118-594: Pulitzer may refer to: Joseph Pulitzer , a 19th century media magnate Pulitzer Prize , an annual U.S. journalism, literary, and music award Pulitzer (surname) Pulitzer, Inc. , a U.S. newspaper chain Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting , a non-profit organization for journalists See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Pulitzer Politzer (disambiguation) Politz (disambiguation) Pollitz , Germany Topics referred to by
236-637: A privilegium was granted by Béla to his Jewish subjects which was essentially the same as that granted by Duke Frederick II the Quarrelsome to the Austrian Jews in 1244, but which Béla modified to suit the conditions of Hungary. This privilegium remained in force down to the Battle of Mohács (1526). At the Synod of Buda (1279), held in the reign of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary (1272–1290), it
354-549: A "coward." Slayback entered the Post-Dispatch offices on October 13, armed with a gun, and threatened Cockerill; Cockerill shot him dead. The story became a national sensation and turned many conservative Democrats vehemently against Pulitzer and the Post-Dispatch . After a grand jury inquest, Cockerill was never put on trial. Pulitzer replaced him with John Dillon, former owner of the Post and unlike Pulitzer and Cockerill,
472-742: A Sephardi and a Syrian one. While the Ottomans held sway in Hungary, the Jews of Transylvania (at that time an independent principality) also fared well. At the instance of Abraham Sassa , a Jewish physician of Constantinople , Prince Gabriel Bethlen of Transylvania granted a letter of privileges (18 June 1623) to the Spanish Jews from Anatolia. But the community of Judaizing Szekler Sabbatarians , which had existed in Transylvania since 1588,
590-488: A crusade to reform the corrupt St. Louis County Court. His fight against the court angered Captain Edward Augustine, Superintendent of Registration for St. Louis County. Their rivalry became so heated that on the night of January 27, Augustine confronted Pulitzer at Schmidt's Hotel and called him a "damned liar." Pulitzer left the building, returned to his room, and retrieved a four-barreled pistol. He returned to
708-462: A delegate to the 1874 Missouri Constitutional Convention representing St. Louis, arguing successfully for true home rule for the city. In 1876, Pulitzer, by now completely disillusioned with the corruption of the Republicans and their nomination of Rutherford B. Hayes , gave nearly 70 speeches in favor of Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden throughout the country; Schurz, who saw Hayes as
826-492: A lifelong friend there in the librarian Udo Brachvogel. He often played in the library's chess room, where Carl Schurz noticed his aggressive style. Pulitzer greatly admired the German-born Schurz, an emblem of the success attainable by a foreign-born citizen through his own energies and skills. In 1868, Pulitzer was admitted to the bar , but his broken English and odd appearance kept clients away. He struggled with
944-736: A line. When he was done, the lawyers gave him desk space and allowed him to study law in their library to prepare for the bar. Pulitzer displayed a flair for reporting. He would work 16 hours a day – from 10 am to 2 am. He was nicknamed "Joey the German" or "Joey the Jew". He joined the Philosophical Society and frequented a German bookstore where many intellectuals hung out. Among his new group of friends were Joseph Keppler and Thomas Davidson . Pulitzer joined Schurz's Republican Party . On December 14, 1869, Pulitzer attended
1062-701: A million copies a day and opened the way to mass-circulation newspapers that depended on advertising revenue (rather than cover price or political party subsidies) and appealed to readers with multiple forms of news, gossip, entertainment and advertising. Pulitzer's name is best known for the Pulitzer Prizes established in 1917 as a result of the specified endowment in his will to Columbia University . The prizes are given annually to recognize and reward excellence in American journalism, photography, literature, history, poetry, music, and drama. Pulitzer also funded
1180-436: A number of rich Jews were living. The king granted letters of protection to those that had been ruined by the revolt, and demanded satisfaction for those that had been injured; but in return for these favors he commanded the Jews to furnish the sums necessary for suppressing the revolt. After the restoration of peace the Jews were expelled from many cities that feared their competition; thus Esztergom expelled them in 1712, on
1298-539: A poll-tax of 1 florin, 30 kreutzer if they entered the city during the day, if only for an hour. In many places they might not even stay overnight. They therefore begged permission to settle, or at least to visit the fairs, in Croatia and Slavonia and in those places from which they had been driven in consequence of the jealousy of the Greeks and the merchants. The Jews also had to pay heavier bridge-and ferry-tolls than
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#17327657984641416-656: A reformer with integrity, returned to the Republican fold. In his speeches, Pulitzer denounced Schurz and urged reconciliation between North and South. While on his speaking tour, Pulitzer also wrote dispatches to the New York Sun on behalf of the Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign . After Tilden's narrow defeat under dubious circumstances , Pulitzer became disillusioned with his candidate's indecision and timid response; he would oppose Tilden's 1880 run for
1534-459: A well-respected, conservative native of the city. However, the incident permanently damaged Pulitzer's reputation in the city, and he began to seek opportunities elsewhere. In April 1883, the Pulitzer family traveled to New York, ostensibly to start a European vacation, but actually so that Joseph could make an offer to Jay Gould for ownership of the morning New York World . Gould had acquired
1652-509: A year in office. In 1895, William Randolph Hearst purchased the rival New York Journal , which at one time had been owned by Pulitzer's brother, Albert . Hearst had once been a great admirer of Pulitzer's World . The two embarked on a circulation war. This competition with Hearst, particularly the coverage before and during the Spanish–American War , linked Pulitzer's name with yellow journalism . Pulitzer and Hearst were also
1770-461: A yearly tax of ƒ 50,000. This sum being excessive, the delegates protested; and although the queen had fixed ƒ30,000 as the minimum tax, they were finally able to compromise on the payment of ƒ20,000 a year for a period of eight years. The delegates were to apportion this amount among the districts; the districts, their respective sums among the communities; and the communities, theirs among the individual members. The queen confirmed this agreement of
