75-666: [REDACTED] Look up pujol in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Pujol is a Catalan word meaning small hill . It may refer to: Pujol (restaurant) , Mexico City, Mexico People with the surname [ edit ] Antonio Pujol (1913–1995), Mexican painter Catherine Pujol (born 1960), French politician Emilio Pujol (1886–1980), Spanish composer, musicologist and classical guitar teacher Henri Pujol , French oncologist Joan Pau Pujol (1570–1626), Catalan and Spanish composer Jordi Pujol (born 1930), president of
150-814: A conventional breeding program to provide optimized strains. The program began in the 1980s. Hybrid seeds are distributed in Africa by its Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa project. Tropical landraces remain an important and underused source of resistance alleles – both those for disease and for herbivores . Such alleles can then be introgressed into productive varieties. Rare alleles for this purpose were discovered by Dao and Sood, both in 2014. In 2018, Zerka Rashid of CIMMYT used its association mapping panel, developed for tropical drought tolerance traits. to find new genomic regions providing sorghum downy mildew resistance , and to further characterize known differentially methylated regions . Genetically modified maize
225-403: A corn head (with points and snap rolls instead of a reel) does not cut the stalk; it simply pulls the stalk down. The stalk continues downward and is crumpled into a mangled pile on the ground, where it usually is left to become organic matter for the soil . The ear of maize is too large to pass between slots in a plate as the snap rolls pull the stalk away, leaving only the ear and husk to enter
300-408: A large cob. Yellow maizes derive their color from carotenoids ; red maizes are colored by anthocyanins and phlobaphenes ; and orange and green varieties may contain combinations of these pigments. Maize has short-day photoperiodism , meaning that it requires nights of a certain length to flower. Flowering further requires enough warm days above 10 °C (50 °F). The control of flowering
375-499: A measure of protection against a wide range of pests. Because of its shallow roots, maize is susceptible to droughts, intolerant of nutrient-deficient soils, and prone to being uprooted by severe winds. Maize is diploid with 20 chromosomes . 83% of allelic variation within the genome derives from its teosinte ancestors, primarily due to the freedom of Zea species to outcross . Barbara McClintock used maize to validate her transposon theory of "jumping genes", for which she won
450-638: A place but a condition, a savage rather than a civilized grain". International groups such as the Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International consider maize the preferred common name. The word maize is used by the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization , and in the names of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center of Mexico, the Indian Institute of Maize Research,
525-601: A plant that uses C 4 carbon fixation , maize is a considerably more water-efficient crop than plants that use C 3 carbon fixation such as alfalfa and soybeans . Maize is most sensitive to drought at the time of silk emergence, when the flowers are ready for pollination. In the United States, a good harvest was traditionally predicted if the maize was "knee-high by the Fourth of July ", although modern hybrids generally exceed this growth rate. Maize used for silage
600-463: A sophisticated presentation through tasting menus or a taco omakase bar. Founded in 2000, Pujol started as a restaurant focused on Asian and American cuisine with a few Mexican elements. After experiencing financial difficulties, the menu was revamped to include more Mexican fare. The British magazine Restaurant has continuously ranked Pujol on its list of the World's 50 Best Restaurants since
675-720: A surname Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pujol . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pujol&oldid=1242257315 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Catalan-language surnames Occitan-language surnames Surnames of Spanish origin Surnames of French origin Hidden categories: Short description
750-477: Is a problem in Asia. Some fungal diseases of maize produce potentially dangerous mycotoxins such as aflatoxin . In the United States, major diseases include tar spot , bacterial leaf streak , gray leaf spot , northern corn leaf blight, and Goss's wilt ; in 2022, the most damaging disease was tar spot, which caused losses of 116.8 million bushels . Maize sustains a billion dollars' worth of losses annually in
825-674: Is a tall stout grass that produces cereal grain . It was domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 9,000 years ago from wild teosinte . Native Americans planted it alongside beans and squashes in the Three Sisters polyculture . The leafy stalk of the plant gives rise to male inflorescences or tassels which produce pollen , and female inflorescences called ears . The ears yield grain, known as kernels or seeds. In modern commercial varieties, these are usually yellow or white; other varieties can be of many colors. Maize relies on humans for its propagation. Since
