555: The best writers of the time, including Philippa Pearce , Rosemary Sutcliff , William Mayne , Alan Garner and Antonia Forest , all-time classics including Mary Poppins , Dr Dolittle and The Hobbit , and originals such as Stig of the Dump by Clive King . The books were promoted with flair through the Puffin Club, started by Kaye Webb in 1967 with the promise to Allen Lane that "It will make children into book readers" . Though by 1987, it had become uneconomical and evolved into
6370-572: The business in 1937 with the publication of George Bernard Shaw 's The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism under the Pelican Books imprint, an imprint designed to educate the reading public rather than entertain. Recognising his own limitations Lane appointed V. K. Krishna Menon as the first commissioning editor of the series, supported by an advisory panel consisting of Peter Chalmers Mitchell , H. L. Bales and W. E. Williams . Several thousand Pelicans were published over
6500-518: The choice of text typeface ). Prior to 2002, the text page typography of each book in the Classics series had been overseen by a team of in-house designers; this department was drastically reduced in 2003 as part of the production costs. The in-house text design department still exists, albeit much smaller than formerly. Recent design work includes the Penguin Little Black Classic series, designed by Claire Mason. Lane expanded
6630-604: The classics in May 1938 with the issue of Penguin Illustrated Classics . The savings from the author's payments on these royalty-free titles were instead invested in commissioning wood-engravings from Robert Gibbings and his circle emanating from the Central School of Arts and Crafts . The books were distinct from the rest of the Penguin marque in their use of a vertical grid (anticipating Tschichold's innovation of 1951) and albertus typeface. The series
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#17327753864766760-513: The closure of the influential imprint. In November 1937, Penguin inaugurated a new series of short, polemical books under the rubric of Penguin Specials with the publication of Edgar Mowrer 's Germany Puts the Clock Back . Their purpose was to offer in-depth analysis of current affairs that would counter the perceived bias of the newspapers in addition to being the company's response to the popularity of Gollancz 's Left Book Club . Whereas
6890-622: The company's list. A somewhat different approach was taken to the Peregrine, Penguin Poets, Penguin Modern Poets, and Penguin Plays series. There were over a hundred different series published in total. Just as Lane well judged the public's appetite for paperbacks in the 1930s, his decision to publish Lady Chatterley's Lover by D. H. Lawrence in 1960 boosted Penguin's notoriety. The novel
7020-591: The country. The first four titles appeared in December 1940; War on Land , War at Sea , War in the Air and On the Farm , and a further nine the following year. Despite Lane's intention to publish twelve a year paper and staff shortages meant only thirteen were issued in the first two years of the series. The Picture Books' 120 titles resulted in 260 variants altogether, the last number 116 Paxton Chadwick's Life Histories ,
7150-470: The creation of the Peacock series of teenage fiction. Tony Lacey took over Webb's editorial chair in 1979 at the invitation of Penguin managing director Peter Mayer when Puffin was one of the few profitable divisions of the beleaguered company. In line with Mayer's policy of more aggressive commercialisation of the Penguin brand Lacey reduced the number of Puffin imprints, consolidated popular titles under
7280-505: The critics. Rieu said of his work that "I have done my best to make Homer easy reading for those who are unfamiliar with the Greek world." He was joined in 1959 by Betty Radice who was first his assistant then, after his retirement in 1964, she assumed the role of joint editor with Robert Baldick . As the publisher's focus changed from the needs of the marketplace to those of the classroom the criticism became more acute, Thomas Gould wrote of
7410-463: The deliberately low price of 6 d . made profitability seem unlikely. This helped Lane purchase publication rights for some works more cheaply than he otherwise might have, since publishers were convinced of the business's short-term prospects. In the face of resistance from the traditional book trade, it was the purchase of 63,000 books by Woolworths Group that paid for the project outright, confirmed its worth, and allowed Lane to establish Penguin as
7540-589: The departure of Facetti in 1972, the defining era of Penguin book design came to an end. Penguin merged with long-established U.S. publisher Viking Press in 1975. The first Penguin Bookshop opened in Covent Garden in 1980. In 1985, Penguin purchased British hardback publisher Michael Joseph and in 1986, Hamish Hamilton . After these acquisitions, Penguin moved its offices to central London (27 Wrights Lane, W8 5TZ). Thus 'Harmondsworth' disappeared as