1888-453: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Joseph Pulitzer Joseph Pulitzer ( / ˈ p ʊ l ɪ t s ər / PUUL -it-sər ; born Pulitzer József , Hungarian: [ˈpulit͡sɛr ˈjoːʒɛf] ; April 10, 1847 – October 29, 1911) was a Hungarian-American politician and newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and
2006-531: The New York World . He became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected congressman from New York. In the 1890s the fierce competition between his World and William Randolph Hearst 's New York Journal caused both to develop the techniques of yellow journalism , which won over readers with sensationalism , sex, crime and graphic horrors. The wide appeal reached
2124-413: The St. Louis Post and Dispatch (soon renamed the Post-Dispatch ) on December 12. With his own paper, Pulitzer developed his role as a champion of the common man, featuring exposés and a hard-hitting populist approach. The paper was considered a leader in the field of sensational journalism . The circulation of the Post-Dispatch steadily rose during Pulitzer's early tenure (aided by the collapse of
2242-529: The 1880 Democratic National Convention , over Hyde's objection. Though Pulitzer could not convince Horatio Seymour , his preferred candidate, to run, the Democrats did not renominate Tilden. In March 1882, the two men even came to physical blows on Olive Street but were separated by a crowd before either was injured. In 1880, Pulitzer made a second run for public office, this time for United States Representative from Missouri's second district . However, he
2360-400: The Battle of Mohács (29 August 1526), on which occasion Louis II lost his life on the battlefield. When the news of his death reached the capital, Buda , the court and the nobles fled together with some wealthy Jews, among them the prefect. When the grand vizier , Ibrahim Pasha , preceding Sultan Suleiman I , arrived with his army at Buda, the representatives of the Jews who had remained in
2478-533: The Columbia School of Journalism with his philanthropic bequest; it opened in 1912. He was born as Pulitzer József (name order by Hungarian custom) in Makó , about 200 km south-east of Budapest , the son of Elize (Berger) and Fülöp Pulitzer (born Politzer). The Pulitzers were among several Jewish families living in the area and had established a reputation as merchants and shopkeepers. Joseph's father
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#17327657984642596-642: The Dohány Street Synagogue , the largest synagogue in Europe and the second largest synagogue in the world after Temple Emanu-El of New York . It is not definitely known when Jews first settled in Hungary. According to tradition, King Decebalus (ruled Dacia 87–106 CE) permitted the Jews who aided him in his war against Rome to settle in his territory. Dacia included part of modern-day Hungary as well as Romania and Moldova and smaller areas of Bulgaria , Ukraine , and Serbia . Prisoners of
2714-517: The Hungarians did not sympathize with them, and Coloman even opposed them. The infuriated Crusaders attacked some cities, and if Gedaliah ibn Yaḥya is to be believed, the Jews suffered a fate similar to that of their coreligionists in France, Germany, and Bohemia . The cruelties inflicted upon the Jews of Bohemia induced many of them to seek refuge in Hungary. It was probably the immigration of
2832-462: The Jewish laws and customs. One tradition relates the story of Jews from Ratisbon ( Regensburg ) coming into Hungary with merchandise from Russia, on a Friday; the wheel of their wagon broke near Buda (Ofen) or Esztergom (Gran) and by the time they had repaired it and had entered the town, the Jews were just leaving the synagogue. The unintentional Sabbath -breakers were heavily fined. The ritual of
2950-660: The Jewish-Roman Wars may have been brought back by the victorious Roman legions normally stationed in Provincia Pannonia (Western Hungary). Marcus Aurelius ordered the transfer of some of his rebellious troops from Syria to Pannonia in 175 CE. These troops had been recruited partly in Antioch and Hemesa (now Homs ), which still had a sizable Jewish population at that time. The Antiochian troops were transferred to Ulcisia Castra (today Szentendre ), while
3068-745: The Lincoln Cavalry on September 30, 1864. He was a part of Sheridan's troopers , in the 1st New York Cavalry Regiment in Company L, joining the regiment in Virginia in November 1864, and fighting in the Appomattox Campaign , before being mustered out on June 5, 1865. Although he spoke German, Hungarian, and French, Pulitzer learned little English until after the war, as his regiment was composed mostly of German immigrants. After
3186-564: The New York World, through 1915. When Pulitzer purchased the World , New York City, though overwhelmingly Democratic, did not have a major Democratic newspaper. The Tribune (under Whitelaw Reid) and Times were ardently Republican and the Sun (under Charles Dana ) and Herald were independent. In the first issue under his ownership, Pulitzer announced the paper would be "dedicated to
3304-735: The World the largest newspaper in the country. Pulitzer emphasized broad appeal through short, provocative headlines and sentences; the World's self-described style was "brief, breezy and briggity." His World featured illustrations, advertising, and a culture of consumption for working men. Crusades for reform and entertainment news were two main staples for the World . Pulitzer explained that: The American people want something terse, forcible, picturesque, striking, something that will arrest their attention, enlist their sympathy, arouse their indignation, stimulate their imagination, convince their reason, [and] awaken their conscience. In 1887, he recruited
3422-591: The privilegium of Béla IV. Matthias created the office of Jewish prefect in Hungary. The period following the death of Matthias was a sad one for the Hungarian Jews. He was hardly buried, when the people fell upon them, confiscated their property, refused to pay debts owing to them, and persecuted them generally. The pretender John Corvinus , Matthias' illegitimate son, expelled them from Tata , and King Ladislaus II (1490–1516), always in need of money, laid heavy taxes upon them. During his reign, Jews were for
3540-481: The Christians; at Nagyszombat ( Trnava ) they had to pay three times the ordinary sum, namely, for the driver, for the vehicle, and for the animal drawing the same; and in three villages belonging to the same district they had to pay toll , although there was no toll-gate. Jews living on the estates of the nobles had to give their wives and children as pledges for arrears of taxes. In Upper Hungary they asked for