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#1732790627152900-408: Is composed of transposons , contains 32,540 genes. Much of it has been duplicated and reshuffled by helitrons , a group of transposable elements within maize's DNA. Maize breeding in prehistory resulted in large plants producing large ears. Modern breeding began with individuals who selected highly productive varieties in their fields and then sold seed to other farmers. James L. Reid was one of
975-537: Is cultivated throughout the world; a greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain. In 2020, world production was 1.1 billion tonnes. It is afflicted by many pests and diseases ; two major insect pests, European corn borer and corn rootworms , have each caused annual losses of a billion dollars in the US. Modern plant breeding has greatly increased output and qualities such as nutrition, drought tolerance, and tolerance of pests and diseases. Much maize
1050-469: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Pujol (restaurant) Pujol ( [puˈʒɔl] ) is a Mexican cuisine restaurant in Polanco , Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City. The restaurant is owned and headed by chef Enrique Olvera . Pujol's dishes are based on traditional Mexican cuisine, including maize -based food, seafood, and tacos, served in
1125-414: Is harvested while the plant is green and the fruit immature. Sweet corn is harvested in the "milk stage", after pollination but before starch has formed, between late summer and early to mid-autumn. Field maize is left in the field until very late in the autumn to thoroughly dry the grain, and may, in fact, sometimes not be harvested until winter or even early spring. The importance of sufficient soil moisture
1200-533: Is now genetically modified . As a food, maize is used to make a wide variety of dishes including Mexican tortillas and tamales , Italian polenta , and American hominy grits . Maize protein is low in some essential amino acids , and the niacin it contains only becomes available if freed by alkali treatment . In Mesoamerica, maize is deified as a maize god and depicted in sculptures. Maize requires human intervention for it to propagate. The kernels of its naturally-propagating teosinte ancestor fall off
1275-413: Is part of a process. [...] I believe we can do better as an industry and we have been trying to do so for several years. [...] We have always wanted the people who work with us to not only do their job well, but to be happy. [...] We are saddened that at some point there have been people working for Pujol restaurant who have not had an extraordinary work experience" and added that the restaurant complies with
1350-468: Is set genetically; the physiological mechanism involves the phytochrome system. Tropical cultivars can be problematic if grown in higher latitudes, as the longer days can make the plants grow tall instead of setting seed before winter comes. On the other hand, growing tall rapidly could be convenient for producing biofuel. Immature maize shoots accumulate a powerful antibiotic substance, 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one ( DIMBOA ), which provides
1425-498: Is shown in many parts of Africa, where periodic drought regularly causes maize crop failure and consequent famine . Although it is grown mainly in wet, hot climates, it can thrive in cold, hot, dry or wet conditions, meaning that it is an extremely versatile crop. Maize was planted by the Native Americans in small hills of soil, in the polyculture system called the Three Sisters . Maize provided support for beans ;
1500-636: Is the appetizer , baby corncobs dipped in chicatana sauce made of coffee mayonnaise, costeño chili and chicatana ants served inside a gourd. Mole Madre is the most famous dish; it is a mole sauce prepared with more than 100 ingredients—such as tomatoes, dried fruits, fruits, and cocoa—that as of 23 July 2022 was 2,852 days old. The sauce is served under a fresh mole sauce. Other dishes served at Pujol include tlayudas , lobsters, fish, aguachile , and puchero . Pujol's dishes adopt techniques from molecular gastronomy. Twenty-four-year-old chef Enrique Olvera opened Pujol in 2000. He studied at
1575-557: Is the domesticated variant of the four species of teosintes , which are its crop wild relatives . The teosinte origin theory was proposed by the Russian botanist Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov in 1931, and the American Nobel Prize -winner George Beadle in 1932. The two plants have dissimilar appearance, maize having a single tall stalk with multiple leaves and teosinte being a short, bushy plant. The difference between