7670-462: The end of the 1960s Penguin was in financial trouble, and several proposals were made for a new operating structure. These included ownership by a consortium of universities, or joint ownership by the Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press , but none of them came to anything. Sir Allen Lane died on 7 July 1970, and six weeks later, Penguin was acquired by Pearson PLC on 21 August 1970. A new emphasis on profitability emerged and, with
7800-616: The factory and disappear. He reopened the factory years later, but the gates remain locked, and nobody knows who is providing the factory with its workforce. The next day, the newspaper announces that Wonka has hidden five Golden Tickets in Wonka Bars ; the finders of these tickets will be invited to come and tour the factory. The first four tickets are found by gluttonous Augustus Gloop, spoiled Veruca Salt, compulsive gum-chewer Violet Beauregarde, and television addict Mike Teavee. One day, Charlie buys two Wonka Bars with some money he found in
7930-424: The factory. Wonka explains that the whole tour was designed to help him find a worthy heir to his business, and Charlie was the only child whose inherent genuineness passed the test. They ride the Great Glass Elevator and watch the other four children leave the factory before flying to Charlie's house, where Wonka invites the entire Bucket family to come and live with him in the factory. Dahl's widow said that Charlie
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#17327753864768060-544: The first of the Netflix Dahl animated series in 2019. On 5 March 2020, Variety announced that Taika Waititi was partnering with Netflix on a pair of animated series — one based on the world of ' Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and another based on the Oompa-Loompa characters. “The shows will retain the quintessential spirit and tone of the original story while building out the world and characters far beyond
8190-581: The first work of children's fiction published under the imprint was Barbara Euphan Todd 's Worzel Gummidge the following year. Another series that began in wartime was the Penguin Poets : the first volume was a selection of Tennyson 's poems (D1) in 1941. Later examples are The Penguin Book of Modern American Verse (D22), 1954, and The Penguin Book of Restoration Verse (D108), 1968. J. M. Cohen's Comic and Curious Verse appeared in three volumes over
8320-507: The forces. However, demand exceeded supply on the home front, leading Lane to seek a monopoly on army books made specifically for overseas distribution. Their established paper supply put Penguin in an especially strong position after the war as rationing continued. For this reason, and for the popular prestige the company enjoyed, many of Penguin's competitors had no choice but to concede paperback reprint rights to it. In 1945, Penguin began what would become one of its most important branches,
8450-624: The general public on the subtleties of English architectural history, the immediate commercial imperative was competition with the Shell Guides edited by John Betjeman of which 13 had been published by 1939. With Lane's agreement in 1945 Pevsner began work personally touring the county that was to be the subject of observation aided by notes drawn up by researchers. The first volume, Cornwall , appeared in 1951, and went on to produce 46 architectural guidebooks between then and 1974 of which he wrote 32 alone and ten with assistance. As early as 1954
8580-422: The hot heat changes into an amazing thing called 'cold heat.'" After eating a single warming candy, one could stand naked in the snow comfortably. This is met with predictable disbelief from Clarence Crump, Bertie Upside, and Terence Roper, who proceed to eat at least 100 warming candies each, resulting in profuse perspiration. The three boys and their families discontinue the tour after they are taken to cool off "in
8710-409: The idea for Puffin Books was hatched in 1939, when Noel Carrington , at the time an editor for Country Life books, met him and proposed a series of children's non-fiction picture books, inspired by the brightly coloured lithographed books mass-produced at the time for Soviet children. Lane saw the potential, and the first of the picture book series were published the following year. The name "Puffin"
8840-580: The idea of publishing low-cost, illustrated non-fiction children's books in 1938. Inspired by the Editions Père Castor books drawn by Rojan and the technique of autolithography used in the poster art of the time, Carrington's suggestion for what was to become the Puffin Picture Book series was adopted by Penguin in 1940 when, as Lane saw it, evacuated city children would need books on farming and natural history to help adjust to