3658-468: The Democratic nomination. Pulitzer returned to St. Louis to practice law and search for future opportunities in news. On his thirtieth birthday, Pulitzer's home at the old Southern Hotel burned to the ground, likely destroying most of his personal belongings and papers. On December 9, 1878, Pulitzer bought the moribund St. Louis Dispatch and merged it with John Dillon's St. Louis Post , forming
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3776-476: The Democratic ticket. Pulitzer's own views were in line with Democratic orthodoxy on low tariffs, and limited federal powers; his prior opposition to the Democrats was out of disgust for slavery and the Confederate rebellion. Pulitzer campaigned for the Democratic ticket throughout the state and published a damaging rumor (leaked by future Senator George Vest ) that Gentry had sold a slave. He also served as
3894-571: The German Henry C. Brockmeyer ; and William Torrey Harris . Pulitzer studied Brockmeyer, who was famous for translating Hegel , and he "would hang on Brockmeyer's thunderous words, even as he served them pretzels and beer." He was fired after a tray slipped from his hand and a patron was soaked in beer. Pulitzer spent his free time at the St. Louis Mercantile Library on the corner of Fifth and Locust, studying English and reading voraciously. He made
4012-582: The German, Italian, and Ottoman Jews. After the conclusion of peace, which the Jews helped to bring about, the communities were in part reconstructed; but further development in the territory of the Habsburgs was arrested when Leopold I (1657–1705) expelled the Jews (24 April 1671). He, however, revoked his decree a few months later (August 20). During the siege of Vienna , in 1683, the Jews that had returned to that city were again maltreated. The Ottomans plundered some communities in western Hungary, and deported
4130-452: The Good of Moldavia and Dano I of Wallachia , the latter who afforded them special commercial privileges. Some years later, when Hungary was in financial distress, the Jews were readmitted. They learned that during their absence, the king had introduced the custom of Tödtbriefe , i.e., cancelling by a stroke of his pen, on the request of a subject or a city, the notes and mortgage -deeds of
4248-727: The Hemesian troops settled in Intercisa ( Dunaújváros ). According to Raphael Patai , stone inscriptions referring to Jews were found in Brigetio (now Szőny ), Solva ( Esztergom ), Aquincum ( Budapest ), Intercisa (Dunaújváros), Triccinae ( Sárvár ), Dombovár, Siklós, Sopianae ( Pécs ) and Savaria ( Szombathely ). A Latin inscription, the epitaph of Septima Maria, discovered in Siklós (southern Hungary near Croatian border), clearly refers to her Jewishness ("Judaea"). The Intercisa tablet
4366-570: The Hungarian Jews faithfully reflected contemporary German customs. Coloman (1095–1116), the successor of St. Ladislaus, renewed the Szabolcs decree of 1092, adding further prohibitions against the employment of Christian slaves and domestics. He also restricted the Jews to cities with episcopal sees – probably to have them under the continuous supervision of the Church . Soon after the promulgation of this decree, Crusaders came to Hungary; but
4484-483: The Jewish schools and to report to the government. The Jews were to create a fund for organizing and maintaining their schools. Jewish youth might enter the academies, and might study any subject at the universities except theology. Jews might rent farms only if they could cultivate the same without the aid of Christians. Jews were allowed to peddle and to engage in various industrial occupations, and to be admitted into
4602-615: The Jews and the Saracens (by this time, the papacy had changed, and the Pope was now Pope Gregory IX ; he would cause both peoples to be distinguished from Christians by means of badges; and would forbid both Jews and Saracens to buy or to keep Christian slaves. The year 1240 was the closing one of the fifth millennium of the Jewish era. At that time the Jews were expecting the advent of their Messiah . The Mongol invasion in 1241 seemed to conform to expectation, as Jewish imagination expected
4720-513: The Jews in that part of the country not under Turkish rule is shown by the decree of the Diet of 1578, to the effect that Jews were to be taxed double the amount which was imposed upon other citizens. By article XV of the law promulgated by the Diet of 1630, Jews were forbidden to take charge of the customs; and this decree was confirmed by the Diet of 1646 on the ground that the Jews were excluded from
4838-421: The Jews of Hungary were deported to Anatolia , others, who had fled at the approach of the sultan , sought refuge beyond the frontier or in the free royal towns of western Hungary. The widow of Louis II, the queen regent Maria, favored the enemies of the Jews. The citizens of Sopron (Ödenburg) began hostilities by expelling the Jews of that city, confiscating their property, and pillaging the vacated houses and
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4956-658: The Jews of Trencsén bound themselves by a secret oath that in all their communal affairs they would submit to the Jewish court at Ungarisch-Brod ( Uherský Brod ) only. In the course of time the immigrants refused to pay taxes to the Austrian provinces. The Moravian Jews, who had suffered by the heavy emigration, then brought complaint; and Maria Theresa ordered that all Jewish and Christian subjects that had emigrated after 1740 should be extradited , while those who had emigrated before that date were to be released from their Moravian allegiance. The government could not, however, check
5074-425: The Jews were expelled from Buda (1746), and the " toleration-tax " was imposed upon the Hungarian Jews. On September 1, 1749, the delegates of the Hungarian Jews, except those from Szatmár County, assembled at Pressburg and met a royal commission, which informed them that they would be expelled from the country if they did not pay this tax. The frightened Jews at once agreed to do so; and the commission then demanded
5192-444: The Jews were to organize elementary schools; the commands of the emperor, issued in the interests of the Jews, were to be announced in the synagogues; and the rabbis were to explain to the people the salutary effects of these decrees. The subjects to be taught in the Jewish schools were to be the same as those taught in the national schools; the same text-books were to be used in all the elementary schools; and everything that might offend
5310-720: The Jews, who were allowed to settle at leisure throughout the country. The regulatio decreed that the legal documents of the Jews should no longer be composed in Hebrew , or in Yiddish , but in Latin , German, and Hungarian , the languages used in the country at the time, and which the young Jews were required to learn within two years. Documents written in Hebrew or in Yiddish were not legal; Hebrew books were to be used at worship only;