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#17327906271521650-405: Is the leaf most closely associated with a particular developing ear. This leaf and those above it contribute over three quarters of the carbohydrate ( starch ) that fills the grain. The grains are usually yellow or white in modern varieties; other varieties have orange, red, brown, blue , purple , or black grains. They are arranged in 8 to 32 rows around the cob; there can be up to 1200 grains on
1725-523: The Vancouver Sun that she is not normally impressed by recognized restaurants, but she felt contentment during her visit. She labeled the food as high-class and the ambiance as relaxed; she only felt apathetic with the lamb with mint mole and baby potatoes due to the lack of tenderness but suggested going to Pujol if it fits in the budget. Mariana R. Fomperosa of Milenio recommended leaving aside expectations and hype when visiting Pujol; she found
1800-612: The Balsas River valley in Mexico's southwestern highlands, as the crop wild relative genetically most similar to modern maize. The middle part of the short Balsas River valley is the likely location of early domestication. Stone milling tools with maize residue have been found in an 8,700 year old layer of deposits in a cave not far from Iguala, Guerrero . Doebley and colleagues showed in 2002 that maize had been domesticated only once, about 9,000 years ago, and then spread throughout
1875-705: The Columbian exchange , it has become a staple food in many parts of the world, with the total production of maize surpassing that of wheat and rice . Much maize is used for animal feed , whether as grain or as the whole plant, which can either be baled or made into the more palatable silage . Sugar-rich varieties called sweet corn are grown for human consumption, while field corn varieties are used for animal feed, for uses such as cornmeal or masa , corn starch , corn syrup , pressing into corn oil , alcoholic beverages like bourbon whiskey , and as chemical feedstocks including ethanol and other biofuels . Maize
1950-480: The Culinary Institute of America . When it opened, the restaurant featured a contemporary cuisine menu composed predominantly of foreign dishes, encompassing Eastern Asian and American cuisine . Olvera described the food served as having more foie gras elements than Mexican ones; during this period, the restaurant suffered financial problems, with multiple associates leaving the project. In 2006,
2025-484: The omakase option is a nine- to ten-course menu changed daily and served in the restaurant's bar. There are no à la carte alternatives; beverages are sold separately. For groups of diners, table reservations will last from two and a half to three hours; if additional time is required, they may continue their meal on the terrace. There is no dress code and reservations are required; the restaurant recommends booking five to seven weeks in advance. The oldest plate
2100-607: The 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Maize remains an important model organism for genetics and developmental biology . The MADS-box motif is involved in the development of maize flowers. The Maize Genetics and Genomics Database is funded by the US Department of Agriculture to support maize research. The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center maintains a large collection of maize accessions tested and cataloged for insect resistance. In 2005,
2175-409: The 2010s. Food experts have given the restaurant mostly favorable reviews; the most popular dish is mole madre, mole nuevo , a black mole sauce that by 2022 had been reheated more than 2,800 times and to which fresh moles with varying flavors are regularly added. On the negative side, the eatery has received complaints about workplace harassment . Pujol was awarded two Michelin stars in 2024 in
2250-662: The Americas. Maize pollen dated to 7,300 years ago from San Andres, Tabasco has been found on the Caribbean coast. A primitive corn was being grown in southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America 7,000 years ago. Archaeological remains of early maize ears, found at Guila Naquitz Cave in the Oaxaca Valley , are roughly 6,250 years old; the oldest ears from caves near Tehuacan , Puebla, are 5,450 years old. Around 4,500 years ago, maize began to spread to
2325-479: The B-vitamin niacin , the lack of which caused pellagra . Once alkali processing and dietary variety were understood and applied, pellagra disappeared in the developed world. The development of high- lysine maize and the promotion of a more balanced diet have contributed to its demise. Pellagra still exists in food-poor areas and refugee camps where people survive on donated maize. The name maize derives from
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2400-934: The Generalitat de Catalunya 1980–2003 Juan Pujol García (1912–1988), double agent working for the British in World War II Laetitia Pujol (born 1975), French ballet dancer Le Pétomane (Joseph Pujol, 1857–1945), French performer Máximo Diego Pujol (born 1957), Argentine guitarist and composer Marc Pujol (born 1982), Andorran footballer Michèle Pujol (1951–1997), French-Canadian feminist, economist professor and human rights activist Norma Pujol (born 1988), Catalan politician Óscar Pujol (born 1983), Spanish road cyclist Edson Leal Pujol (born 1955), Brazilian Army General and Brazilian Army Commander (2018-2021) See also [ edit ] Pujols (disambiguation) Puyol ,