8970-520: The journal finally closed in autumn 1950 after 40 issues. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is a 1964 children's novel by British author Roald Dahl . The story features the adventures of young Charlie Bucket inside the chocolate factory of eccentric chocolatier Willy Wonka . The story was originally inspired by Roald Dahl's experience of chocolate companies during his schooldays at Repton School in Derbyshire . Cadbury would often send test packages to
9100-436: The kind of topical journalism that was a feature of the original Penguin Specials. Subsequent Penguin Specials released in 2012 and 2013 continued to include both fiction, including the publication of the works shortlisted for the Monash Undergraduate Prize 2012, and topical journalism. Collected columns of cultural critics were also featured. Noel Carrington , an editor at Country Life magazine, first approached Lane with
9230-433: The large refrigerator for a few hours." Dahl originally planned for a child called Marvin Prune to be included. He submitted the excised chapter regarding Prune to The Horn Book Review in the early 1970s. Rather than publish the chapter, Horn Book responded with a critical essay by novelist Eleanor Cameron , who called Charlie and the Chocolate Factory “one of the most tasteless books ever written for children”. In
9360-570: The machine" adding that "It always catches them. At least it always has up to now." The chapter dates back to an early draft with ten golden tickets, including one each for Miranda Grope and Augustus Pottle, who fell into the chocolate river prior to the events of "Fudge Mountain". Augustus Pottle was routed to the Chocolate Fudge Room, not the Vanilla Fudge Room explored in this chapter, and Miranda Grope ended up in
9490-481: The magazine included well-known authors such as Alan Garner , Roald Dahl , Joan Aiken , Leon Garfield and Spike Milligan . After the 2009 re-launch, contributors included Charlie Higson , Cathy Cassidy and Michael Morpurgo . Penguin Books Penguin Books Limited is a British publishing house . It was co-founded in 1935 by Allen Lane with his brothers Richard and John, as
9620-504: The main characters (Wonka, Charlie, Grandpa Joe, Violet, Veruca, etc.); many of the songs are revised versions from the 1971 film. The book was first made into a feature film as a musical , titled Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971), directed by Mel Stuart , produced by David L. Wolper , and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka , character actor Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe , and Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket, with music by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley . Dahl
9750-520: The market with 80,000 copies sold compared to its closest rival, Cyril Connolly 's Horizon , which mustered 3,500 sales in its first edition. Penguin New Writing' s editor John Lehmann was instrumental in introducing the British public to such new writers as Lawrence Durrell , Saul Bellow and James Michie. Yet despite popular and critical success further rationing and, after 1945 declining sales, led monthly publication to become quarterly until
9880-495: The mass market. The question of how publishers could reach a larger public had been the subject of a conference at Rippon Hall, Oxford, in 1934 which Lane had attended. Though the publication of literature in paperback was then associated mainly with poor quality lurid fiction, the Penguin brand owed something to the short-lived Albatross imprint of British and American reprints that briefly traded in 1932. Inexpensive paperbacks did not initially appear viable to Bodley Head, since
10010-754: The national dialogue was not sustained after the departure of Godwin in 1967, and with the rise in television journalism the Specials series declined in significance through the 1970s and 1980s. The last Special was published in 1988 with Keith Thompson's Under Siege: Racism and Violence in Britain Today . In December 2011, Penguin launched nine titles as 'Penguin Shorts' which featured the iconic tri-band covers. These books were novellas and short length works of fiction and/or memoirs. In 2012 they became known as Penguin Specials following an agreement with The Economist made in March of that year. These works focused on
10140-421: The next half-century and brought high quality accounts of the current state of knowledge in many fields, often written by authors of specialised academic books. (The Pelican series, in decline for several years, was finally discontinued in 1984.) Aircraft Recognition (S82) by R. A. Saville-Sneath, was a bestseller. In 1940, the children's imprint Puffin Books began with a series of non-fiction picture books;