5428-584: The Jews. An important office which was created by Louis was the office of the "judge of all the Jews living in Hungary," who was chosen from among the dignitaries of the country, the palatines , and treasurers, and he was aided by a deputy. It was his duty to collect taxes from the Jews, protect their privileges, and listen to their complaints, which had become more frequent since the reign of Sigismund Luxembourg (1387–1437). The successors of Sigismund: Albert (1437–1439), Ladislaus Posthumus (1453–1457), and Matthias Corvinus (1458–1490) all likewise confirmed
5546-598: The Queen, indicating the manner in which they could be relieved; and their suggestions were subsequently willed by the queen and made into law. The queen relieved the Jews from the tax of toleration in Upper Hungary only. In regard to the other complaints she ordered that the Jews should specify them in detail, and that the government should remedy them insofar as they came under its jurisdiction. The toleration-tax had hardly been instituted when Michael Hirsch petitioned
5664-530: The Republican meeting at the St. Louis Turnhalle on Tenth Street, where party leaders needed a candidate to fill a vacancy in the state legislature. After their first choice refused, they settled on Pulitzer, nominating him unanimously, forgetting he was only 22, three years under the required age. However, his chief Democratic opponent was possibly ineligible because he had served in the Confederate army. Pulitzer had energy. He organized street meetings, called personally on
5782-709: The Union in the American Civil War in August 1864. Pulitzer could not speak English when he arrived in Boston Harbor in 1864 at the age of 17, his passage having been paid by Massachusetts military recruiters. Learning that the recruiters were pocketing the lion's share of his enlistment bounty, Pulitzer left the Deer Island recruiting station and made his way to New York . He was paid $ 200 to enlist in
5900-462: The acquaintance of attorneys William Patrick and Charles Phillip Johnson and surgeon Joseph Nash McDowell. Patrick and Johnson referred to Pulitzer as " Shakespeare " because of his extraordinary profile. They helped him secure a job with the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad . His work was to record the railroad land deeds in the twelve counties in southwest Missouri where the railroad planned to build
6018-576: The administration at the Westliche Post . He eventually became its managing editor, and obtained a proprietary interest. On August 31, 1870, Schurz (now a U.S. Senator), Pulitzer, and other reformist anti-Grant Republicans bolted from the state convention at the Capitol and nominated a competing Liberal Republican ticket for Missouri, led by the former Senator Benjamin Gratz Brown . Brown
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#17327657984646136-531: The amount of their tax to 25,000 florins a year if the queen would promise that it should remain at that sum for the next ten years. The queen had other plans, however; not only did she dismiss the renewed gravamina of the Jews, but rather imposed stiffer regulations upon them. Their tax of ƒ20,000 was increased to ƒ30,000 in 1760; to ƒ50,000 in 1772; to ƒ80,000 in 1778; and to ƒ160,000 in 1813. Joseph II (1780–1790), son and successor of Maria Theresa, showed immediately on his accession that he intended to alleviate
6254-498: The boat churned away, the men concluded the promised plantation jobs had been a ruse. They walked back to the city, where Pulitzer wrote an account of the fraud and was pleased when it was accepted by the Westliche Post , edited by Emil Preetorius and Carl Schurz , evidently his first published news story. On March 6, 1867, Pulitzer became a naturalized American citizen . In the Westliche Post building, Pulitzer made
6372-728: The cause of the newsboys' strike of 1899 , a youth-led campaign to force change in the way that Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst's newspapers compensated their child newspaper hawkers. History of the Jews in Hungary The history of the Jews in Hungary dates back to at least the Kingdom of Hungary , with some records even predating the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin in 895 CE by over 600 years. Written sources prove that Jewish communities lived in
6490-469: The cause of the people rather than that of purse-potentates." In 1884, he joined the Manhattan Club, a group of wealthy Democrats including Tilden, Abram Hewitt , and William C. Whitney . Through the World , he supported the campaign of New York Governor Grover Cleveland for president. Pulitzer's campaign for Cleveland and against Republican James G. Blaine may have been pivotal in securing
6608-639: The city appeared garbed in mourning before him, and, begging for grace, handed him the keys of the deserted and unprotected castle in token of submission. The sultan himself entered Buda on September 11; and on September 22 he decreed that all the Jews seized at Buda, Esztergom , and elsewhere, more than 2,000 in number, should be distributed among the cities of the Ottoman Empire. They were sent to Constantinople , Plevna ( Pleven ) and Sofia , where they maintained their separate community for several decades. In Sofia , there existed four Jewish communities in
6726-552: The city's other daily English-language paper, the Star ). At the time of merger, the Post and Dispatch had a combined circulation of under 4,000. By the end of 1879, circulation was up to 4,984 and Pulitzer doubled the size of the paper to eight pages. By the end of 1880, circulation was up to 8,740. Circulation rose dramatically to 12,000 by March 1881 and to 22,300 by September 1882. Pulitzer bought two new presses and increased staff pay to
6844-481: The city, he recalled, "The lights of St. Louis looked like a promised land to me." In the city, his German was as useful as it was in Munich because of the large ethnic German population, due to strong immigration since the revolutions of 1848 . In the Westliche Post , he saw an ad for a mule hostler at Benton Barracks . The next day he walked four miles and got the job, but held it for only two days. He quit due to
6962-533: The commission, except the eight-year clause, changing the period to three years, which she subsequently made five. The agreement, thus ratified by the queen, was brought on November 26 before the courts, which were powerless to relieve the Jews from the payment of this Malkegeld ("queen's money" in Yiddish), as they called it. The Jews, thus burdened by new taxes, thought the time ripe for taking steps to remove their oppressive disabilities . While still at Presburg