2475-709: The Maize Association of Australia, the National Maize Association of Nigeria, the National Maize Association of Ghana, the Maize Trust of South Africa, and the Zimbabwe Seed Maize Association. Maize is a tall annual grass with a single stem, ranging in height from 1.2 m (4 ft) to 4 m (13 ft). The long narrow leaves arise from the nodes or joints, alternately on opposite sides on
2550-586: The Spanish form maíz of the Taíno mahis . The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus used the common name maize as the species epithet in Zea mays . The name maize is preferred in formal, scientific, and international usage as a common name because it refers specifically to this one grain, unlike corn , which has a complex variety of meanings that vary by context and geographic region. Most countries primarily use
2625-562: The US National Science Foundation , Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Energy formed a consortium to sequence the maize genome . The resulting DNA sequence data was deposited immediately into GenBank , a public repository for genome-sequence data. Sequencing of the maize genome was completed in 2008. In 2009, the consortium published results of its sequencing effort. The genome, 85% of which
2700-534: The US from each of two major insect pests , namely the European corn borer or ECB ( Ostrinia nubilalis ) and corn rootworms ( Diabrotica spp ) western corn rootworm , northern corn rootworm , and southern corn rootworm . Another serious pest is the fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ). The maize weevil ( Sitophilus zeamais ) is a serious pest of stored grain. The Northern armyworm, Oriental armyworm or Rice ear-cutting caterpillar ( Mythimna separata )
2775-538: The United Nations recognized the restaurant in the same year. In 2018, Olvera opened a gourmet tortilleria in the Condesa neighborhood, named Molino Pujol. It sells hand-made tortillas produced with a variety of maize as well as maize-based dishes, including esquites , tacos, and quesadillas . For Elle magazine, Kayla Webley Adler recommended visiting Pujol, suggesting that the restaurant helped
2850-418: The beans provided nitrogen derived from nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria which live on the roots of beans and other legumes ; and squashes provided ground cover to stop weeds and inhibit evaporation by providing shade over the soil. Sweet corn, harvested earlier than maize grown for grain, grows to maturity in a period of from 60 to 100 days according to variety. An extended sweet corn harvest, picked at
2925-481: The best of Mexican gastronomy, with diners flocking to try the signature Mole Madre, Mole Nuevo – plated as concentric rings and aged for a staggering 2,500 days". When the Michelin Guide debuted in 2024 in Mexico, it awarded 18 restaurants with Michelin stars . Pujol and Quintonil obtained two stars each, meaning "excellent cooking, worth a detour"—and tied for the highest number of stars received in
3000-613: The body of Christ. Maize spread to the rest of the world because of its ability to grow in diverse climates. It was cultivated in Spain just a few decades after Columbus's voyages and then spread to Italy, West Africa and elsewhere. By the 17th century, it was a common peasant food in Southern Europe. By the 18th century, it was the chief food of the southern French and Italian peasantry, especially as polenta in Italy. When maize
3075-479: The city become a "foodie mecca". A reviewer for Condé Nast Traveler said it is a landmark eatery in Mexico City. A writer from Fodor's said that the visit was an "educational and hedonistic " experience. A critic from Bon Appétit recommended visiting Pujol and its taco omakase . Leslie Yeh from Lifestyle Asia considered the restaurant a must when visiting Mexico City. Mia Stainsby wrote for
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3150-577: The cob on their own, while those of domesticated maize do not. All maize arose from a single domestication in southern Mexico about 9,000 years ago. The oldest surviving maize types are those of the Mexican highlands. Maize spread from this region to the lowlands and over the Americas along two major paths. The centre of domestication was most likely the Balsas River valley of south-central Mexico. Maize reached highland Ecuador at least 8000 years ago. It reached lower Central America by 7600 years ago, and
3225-447: The country. The guide added: "the culinary heart of [Pujol] lies in the seasonal tasting menu. [...] The savory progression culminates with mole madre , an effort like no other that celebrates Mexican history and cuisine in the most profound way". Additionally, Molino Pujol received a Bib Gourmand rating, indicating "exceptionally good food at moderate prices". Pujol, along with six other Michelin-starred restaurants in Mexico City,