10270-469: The noticeable deterioration in paperbacks' appearance, it became a practical impossibility to publish books of more than 256 pages, resulting in some titles falling out of print for want of material. In addition to their paper allocation, in 1941 Penguin secured a deal with the War Office , through Bill William's connections with ABCA and CEMA , to supply the troops with books through what was known as
10400-417: The novel have been found. In the initial, unpublished drafts of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory nine golden tickets were distributed to tour Willy Wonka's secret chocolate factory and the children faced more rooms and more temptations to test their self-control. Some of the names of the children cut from the final work include: "Spotty Powder" was first published as a short story in 1973. In 1998, it
10530-500: The novel was ranked by BBC at no. 18 in their poll of "The 100 greatest children's books of all time". Although the book has always been popular and considered a children's classic by many literary critics, a number of prominent individuals have spoken unfavourably of the novel over the years. Children's novelist and literary historian John Rowe Townsend has described the book as "fantasy of an almost literally nauseating kind" and accused it of "astonishing insensitivity" regarding
10660-501: The occasional ingredients) that it is only laughter. Exactly what happens to them is not revealed in the extract. In an early draft, sometime after being renamed from Miranda Grope to Miranda Piker, but before "Spotty Powder" was written, she falls down the chocolate waterfall and ends up in the Peanut-Brittle Mixer. This results in the "rude and disobedient little kid" becoming "quite delicious." This early draft poem
10790-503: The old Penguin Twentieth-Century Classics list, though the silver covers for the latter have so far been retained for most of the titles. Previously this line had been called 'Penguin Modern Classics' with a pale green livery. The redesign – featuring a colourful painting on the cover, with black background and orange lettering – was well received. However, the quality of the paperbacks themselves seemed to decrease:
10920-524: The original portrayal of the Oompa-Loompas as African black pygmies , although Dahl did revise this in later editions. Another novelist, Eleanor Cameron , compared the book to the sweets that form its subject matter, commenting that it is "delectable and soothing while we are undergoing the brief sensory pleasure it affords but leaves us poorly nourished with our taste dulled for better fare." Ursula K. Le Guin wrote in support of this assessment in
11050-402: The original text of the book, such as: removing every occurrence of the word fat (including referring to Augustus Gloop as "enormous" rather than "enormously fat" and greatly changing the words of his song); removing most references to the Oompa-Loompa's diminutive size and physical appearance and omitting descriptions of them living in trees and wearing deerskins and leaves; removing or changing
11180-532: The outbreak of war, including two novels Hašek 's Good Soldier Schweik and Bottome's The Mortal Storm ; they collectively made a significant contribution to the public debate of the time, with many of the more controversial titles being the subject of leading articles in the press. After a hiatus between 1945 and 1949, the Penguin Specials continued after the war under the editorship of first Tom Maschler, then after 1961 Tony Godwin. The first title in
11310-409: The pages of the Dahl book for the very first time,” Netflix said. On 23 February 2022, Mikros Animation revealed that they would be producing a new collaboration with Netflix . The collaboration was announced as Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . The long-format animated event series is based on the 1964 novel and is written, directed and executive produced by Waititi. The book has been recorded
11440-522: The perception of the Victorian achievement in architecture. Wartime paper rationing, which had resulted in a generous allocation to Penguin, also forced the reduction in space for book reviews and advertising in the newspapers and was partly the cause of the folding of several literary journals , consequently left a gap in the magazine market that Lane hoped to fill. In January 1941 the first issue of Penguin New Writing appeared and instantly dominated
11570-453: The place of publication after half a century. (The warehouse at Harmondsworth would remain in operation until 2004.) Also in 1986, Penguin purchased American publisher New American Library (NAL) and its hard-cover affiliate E. P. Dutton . New American Library had originally been Penguin U.S.A. and had been spun off in 1948 because of the high complexity of import and export regulations. Penguin repurchased it in order to extend its reach into