7080-525: The condition of the Jews, communicating this intention to the Hungarian chancellor, Count Franz Esterházy as early as May 13, 1781. In consequence the Hungarian government issued (March 31, 1783) a decree known as the Systematica gentis Judaicae regulatio , which wiped out at one stroke the decrees that had oppressed the Jews for centuries. The royal free towns, except the mining-towns, were opened to
7198-414: The country, however, induced the king, in his Golden Bull (1222), to deprive the Jews of these high offices. When Andrew needed money in 1226, he farmed the royal revenues to Jews, which gave ground for much complaint. The pope ( Pope Honorius III ) thereupon excommunicated him, until, in 1233, he promised the papal ambassadors on oath that he would enforce the decrees of the Golden Bull directed against
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#17327657984647316-618: The country. Even though the Jews were immediately readmitted, they were persecuted again, and in 1360, they were expelled by King Louis the Great of Anjou (1342–1382). Although King Louis had initially shown tolerance to the Jews during the early years of his reign, following his conquest of Bosnia , during which he tried to force the local population to convert from the "heretic" Bogomil Christianity to Catholicism , King Louis attempted to impose conversion on Hungarian Jews as well. However, he failed in his attempt to convert them to Catholicism, and expelled them. They were received by Alexander
7434-471: The delegates had brought their grievances before the mixed commission that was called delegata in puncto tolerantialis taxae et gravaminum Judeorum commissio mixta . These complaints pictured the distress of the Jews of that time. They were not allowed to live in Croatia and Slavonia , in Baranya and Heves Counties, or in several free royal towns and localities; nor might they visit the markets there. At Stuhlweissenburg ( Székesfehérvár ) they had to pay
7552-420: The execution of minor papers and the collecting of debts. That year, when the Westliche Post needed a reporter, he was offered the job. Soon after, he and several dozen men each paid a fast-talking promoter five dollars, after being promised good-paying jobs on a Louisiana sugar plantation . They boarded a steamboat , which took them downriver 30 miles south of the city, where the crew forced them off. When
7670-606: The fairs; and, with the permission of the court, they even erected a foundry at Ság ( Sasinkovo ). When King Charles ordered them to leave (March 1727), the royal mandate was in some places ignored; in others the Jews obeyed so slowly that he had to repeat his edict three months later. In 1735, another census of the Jews of the country was taken with the view of reducing their numbers. There were at that time 11,621 Jews living in Hungary, of which 2,474 were male heads of families, and fifty-seven were female heads. Of these heads of families 35.31 per cent declared themselves to be Hungarians;
7788-424: The family became impoverished. Joseph attempted to enlist in various European armies for work before emigrating to the United States. Pulitzer tried to join the military but was rejected by the Austrian Army . He then tried to join the French Foreign Legion to fight in Mexico but was similarly rejected, and then the British Army and was again rejected. He was finally recruited in Hamburg, Germany, to fight for
7906-445: The famous investigative journalist Nellie Bly . Pulitzer also constructed the New York World Building , designed by George B. Post and completed in 1890. Pulitzer dictated several aspects of the design, including the building's triple-height main entrance arch, dome, and rounded corner at Park Row and Frankfort Street. In 1895, the World introduced the immensely popular The Yellow Kid comic by Richard F. Outcault , one of
8024-556: The first strips to be featured in the newly launched Sunday color supplement shortly after. After the World exposed an illegal payment of $ 40,000,000 by the United States to the French Panama Canal Company in 1909, Pulitzer was indicted for libeling Theodore Roosevelt and J. P. Morgan . The courts dismissed the indictments. Newspaper writer and editor of The San Francisco Call, John McNaught went to New York to work under Pulitzer as his personal secretary from 1907 to 1912. When McNaught left The Evening World, he became editor of
8142-412: The first time burned at the stake, many being executed at Nagyszombat ( Trnava ) in 1494, on suspicion of ritual murder . For protection, the Hungarian Jews applied to the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian . On the occasion of the marriage of Louis II and the archduchess Maria (1512), the emperor, with the consent of Ladislaus, took the prefect, Jacob Mendel of Buda , together with his family and all
8260-480: The government thereupon directed the counties to furnish statistics of the Hebrew inhabitants. In 1726 the king decreed that in the Austrian provinces, from the day of publication of the decree, only one male member in each Jewish family be allowed to marry. This decree, restricting the natural increase of the Jews, materially affected the Jewish communities of Hungary. All the Jews in the Austrian provinces who could not marry there went to Hungary to found families; thus
8378-458: The government to be appointed primate of the Hungarian Jews to be able to settle difficulties that might arise among them, and to collect the tax. The government did not recommend Hirsch, but decided that in case the Jews should refuse to pay, it might be advisable to appoint a primate to adjust the matter. Before the end of the period of five years the delegates of the Jews again met the commission at Pressburg ( Bratislava ) and offered to increase
8496-405: The ground that the city which had given birth to St. Stephen must not be desecrated by them. But the Jews living in the country, on the estates of their landlords, were generally left alone. The lot of the Jews was not improved under the reign of Leopold's son, Charles III (1711–1740). He informed the government (June 28, 1725) that he intended to decrease the number of Jews in his domains, and
8614-431: The happy Messianic period to be ushered in by the war of Gog and Magog . Béla IV (1235–1270) appointed a Jewish man named Henul to the office of court chamberlain (Teka had filled this office under Andrew II); and Wölfel and his sons Altmann and Nickel held the castle at Komárom with its domains in pawn. Béla also entrusted the Jews with the mint; and Hebrew coins of this period are still found in Hungary. In 1251
8732-550: The highest in the city, though he also crushed an attempt to unionize. Pulitzer's primary political rival at this time was Bourbon Democrat William Hyde , publisher of the (misleadingly named) Missouri Republican . Pulitzer's much smaller paper won a series of early political skirmishes over Hyde. First, George Vest was elected to the Senate in 1879 with Pulitzer's backing over Bourbon Samuel Glover. Next, Pulitzer secured election for an anti-Tilden delegation (including himself) to