3300-425: The earliest and most successful, developing Reid's Yellow Dent in the 1860s. These early efforts were based on mass selection (a row of plants is grown from seeds of one parent), and the choosing of plants after pollination (which means that only the female parents are known). Later breeding efforts included ear to row selection (C. G. Hopkins c. 1896), hybrids made from selected inbred lines (G. H. Shull, 1909), and
3375-558: The end of their meal. Adriana Zehbrauskas wrote for The New York Times that the "light-filled dining rooms and open spaces [in the building seek] to balance a casual, neighborhood spirit with the former's intimacy". Mole Madre is commonly discussed in Pujol's reviews. Olvera said it was created for Quintonil 's first anniversary. It is a black mole version made with chilhuacle chili. Leftovers would be served in Pujol but Olvera experimented with reheating it indefinitely. He noticed that it
3450-413: The entire ear is harvested, which requires a separate operation of a maize sheller to remove the kernels from the ear. Whole ears of maize were often stored in corn cribs , sufficient for some livestock feeding uses. Today corn cribs with whole ears, and corn binders, are less common because most modern farms harvest the grain from the field with a combine harvester and store it in bins . The combine with
3525-774: The expansion of the Inca Empire , maize was traded and transported as far south as 40° S in Melinquina, Lácar Department , Argentina, probably brought across the Andes from Chile. After the arrival of Europeans in 1492, Spanish settlers consumed maize, and explorers and traders carried it back to Europe . Spanish settlers much preferred wheat bread to maize. Maize flour could not be substituted for wheat for communion bread, since in Christian belief at that time only wheat could undergo transubstantiation and be transformed into
3600-538: The first Michelin Guide covering restaurants in Mexico , becoming the highest rating in the country, tying with Quintonil , also in Polanco. Pujol offers two options of tasting menus that are updated constantly: maize-based meals or seafood. Also, there is a taco omakase bar alternative, where the diner lets the cooks select what to serve. The menu choice is a set of seven dishes that are served at tables, while
3675-558: The food good but overrated. Felipe Soto Viterbo rated Pujol five out of five stars for Time Out . He commented that it was unnecessary to recommend specific dishes, as they vary constantly and might not be tasted by the reader, and that—despite its seasonal menu—Pujol "doesn't go out of style". Separately, Time Out placed Pujol at number one in its ranking of the top 23 restaurants in Mexico City. Arden Shore from The Infatuation considered Pujol's service to be "warm and smooth" and thought that diners would be "blissful and stuffed" at
3750-532: The highly successful double cross hybrids using four inbred lines ( D. F. Jones c. 1918, 1922). University-supported breeding programs were especially important in developing and introducing modern hybrids. Since the 1940s, the best strains of maize have been first-generation hybrids made from inbred strains that have been optimized for specific traits, such as yield, nutrition, drought, pest and disease tolerance. Both conventional cross-breeding and genetic engineering have succeeded in increasing output and reducing
3825-495: The history of the word corn in North America that "[t]o say the word corn is to plunge into the tragi-farcical mistranslations of language and history". Similar to the British usage, the Spanish referred to maize as panizo , a generic term for cereal grains, as did Italians with the term polenta . The British later referred to maize as Turkey wheat, Turkey corn, or Indian corn; Fussell comments that "they meant not
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#17327906271523900-419: The machinery. The combine separates the husk and the cob, keeping only the kernels. Drying is vital to prevent or at least reduce damage by mould fungi, which contaminate the grain with mycotoxins . Aspergillus and Fusarium spp. are the most common mycotoxin sources, and accordingly important in agriculture. If the moisture content of the harvested grain is too high, grain dryers are used to reduce
3975-413: The milk stage, can be arranged either by planting a selection of varieties which ripen earlier and later, or by planting different areas at fortnightly intervals. Maize harvested as a grain crop can be kept in the field a relatively long time, even months, after the crop is ready to harvest; it can be harvested and stored in the husk leaves if kept dry. Before World War II , most maize in North America
4050-427: The moisture content by blowing heated air through the grain. This can require large amounts of energy in the form of combustible gases ( propane or natural gas ) and electricity to power the blowers. Maize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and a greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain. In 2020, total world production was 1.16 billion tonnes , led by the United States with 31.0% of