11700-406: The purpose of higher education. Other titles featured the radical and influential ideas about schooling propounded by writers and teachers from America and elsewhere. Penguin Education also published an extensive range of Readers and introductory texts for students in higher education, notably in subjects such as psychology, economics, management, sociology and science, while for teachers it provided
11830-602: The radical and populist spirit of Pelicans into the schoolbook market. His final major initiative, the division was established as a separate publishing operation from Harmondsworth, and based in West Drayton in Middlesex. During its nine-year life it had a major impact on school books, breaking new ground in their concept and design and strongly influencing other publishers' lists. Among the most successful and influential series were Voices and Junior Voices, Connexions, and
11960-422: The rarer purple and white for essays and belles lettres and grey and white for world affairs. Lane actively resisted the introduction of cover images for several years. Some recent publications of literature from that time have duplicated the original look. In 1937, Penguin's headquarters were established at Harmondsworth , Middlesex (now part of Greater London). The Second World War saw Penguin emerge as
12090-456: The revelation of these changes, Puffin was criticised by numerous literary and political figures, including by author Salman Rushdie and Queen Camilla . Following backlash Puffin announced that they would continue to release the Classic version of Dahl's original works alongside the edited versions, while other publishers of Dahl's works refused to consider the changes at all. Puffin Post
12220-616: The revived series was William Gallacher 's The Case for Communism . Godwin initiated the "What's Wrong with Britain" series of Specials in the run up to the 1964 election, which constituted a platform for the New Left's brand of cultural analysis that characterised the leftist political radicalism of the 1960s. Indeed, Penguin Books contributed to the funds that set up Richard Hoggart and Stuart Hall 's Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at Birmingham University in 1964. This brief period of revival for Penguin Specials in contributing to
12350-471: The rights of their children's books. The first five titles ( Worzel Gummidge , Cornish Adventure , The Cuckoo Clock , Garram the Hunter and Smokey ) were published in the three horizontal stripes company livery of the rest of the Penguin output, a practice abandoned after the ninth volume when full-bleed colour illustrated covers were introduced, a fact that heralded the much greater design freedom of
12480-557: The rights to the Willy Wonka character from the Roald Dahl Estate and would be planning a new film centered on the eccentric character with David Heyman producing. In February 2018, Paul King entered final negotiations to direct the film. In May 2021, it was reported that the film would be a musical titled Wonka , with Timothée Chalamet playing a younger version of the titular character in an origin story . King
12610-496: The schoolchildren in exchange for their opinions on the new products. At that time (around the 1920s), Cadbury and Rowntree's were England's two largest chocolate makers and they each often tried to steal trade secrets by sending spies , posing as employees, into the other's factory—inspiring Dahl's idea for the recipe-thieving spies (such as Wonka's rival Slugworth ) depicted in the book. Because of this, both companies became highly protective of their chocolate-making processes. It
12740-667: The schools-only Puffin Book Club, at its height the club had 200,000 subscribers and held regular Puffin Exhibitions, and its magazine Puffin Post appeared quarterly for many years, resuming publication in January 2009. Webb set up the Puffin Club partly to address class inequality in children's literacy. It was important to her that membership was affordable, and Puffin subsidised costs for that reason. She and her team replied to every letter that children sent in, in order to create
12870-403: The series "most of the philosophical volumes in the Penguin series are bad – some very bad indeed. Since Plato and Aristotle are the most read philosophers in the world today, and since some of these Penguin translations are favourites among professional philosophers in several countries, this amounts to a minor crisis in the history of philosophy." The imprint publishes hundreds of classics from