8850-575: The king to give the preference to the German Catholics so that the country might in time become German and Catholic. He held that the Jews could not be exterminated at once, but they must be weeded out by degrees, as bad coin is gradually withdrawn from circulation. The decree passed by the Diet of Pressburg (1687–1688), imposing double taxation upon the Jews. Jews were not permitted to engage in agriculture, nor to own any real estate, nor to keep Christian servants. This advice soon bore fruit and
8968-583: The king's party. The Jews of Eisenstadt , accompanied by those of the community of Mattersdorf , sought refuge at Vienna, Wiener-Neustadt , and Forchtenstein ; those of Holics ( Holíč ) and Sasvár ( Šaštín ) dispersed to Göding ( Hodonín ); while others, who could not leave their business in this time of distress, sent their families to safe places, and themselves braved the danger. While not many Jews lost their lives during this revolt, it made great havoc in their wealth, especially in Sopron County , where
9086-465: The large immigration; for although strict laws were drafted in 1727, they could not be enforced owing to the good-will of the magnates toward the Jews. The counties either did not answer at all, or sent reports bespeaking mercy rather than persecution. Meanwhile, the king endeavored to free the mining-towns from the Jews – a work which Leopold I had already begun in 1693. The Jews, however, continued to settle near these towns; they displayed their wares at
9204-498: The last king of the Árpád dynasty , declared, in the privilegium granted by him to the community of Posonium ( Bratislava ), that the Jews in that city should enjoy all the liberties of citizens. Under the rule of the foreign kings who occupied the throne of Hungary on the extinction of the house of Arpad, the Hungarian Jews were subjected to many persecutions. During the time of the Black Death (1349), they were expelled from
9322-548: The medieval Kingdom of Hungary and it is even assumed that several sections of the heterogeneous Hungarian tribes practiced Judaism. Jewish officials served the king during the early 13th century reign of Andrew II . From the second part of the 13th century, the general religious tolerance decreased and Hungary's policies became similar to the treatment of the Jewish population in Western Europe. The Ashkenazi of Hungary were fairly well integrated into Hungarian society by
9440-481: The members as slaves. The imperial troops recaptured Buda on 2 September 1686, most Jewish residents were massacred, some captured and later released for ransom. In the following years the whole of Hungary now came under the rule of the House of Habsburg . As the devastated country had to be repopulated, Bishop Count Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch , subsequently Archbishop of Esztergom and Primate of Hungary, advised
9558-545: The message to the King of Slavonia , who would hand the same to Jews living in "the country of Hungarin" , who, in turn, would transmit it farther. About the same time Ibrahim ibn Jacob says that Jews went from Hungary to Prague for business purposes. Nothing is known concerning the Jews during the period of the grand princes , except that they lived in the country and engaged in commerce there. In 1061, King Béla I ordered that markets should take place on Saturdays instead of
9676-416: The newspaper as a throw-in in one of his railroad deals, and it had been losing about $ 40,000 a year, possibly because of the stigma the unpopular Gould's ownership brought. In return for the paper, Gould asked Pulitzer for a sum well over a half-million dollars, as well as the retention of the World's staff and building. After some frustration at this demand and disagreement with his brother Albert , Pulitzer
9794-415: The other Hungarian Jews, under his protection, according to them all the rights enjoyed by his other subjects. Under Ladislaus' successor, Louis II (1516–1526), persecution of the Jews was a common occurrence. The bitter feeling against them was in part augmented by the fact that the baptized Emerich Szerencsés , the deputy treasurer, embezzled the public funds. The Ottomans vanquished the Hungarians at
9912-535: The overflow of Austrian Jews peopled Hungary. These immigrants settled chiefly in the northwestern counties, in Nyitra ( Nitra ), Pressburg ( Bratislava ), and Trencsén ( Trenčín ). The Moravian Jews continued to live in Hungary as Moravian subjects; even those that went there for the purpose of marrying and settling promised on oath before leaving that they would pay the same taxes as those living in Moravia. In 1734
10030-558: The parlor and approached Augustine, renewing the argument. When Augustine advanced on Pulitzer, the young Representative aimed his pistol at the Captain's midriff. Augustine tackled Pulitzer, and the gun fired two shots, tearing through Augustine's knee and the hotel floor. Pulitzer suffered a head wound. Contemporary accounts conflict on whether Augustine was also armed. While in Jefferson City, Pulitzer also moved up one notch in
10148-614: The parts of Hungary occupied by the Ottoman Empire were treated far better than those living under the Habsburgs . During the periods of 1546–1590 and 1620–1680, the community of Ofen ( Buda ) flourished. The following table shows the number of Jewish jizya -tax paying heads of household in Buda during Ottoman rule: At the end of the Ottoman era, the approximately one thousand Jews living in Buda worshipped in three synagogues: an Ashkenazi,
10266-442: The poor food and the whims of the mules, stating "The man who has not cared for sixteen mules does not know what work and troubles are." Pulitzer had difficulty holding jobs; he was too scrawny for heavy labor and likely too proud and temperamental to take orders. He worked as a waiter at Tony Faust, a famous restaurant on Fifth Street. It was frequented by members of the St. Louis Philosophical Society, including Thomas Davidson ,
10384-437: The presidency for Cleveland, who won New York's decisive votes by just 0.1%. The campaign also boosted the World 's circulation dramatically; by Election Day, it averaged about 110,000 copies per day and its Election Day special ran 223,680 copies. Pulitzer also attacked young Republican Assemblyman Theodore Roosevelt as a "reform fraud," beginning a long and heated rivalry with the future President. In 1884, Pulitzer