4125-501: The need for cropland, pesticides, water and fertilizer. There is conflicting evidence to support the hypothesis that maize yield potential has increased over the past few decades. This suggests that changes in yield potential are associated with leaf angle, lodging resistance, tolerance of high plant density, disease/pest tolerance, and other agronomic traits rather than increase of yield potential per individual plant. Certain varieties of maize have been bred to produce many ears; these are
4200-400: The new crop. The rise in maize cultivation 500 to 1,000 years ago in what is now the southeastern United States corresponded with a decline of freshwater mussels , which are very sensitive to environmental changes. Because it is cold-intolerant, in the temperate zones maize must be planted in the spring. Its root system is generally shallow, so the plant is dependent on soil moisture. As
4275-465: The north. In the United States, maize was first cultivated at several sites in New Mexico and Arizona about 4,100 years ago. During the first millennium AD, maize cultivation spread more widely in the areas north. In particular, the large-scale adoption of maize agriculture and consumption in eastern North America took place about A.D. 900. Native Americans cleared large forest and grassland areas for
4350-760: The presence of Starlink genetically modified corn, which had been approved only for animal consumption. The maize genus Zea is relatively closely related to sorghum , both being in the PACMAD clade of Old World grasses, and much more distantly to rice and wheat , which are in the other major group of grasses, the BOP clade . It is closely related to Tripsacum , gamagrass. various grasses e.g. fescue , ryegrass Hordeum (barley) Triticum (wheat) Oryza (rice) Pennisetum (fountaingrasses) Sorghum (sorghum) Tripsacum (gamagrass) Zea mays (maize) other Zea species ( teosintes ) Maize
4425-428: The restaurant was remodeled and the menu changed to that of Mexican cuisine. According to Olvera, they improved "the aesthetics on the plate" and focused on the ingredients to enhance the flavor. In 2017, Pujol was relocated from Francisco Petrarca Street to a 1950s-built house on Tennyson Street, both in the Polanco neighborhood of Mexico City. The restaurant added a variety of tacos subsequently. Javier Sánchez
4500-417: The restaurant's cuisine, Shore described it as "hypnotic". Stainsby opined it was "deep and complex and beautifully balanced". Fomperosa said she preferred her grandmother's, perhaps because she preferred love over technique. In 2021, Ximena Abrín applied for a job at the restaurant and was put on a five-day trial period. On the fourth day, she resigned and posted her experience on Facebook about working at
4575-579: The restaurant. She said that the working hours were doubled from those offered at 16 hours, with the minimum pay being 14,000 pesos monthly (approximately 700 US dollars) for a six-day workweek, and she did not consider the restaurant's reputation sufficient to tolerate such labor practices. Her publication went viral, and multiple former employees began to publish their experiences at Pujol, including cases of workplace harassment, racism, classism, and sexism. In this regard, Olvera said: "If at some point we have failed, we are more than willing to review it and it
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#17327906271524650-491: The source of the " baby corn " used as a vegetable in Asian cuisine . A fast-flowering variety named mini-maize was developed to aid scientific research, as multiple generations can be obtained in a single year. One strain called olotón has evolved a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing microbes, which provides the plant with 29%–82% of its nitrogen. The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) operates
4725-415: The stalk. Maize is monoecious , with separate male and female flowers on the same plant. At the top of the stem is the tassel, an inflorescence of male flowers; their anthers release pollen, which is dispersed by wind . Like other pollen, it is an allergen , but most of it falls within a few meters of the tassel and the risk is largely restricted to farm workers. The female inflorescence, some way down
4800-564: The standards established by local laws. Restaurant has ranked Pujol on its World's 50 Best Restaurants lists multiple times: at number 5 (2022), 9 (2021), 12 (2019), 13 (2018 and 2023), 16 (2015), 17 (2013), 20 (2014 and 2017), 25 (2016), 33 (2024), 36 (2012), and 49 (2011). There was no list in 2020 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry . For the 2022 edition, Pujol's highest year, Restaurant added, "[t]he Best Restaurant in North America 2022 boasts
4875-425: The stem from the tassel, is first seen as a silk, a bundle of soft tubular hairs , one for the carpel in each female flower, which develops into a kernel (often called a seed. Botanically, as in all grasses, it is a fruit, fused with the seed coat to form a caryopsis ) when it is pollinated. A whole female inflorescence develops into an ear or corncob , enveloped by multiple leafy layers or husks. The ear leaf