13000-880: The series to which the title belonged; this is sometimes referred to as the horizontal grid. In the central white panel, the author and title were printed in Gill Sans , and in the upper band was a cartouche with the legend "Penguin Books". The initial design was created by then 21-year-old office junior Edward Young , who also drew the first version of the Penguin logo . Series such as Penguin Specials and The Penguin Shakespeare had individual designs (by 1937, only S1 and B1-B18 had been published). The colour schemes included: orange and white for general fiction, green and white for crime fiction, cerise and white for travel and adventure, dark blue and white for biographies, yellow and white for miscellaneous, red and white for drama; and
13130-611: The series was in commercial difficulty and required sponsorship to continue, a grant from the Leverhulme Trust amongst other sources secured its completion. The series continued after Pevsner's death in 1983, financed in part by the Pevsner Books Trust and published by Yale University Press . Pevsner's approach was of Kunstgeschichte quite distinct from the antiquarian interest of local and family history typical of English county histories. Consequently, there
13260-418: The snow. When he opens the second, Charlie discovers that the second bar he bought contains the fifth and final ticket. Upon hearing the news, Grandpa Joe regains his mobility and volunteers to accompany Charlie to the factory. On the day of the tour, Wonka welcomes the five children and their parents inside the factory, a wonderland of confectionery creations that defy logic. They also meet the Oompa-Loompas ,
13390-451: The spines were more likely to fold and bend. The paperbacks are also printed on non-acid-free pulp paper, which, by some accounts, tends to yellow and brown within a couple of years. The text page design was also overhauled to follow a more closely prescribed template, allowing for faster copyediting and typesetting, but reducing the options for individual design variations suggested by a text's structure or historical context (for example, in
13520-515: The top of the titular fudge mountain, eating vanilla fudge along the way, Troutbeck and Rice decide to take a ride on the wagons carrying away chunks of fudge. The wagons take them directly to the Pounding And Cutting Room, where the fudge is reformed and sliced into small squares for retail sale. Wonka states the machine is equipped with "a large wire strainer ... which is used specially for catching children before they fall into
13650-425: The woodcut illustrated covers of the classics series (also known as the medallion series), and with Hans Schmoller , his eventual successor at Penguin, the vertical grid covers that became the standard for Penguin fiction throughout the 1950s. By this time the paperback industry in the UK had begun to grow, and Penguin found itself in competition with then fledgeling Pan Books . Many other series were published such as
13780-564: The words mad , crazy , and queer ; omitting many references to Mike Teavee's toy guns; and removing references to corporal punishment (such as changing "She needs a really good spanking" to "She needs a really good talking to" and "She wants a good kick in the pants" to "She needs to learn some manners"). Mr Wonka turned around and clicked his fingers sharply, click, click, click, three times. Immediately, an Oompa-Loompa appeared, as if from nowhere, and stood beside him. The Oompa-Loompa bowed and smiled, showing beautiful white teeth. His skin
13910-421: Was "deemed too wild, subversive and insufficiently moral for the tender minds of British children almost 50 years ago." In what was originally chapter five in that version of the book, Charlie goes to the factory with his mother instead of Grandpa Joe as originally published. At this point, the chocolate factory tour is down to eight kids, including Tommy Troutbeck and Wilbur Rice. After the entire group climbs to
14040-609: Was a children's books magazine published by Puffin Books, and the magazine of the Puffin Club. It was launched in 1967 by Kaye Webb , editor of Puffin Books. It declined after Webb retired in 1982, but was relaunched in 2009 through the bookseller The Book People as a bi-monthly magazine. The magazine was discontinued again with the November 2012 issue. The magazine contained a mix of stories, jokes, interviews, competitions and quizzes, and reader contributions. At its height, it had more than 200,000 readers. Prior to 1982, contributors to
14170-446: Was a combination of this secrecy and the elaborate, often gigantic, machines in the factory that inspired Dahl to write the story. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is frequently ranked among the most popular works in children's literature . In 2012, Charlie Bucket brandishing a Golden Ticket appeared in a Royal Mail first class stamp in the UK . The novel was first published in the U.S. by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. in 1964 and in