10502-858: The presidency with Gratz Brown as his running mate. Pulitzer and Schurz were expected to boost Governor Brown for the presidential nomination, but Schurz preferred the more idealistic Charles Francis Adams Sr. A loyal Brown man alerted the Governor of this betrayal, and Governor Brown and his cousin Francis Preston Blair sped to Cincinnati to rally their supporters to Greeley. While in Cincinnati, he met fellow reformist newspapermen Samuel Bowles , Murat Halstead , Horace White , and Alexander McClure . He also met Greeley's assistant and campaign manager Whitelaw Reid , who would become Pulitzer's journalistic adversary. However, Greeley's campaign
10620-636: The privileges of the country, that they were unbelievers, and had no conscience ( veluti jurium regni incapaces, infideles, et nulla conscientia praediti ). The Jews had to pay a special war-tax when the imperial troops set out toward the end of the 16th century to recapture Buda from the Ottomans. The Buda community suffered much during this siege, as did also that of Székesfehérvár when the imperial troops took that city in September 1601; many of its members were either slain or taken prisoner and sold into slavery, their redemption being subsequently effected by
10738-630: The provinces were deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp ; between May and July that year, 437,000 Jews were sent there from Hungary, most of them gassed on arrival. The 2011 Hungary census data had 10,965 people (0.11%) who self-identified as religious Jews , of whom 10,553 (96.2%) declared themselves as ethnic Hungarian . Estimates of Hungary's Jewish population in 2010 range from 54,000 to more than 130,000 mostly concentrated in Budapest . There are many active synagogues in Hungary, including
10856-417: The religious sentiment of non-conformists was to be omitted. During the early years Christian teachers were to be employed in the Jewish schools, but they were to have nothing to do with the religious affairs of such institutions. After the lapse of ten years a Jew might establish a business, or engage in trade, only if he could prove that he had attended a school. The usual school-inspectors were to supervise
10974-450: The rest had immigrated. Of the immigrants 38.35 per cent came from Moravia, 11.05 per cent from Poland, and 3.07 per cent from Bohemia . The largest Jewish community, numbering 770 persons, was that of Pressburg ( Bratislava ). Most of the Jews were engaged in commerce or industries , most being merchants, traders, or shopkeepers; only a few pursued agriculture. During the reign of Queen Maria Theresa (1740–1780), daughter of Charles III,
11092-413: The revocation of the toleration-tax imposed by the chamber of Zips County ( Szepes , Spiš ), on the ground that otherwise the Jews living there would have to pay two such taxes; and they asked also to be relieved from a similar tax paid to the Diet. Finally, they requested that Jewish artisans might be allowed to follow their trades in their homes undisturbed. The commission laid these complaints before
11210-450: The rich Bohemian Jews that induced Coloman soon afterward to regulate commercial and banking transactions between Jews and Christians. He decreed, among other regulations, that if a Christian borrowed from a Jew, or a Jew from a Christian, both Christian and Jewish witnesses must be present at the transaction. During the reign of King Andrew II (1205–1235) there were Jewish Chamberlains and mint-, salt-, and tax-officials. The nobles of
11328-413: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pulitzer . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulitzer&oldid=1193994292 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
11446-587: The second half of the 16th century: Romaniote, Ashkenazi, Sephardi and "Ungarus". The overflow of Hungarian Jews from Sofia also settled in Kavala later. Although the Ottoman Army turned back after the battle, in 1541 it again invaded Hungary to help repel an Austrian attempt to take Buda. By the time the Ottoman Army arrived, the Austrians were defeated, but the Ottomans seized Buda by ruse. While some of
11564-502: The synagogue. The city of Pressburg ( Bratislava ) also received permission from the queen (9 October 1526) to expel the Jews living within its territory, because they had expressed their intention of fleeing before the Turks. The Jews left Pressburg on November 9. On that same day the diet at Székesfehérvár was opened, at which János Szapolyai (1526–1540) was elected and crowned king in opposition to Ferdinand . During this session it
11682-490: The territories lost at the peace agreement ( Treaty of Trianon ) of 1920, chose to align themselves with the governments of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy – the international actors most likely to stand behind Hungary's claims. Starting in 1938, Hungary under Miklós Horthy passed a series of anti-Jewish measures in emulation of Germany's Nürnberg Laws . Following the German occupation of Hungary on March 19, 1944, Jews from
11800-507: The territory 650 years later. In the Hungarian language, the word for Jew is zsidó , which was adopted from one of the Slavic languages. The first historical document relating to the Jews of Hungary is the letter written about 960 CE to King Joseph of the Khazars by Hasdai ibn Shaprut , the Jewish statesman of Córdoba , in which he says that the Slavic ambassadors promised to deliver
11918-574: The time of the First World War . By the early 20th century, the community had grown to constitute 5% of Hungary's total population and 23% of the population of the capital, Budapest . Jews became prominent in science, the arts and business. By 1941, over 17% of Budapest's Jews had converted to the Catholic Church . Anti-Jewish policies grew more repressive in the interwar period as Hungary's leaders, who remained committed to regaining
12036-641: The traditional Sundays (Hungarian language has preserved the previous custom, "Sunday" = vasárnap , lit. "market day"). In the reign of St. Ladislaus (1077–1095), the Synod of Szabolcs decreed (20 May 1092) that Jews should not be permitted to have Christian wives or to keep Christian slaves . This decree had been promulgated in the Christian countries of Europe since the 5th century, and St. Ladislaus merely introduced it into Hungary. The Jews of Hungary at first formed small settlements, and had no learned rabbis ; but they were strictly observant of all
12154-462: The treasurer of the realm set the example in transgressing the law by appointing (1692) Simon Hirsch as customs farmer at Leopoldstadt ( Leopoldov ); and at Hirsch's death he transferred the office to Hirsch's son-in-law. The revolt of the Kuruc , under Francis II Rákóczi , caused much suffering to Hungary's Jews. The Kuruc imprisoned and slew the Jews, who had incurred their anger by siding with