4950-608: The term maize , and the name corn is used mainly in the United States and a handful of other English-speaking countries. In countries that primarily use the term maize , the word corn may denote any cereal crop, varying geographically with the local staple , such as wheat in England and oats in Scotland or Ireland. The usage of corn for maize started as a shortening of " Indian corn " in 18th-century North America. The historian of food Betty Fussell writes in an article on
5025-472: The total (table). China produced 22.4% of the global total. Many pests can affect maize growth and development, including invertebrates, weeds, and pathogens. Maize is susceptible to a large number of fungal, bacterial, and viral plant diseases . Those of economic importance include diseases of the leaf, smuts such as corn smut , ear rots and stalk rots. Northern corn leaf blight damages maize throughout its range, whereas banded leaf and sheath blight
5100-500: The two is largely controlled by differences in just two genes, called grassy tillers-1 ( gt1 , A0A317YEZ1 ) and teosinte branched-1 ( tb1 , Q93WI2 ). In the late 1930s, Paul Mangelsdorf suggested that domesticated maize was the result of a hybridization event between an unknown wild maize and a species of Tripsacum , a related genus; this has been refuted by modern genetic testing . In 2004, John Doebley identified Balsas teosinte, Zea mays subsp. parviglumis , native to
5175-589: The valleys of the Colombian Andes between 7000 and 6000 years ago. The earliest maize plants grew a single, small ear per plant. The Olmec and Maya cultivated maize in numerous varieties throughout Mesoamerica ; they cooked, ground and processed it through nixtamalization . By 3000 years ago, maize was central to Olmec culture, including their calendar, language, and myths. The Mapuche people of south-central Chile cultivated maize along with quinoa and potatoes in pre-Hispanic times. Before
5250-458: Was harvested by hand. This involved a large number of workers and associated social events (husking or shucking bees ). From the 1890s onward, some machinery became available to partially mechanize the processes, such as one- and two-row mechanical pickers (picking the ear, leaving the stover ) and corn binders, which are reaper-binders designed specifically for maize. The latter produce sheaves that can be shocked . By hand or mechanical picker,
5325-588: Was honored by Martí Batres , the head of the Mexico City government . He presented the chefs with an onyx statuette as a token of appreciation for their role in promoting tourism in the city. The statuette's design is inspired by the pre-Hispanic sculpture The Young Woman of Amajac , in recognition of the significant contributions of indigenous women to national and international gastronomy. Maize Maize / m eɪ z / ( Zea mays ), also known as corn in North American English ,
5400-425: Was introduced into Western farming systems, it was welcomed for its productivity. However, a widespread problem of malnutrition soon arose wherever it had become a staple food . Indigenous Americans had learned to soak maize in alkali -water — made with ashes and lime — since at least 1200–1500 BC, creating the process of nixtamalization. They did this to liberate the corn hulls, but coincidentally it also liberated
5475-466: Was one of the 26 genetically engineered food crops grown commercially in 2016. The vast majority of this is Bt maize . Genetically modified maize has been grown since 1997 in the United States and Canada; by 2016, 92% of the US maize crop was genetically modified. As of 2011, herbicide-tolerant maize and insect-resistant maize varieties were each grown in over 20 countries. In September 2000, up to $ 50 million worth of food products were recalled due to
5550-576: Was possible and that its flavor changed over time. From then on, when there are 10 L (2.2 imp gal; 2.6 U.S. gal) left (every two days, approximately), they add more recent mole with seasonal ingredients. When serving, the cooks add fresher mole, or Mole Nuevo, to the Mole Madre bed; it is accompanied with an hoja santa tortilla. While Daniela Brugger called it a "culinary treasure" because she considered it "a commitment to quality and tradition [with an] artisanal approach" to
5625-565: Was the architect and Micaela de Bernardi was the interior designer for the renovation. Eduardo Prieto designed the furniture inspired by the works of Clara Porset . Following the relocation, the restaurant reduced cooking with meat and increased the use of Mexican vegetables and ingredients; by 2019, Pujol had stopped using meat due to environmental impact, except for special events. The restaurant collects rainwater for orchard irrigation, has reduced its use of single-use plastics and collects leftovers for composting. For its sustainability actions,
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