14300-637: Was a common read-aloud book for fourth-graders in schools in San Diego County, California . A 2012 survey by the University of Worcester determined that it was one of the most common books that UK adults had read as children, after Alice's Adventures in Wonderland , The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe , and The Wind in the Willows . Groups who have praised the book include: In
14430-437: Was a natural companion to the existing "Penguin" and "Pelican" books. Many continued to be reprinted right into the 1970s. A fiction list soon followed, when Puffin secured the paperback rights to Barbara Euphan Todd 's 1936 story Worzel Gummidge and brought it out as the first Puffin story book in 1941. The first Puffin editor, Eleanor Graham , saw the imprint through the 1940s and the struggles with paper rationing, and in
14560-470: Was almost pure black, and the top of his fuzzy head came just above the height of Mr Wonka's knee. He wore the usual deerskin slung over his shoulder. 'Now listen to me,' said Mr Wonka, looking down at the tiny man. Mr Wonka turned around and clicked his fingers sharply, click, click, click, three times. Immediately, an Oompa-Loompa appeared, as if from nowhere, and stood beside him. The Oompa-Loompa bowed and smiled, showing beautiful white teeth. His skin
14690-427: Was appointed as editorial adviser, rapidly rising to Chief Editor from which position he sought to broaden the range of Penguin's list and keep up with new developments in graphic design. To this end, he hired Germano Facetti in January 1961, who was to decisively alter the appearance of the Penguin brand. Beginning with the crime series, Facetti canvassed the opinion of a number of designers including Romek Marber for
14820-624: Was at the time unpublished in the United Kingdom and the predicted obscenity trial, R v Penguin Books Ltd , not only marked Penguin as a fearless publisher, it also helped drive the sale of at least 3.5 million copies. Penguin's victory in the case heralded the end to the censorship of books in the UK, although censorship of the written word was only finally defeated after the Inside Linda Lovelace trial of 1978. By
14950-408: Was confirmed as director and co-writer along with comedian Simon Farnaby ; the film was released globally in December 2023. On 27 November 2018, Netflix and The Roald Dahl Story Company jointly announced that Netflix would be producing an animated series based on Dahl's books, including Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , Matilda , The BFG , The Twits , and other titles. Production commenced on
15080-552: Was considered a box-office disappointment, though it received positive reviews from critics. Home video and DVD sales, as well as repeated television airings, resulted in the film subsequently becoming a cult classic . Concurrently with the 1971 film, the Quaker Oats Company introduced a line of candies whose marketing uses the book's characters and imagery. Warner Bros. and the Dahl estate reached an agreement in 1998 to produce another film version of Charlie and
15210-467: Was credited for writing the screenplay, but David Seltzer was brought in by Stuart and Wolper to make changes against Dahl's wishes, leaving his original adaptation, in one critic's opinion, "scarcely detectable". Amongst other things, Dahl was unhappy with the foregrounding of Wonka over Charlie, and disliked the musical score. Because of this, Dahl disowned the film. The film had an estimated budget of $ 2.9 million but grossed only $ 4 million and
15340-510: Was formed, Pearson had a 47% stake in the new company, which was reduced to 25% in July 2017. Since April 2020, Penguin Random House has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Bertelsmann. It is one of the largest English-language publishers known as the Big Five , along with Holtzbrinck / Macmillan , Hachette , HarperCollins and Simon & Schuster . Penguin Books has its registered office in
15470-761: Was included in the children's horror anthology Scary! Stories That Will Make You Scream edited by Peter Haining. The brief note before the story described the story as having been left out of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory due to an already brimming number of misbehaving children characters in the tale. In 2005, The Times reprinted "Spotty Powder" as a "lost" chapter, saying that it had been found in Dahl's desk, written backwards in mirror writing (the same way that Leonardo da Vinci wrote in his journals). Spotty Powder looks and tastes like sugar, but causes bright red pox-like spots to appear on faces and necks five seconds after ingestion, so children who eat Spotty Powder do not have to go to school. The spots fade on their own