12272-488: The voters, and exhibited such sincerity along with his oddities that he had pumped a half-amused excitement into a campaign that was normally lethargic. He won 209–147. His age was not made an issue and he was seated as a state representative in Jefferson City at the session beginning January 5, 1870. During his time in Jefferson City, Pulitzer voted in favor of the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment and led
12390-459: The war, Pulitzer returned to New York City, where he stayed briefly. He moved to New Bedford , Massachusetts, for the whaling industry, but found it was too boring for him. He returned to New York with little money. Flat broke, he slept in wagons on cobblestone side streets. He decided to travel by "side-door Pullman" (a freight boxcar) to St. Louis, Missouri . He sold his one possession, a white handkerchief, for 75 cents. When Pulitzer arrived at
12508-495: Was a respected businessman, regarded as the second of the "foremost merchants" of Makó. Their ancestors emigrated from Police ( German : Pullitz ) in Moravia to Hungary at the end of the 18th century. In 1853, Fülöp Pulitzer was rich enough to retire. He moved his family to Pest , where he had the children educated by private tutors, and taught French and German. In 1858, after Fülöp's death, his business went bankrupt, and
12626-735: Was appointed. During his term in office, Pulitzer led a crusade to place the newly gifted Statue of Liberty in New York City. He was a member of the Committee on Commerce . During his time in Washington, Pulitzer lived at the luxurious hotel run by John Chamberlin at the corner of 15th and I streets, N.W. However, Pulitzer soon determined that his position at the World was both more powerful and more enjoyable than Congress. He began to spend less and less time in Washington, and ultimately resigned on April 10, 1886, after little over
12744-415: Was brought against these inconvenient creditors in 1529. Although Mendel, the prefect, and the Jews throughout Hungary protested, the accused were burned at the stake. For centuries afterward Jews were forbidden to live at Bösing. The Jews of Nagyszombat ( Trnava ) soon shared a similar fate, being first punished for alleged ritual murder and then expelled from the city (19 February 1539). The Jews living in
12862-470: Was decreed that the Jews should immediately be expelled from every part of the country. Zápolya, however, did not ratify these laws; and the Diet held at Pressburg in December 1526, at which Ferdinand of Habsburg was chosen king (1526–1564), annulled all the decrees of that of Székesfehérvár, including Zápolya's election as king. As the lord of Bösing ( Pezinok ) was in debt to the Jews, a blood accusation
12980-511: Was decreed, in the presence of the papal ambassador Philip of Fermo , that every Jew appearing in public should wear on the left side of his upper garment a piece of red cloth; that any Christian transacting business with a Jew not so marked, or living in a house or on land together with any Jew, should be refused admittance to the Church services; and that a Christian entrusting any office to a Jew should be excommunicated . Andrew III (1291–1301),
13098-548: Was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's ninth district as a Democrat and entered office on March 4, 1885. Though inundated with office-seekers hoping for appointment by President-elect Cleveland, Pulitzer recommended only the appointments of Charles Gibson for Minister to Berlin and Pallen as consul general in London. But Pulitzer did not secure a meeting with the President-elect, and neither man
13216-401: Was in part acted upon. In August 1690, the government at Vienna ordered Sopron to expel its Jews, who had immigrated from the Austrian provinces. The government, desiring to enforce the edict of the last Diet, decreed soon afterward that Jews should be removed from the office of collector. The order proved ineffective, however; and the employment of Jewish customs officials was continued. Even
13334-648: Was inscribed on behalf of "Cosmius, chief of the Spondilla customhouse, archisynagogus Iudeorum [head of the synagogue of the Jews]" during the reign of Alexander Severus . In 2008, a team of archeologists discovered a 3rd-century AD amulet in the form of a gold scroll with the words of the Jewish prayer Shema' Yisrael inscribed on it in Féltorony (now Halbturn , Burgenland , in Austria). Hungarian tribes settled
13452-501: Was persecuted and driven underground in 1638. On 26 November 1572, King Maximilian II (1563–1576) intended to expel the Jews of Pressburg ( Bratislava ), stating that his edict would be recalled only in case they accepted Christianity. The Jews, however, remained in the city, without abandoning their religion. They were in constant conflict with the citizens. On 1 June 1582 the municipal council decreed that no one should harbor Jews, or even transact business with them. The feeling against
13570-693: Was prepared to give up. At the urging of his wife Kate, however, he returned to negotiations with Gould. They agreed to a sale for $ 346,000 with Pulitzer retaining full freedom in the selection of staff. The Pulitzers moved to New York full time, leasing a home in Gramercy Park . The World immediately gained 6,000 readers in its first two weeks under Pulitzer and had more than doubled its circulation to 39,000 within three months. As he had in St. Louis, Pulitzer emphasized sensational stories: human-interest, crime, disasters, and scandal. Under Pulitzer's leadership, circulation grew from 15,000 to 600,000, making
13688-552: Was resoundingly defeated for the Democratic nomination (tantamount to victory in heavily Democratic St. Louis) by Bourbon Thomas Allen , 4,254 to 709. When Thomas Allen died during his first term, Pulitzer's Post-Dispatch strongly opposed the Republican 's endorsed candidate, James Broadhead , an attorney working for the railroad magnate Jay Gould . The election became heated, and Post-Dispatch managing editor John Cockerill called Broadhead's law partner Alonzo Slayback
13806-484: Was successful in the November election over the mainline Republican ticket, presenting a serious threat to President Grant's re-election chances. On January 19, 1872, Brown appointed Pulitzer to the St. Louis Board of Police Commissioners. In May 1872, Pulitzer was a delegate to the Cincinnati convention of the Liberal Republican Party , which nominated New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley for
13924-523: Was ultimately a disaster, and the new party collapsed, leaving Schurz and Pulitzer politically homeless. In 1874, Pulitzer promoted a reform movement christened the People's Party, which united the Grange with dissident Republicans. However, Pulitzer was disappointed with the party's tepid stances on the issues and mediocre ticket, led by gentleman farmer William Gentry. He returned to St. Louis and endorsed
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