15600-403: Was incorporated in 1939 to satisfy US copyright law; and, despite being a late entrant into an already well established paperback market, enjoyed further success under vice president Kurt Enoch with such titles as What Plane Is That and The New Soldier Handbook . The company's expansion saw the hiring of Eunice Frost —first as a secretary, then as an editor, and ultimately as a director, who
15730-540: Was issued hors série in 1996 by the Penguin Collector's Society. Inexpensive paperback children's fiction did not exist at the time Penguin sought to expand their list into this new market. To this end Eleanor Graham was appointed in 1941 as the first editor of the Puffin Story Books series, a venture made particularly difficult due to the resistance of publishers and librarians in releasing
15860-431: Was not a financial success and the list ceased after just ten volumes the same year it began. Penguin returned to classics with the printing of E. V. Rieu 's translation of Homer's Odyssey in 1946, which went on to sell three million copies. Penguin's commercial motivation was, as ever, populist; rendering the classics in an approachable modern English was therefore a difficult task whose execution did not always satisfy
15990-400: Was originally written as "a little black boy though this thought to be a falsehood." Dahl's biographer said the change to a white character was driven by Dahl's agent, who thought a black Charlie would not appeal to readers. In the first published edition, the Oompa-Loompas were described as African pygmies , and were drawn this way in the original printed edition. After the announcement of
16120-702: Was particularly advantageous to Penguin, who, as a volume printer, was very successful that year. Further, in a deal with the Canadian Government , Penguin agreed to exclusively publish editions for their armed forces, for which they were paid in tons of paper. By January 1942 the Book Production War Economy Agreement regulations came into force which determined rules on paper quality, type size and margins. Consequently, Penguin eliminated dust jackets, trimmed margins and replaced sewn bindings with metal staples. Aside from
16250-474: Was released in 2023. The book has spawned a media franchise with multiple video games, theatrical productions and merchandise. Charlie Bucket lives in poverty with his parents and grandparents in a town which is home to a world-famous chocolate factory. One day, Charlie's bedridden Grandpa Joe tells him about Willy Wonka, the factory's eccentric owner, and all of his fantastical candies. Rival chocolatiers sent in spies to steal his recipes, forcing Wonka to close
16380-482: Was revealed that Puffin had employed sensitivity readers to edit content regarded as objectionable from at least 10 of the classic works of Roald Dahl , making hundreds of changes to Dahl's works to remove words like "fat", "ugly", and "crazy", and references to gender. Phrases such as "boys and girls" became "people" or "children". Puffin explained that these changes were part of the usual editing processes "to ensure that it can continue to be enjoyed by all today." After
16510-430: Was rosy-white, his hair was golden brown, and the top of his head came just above the height of Mr Wonka's knee. He wore the usual deerskin slung over his shoulder. 'Now listen to me,' said Mr Wonka, looking down at the tiny man. An Oompa-Loompa appeared, as if from nowhere, and stood beside him. 'Now listen to me,' said Mr Wonka, looking down at the man. Various unused and draft material from Dahl's early versions of
16640-413: Was slightly rewritten as an Oompa-Loompa song in the lost chapter, which now puts her in the "Spotty-Powder mixer" and instead of being "crunchy and ... good [peanut brittle]" she is now "useful [for truancy ] and ... good." In 2014, The Guardian revealed that Dahl had removed another chapter ("The Vanilla Fudge Room") from an early draft of the book. The Guardian reported the now-eliminated passage
16770-442: Was suppressed in the UK by the government for a time, and The Satanic Verses , leading to its author Salman Rushdie having to go into hiding for some years after Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran issued a Fatwā , an edict amounting to a sentence of death against him. In 2006, Penguin attempted to involve the public in collaboratively writing a novel on a wiki platform. They named this project A Million Penguins . On 7 March 2007,
16900-496: Was to have a pivotal influence in shaping the company. In 1945 she was entrusted with the reconstruction of Penguin Inc after the departure of its first managing director, Ian Ballantine . From the outset, design was essential to Penguin's success. Avoiding the illustrated gaudiness of other paperback publishers, Penguin opted for the simple appearance of three horizontal bands, the upper and lower of which were colour-coded according to
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