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24-425: It has traditionally been viewed as being grouped with Arin in an Arin-Pumpokol subfamily of Southern Yeniseian, but Vajda 2024 challenges this, stating that "Arin, Pumpokol and Kott-Assan display no shared innovations to suport them as an opposite "'Southern Yeniseian' branch" of Yeniseian, reflecting only their geographical position rather than a genealogical grouping. According to O. Tailleur, it should be considered

48-514: A dialect of the Ket language, as most materials labeled 'Pumpokol' are in reality of Ketic affiliation, not Pumpokol. Furthermore, the term 'Pumpokol' was originally geographic, referring to the name of a town and a former district ( volost ), originating from Khanty : pum-poxəl "grassy village". Pumpokols and Yughs frequently mixed with each other in the Pumpokol volost. This may be the reason for

72-422: A full glottal stop that interrupts the vowel. Georg's 2007 description of Ket tone is similar to the above, but reduces the basic number of tonemes to four, while moving the rising high-falling tone plus a variant to a class of tonemes only found in multisyllabic words. With some exceptions caused by certain prefixes or clitics, the domain of tones in a multisyllabic word is limited to the first two syllables. In

96-571: Is a Siberian language long thought to be an isolate , the sole surviving language of a Yeniseian language family . It is spoken along the middle Yenisei basin by the Ket people . The language is threatened with extinction—the number of ethnic Kets that are native speakers of the language dropped from 1,225 in 1926 to 537 in 1989. According to the UNESCO census, this number has since fallen to 150. A 2005 census reported 485 native speakers, but this number

120-403: Is a tonal language is debatable, although recent works by Ket specialists Edward Vajda and Stefan Georg defend the existence of tone. In tonal descriptions, Ket does not employ a tone on every syllable but instead uses one tone per word. Following Vajda's description of Southern Ket, the five basic tones are as follows: The glottalized tone features pharyngeal or laryngeal constriction, or

144-640: Is not limited to nouns, and can also include verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and bound morphemes found only in the role of incorporated elements. Incorporation also occurs as both a lexicalized process – the combination of verb and incorporate being treated as a distinct lexical element, with a meaning often based around the incorporated element – and a paradigmatic one, where the incorporation is performed spontaneously for particular semantic and pragmatic effect Forms of incorporation include: Ket has many loanwords from Russian, such as mora 'sea'; there are also loanwords from other languages such as Selkup , for example:

168-530: Is of Ezāfe -type, the same as in predication . Nouns have nominative basic case (subjects and direct objects) and a system of secondary cases for spatial relations. The three noun classes are: masculine, feminine and inanimate. Unlike neighbouring languages of Siberia, Ket makes use of verbal prefixes. Ket has two verbal declensions, one prefixed with d- and one with b- . The second-person singular prefixes on intransitive verbs are [ku-, ɡu-] . Ket makes significant use of incorporation . Incorporation

192-421: Is one of the few languages to lack both /p/ and /ɡ/ , along with Arapaho , Goliath , Obokuitai , Palauan , and Efik , as well as classical Arabic and some modern Arabic dialects. There is much allophony , and the phonetic inventory of consonants is essentially as below. This is the level of description reflected by the Ket alphabet. Furthermore, all nasal consonants in Ket have voiceless allophones at

216-442: Is suspected to be inflated. According to a local news source, the number of remaining Ket speakers is around 10 to 20. Another Yeniseian language, Yugh , has recently become extinct. The earliest observations about the language were published by Peter Simon Pallas in 1788 in a travel diary ( Путешествия по разным провинциям Русского Государства , Puteshestviya po raznim provintsiyam Russkogo Gosudarstva ). Matthias Castrén

240-685: The ar-jäx "Ar people", indicate that Arin may have once been spread out as far west as the Ob . It is classified as belonging to the Arinic branch, being its only attested language. The closest known relative of Arin, Pumpokol , has been suggested to be similar to the language of the ruling elite of the Xiongnu , as well as that of the Jie ruling class of the Later Zhao dynasty. One notable aspect of

264-645: The Minusinsk region. However, it has been suggested that the Arin people had historically occupied a larger geographical range. It became extinct in the 18th century. It is believed that the term Ar or Ara was used by speakers of Arin to refer to themselves. Hydronyms associated with Arin have the suffixes -set , -igai , -lat , -zat , -zet and -sat (meaning "river") and -kul' / -kul (meaning "water"). These hydronyms, along with Khanty folklore telling of an eastern people known as

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288-430: The 1930s a Latin-based alphabet was developed and used : In the 1980s a new, Cyrillic-based, alphabet was created: Ket is classified as a synthetic language . Verbs use prefixes , while suffixes are rare. Nevertheless, incorporation is well-developed. The division between morphemes is based on fusion . Sandhi are common as well. The basic word order is subject-object-verb SOV . The name marking

312-549: The Arin phonology is the correspondence of words starting with the word-initial k- and words in other Yeniseian languages that start with a bare vowel. For example, the Arin word kul (meaning 'water') corresponds to the Ket word uˑl’ and the Kott word ûl . The vowel system in Arin is as follows: Consonants in parentheses are sparsely attested or unattested. There are 11 palatal-nonpalatal consonant oppositions. Etymological analysis suggests that speakers of

336-747: The Arin language, as with other members of the Yeniseian people, were bilingual in Siberian Turkic languages ; for example, the Arin word teminkur (meaning "ore") has been suggested to stem from the Old Turkic compound word * tämir qān (meaning "iron blood"). This language-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ket language The Ket ( / ˈ k ɛ t / KET ) language, or more specifically Imbak and formerly known as Yenisei Ostyak ( / ˈ ɒ s t i æ k / OSS -tee-ak ),

360-559: The Ket were mistaken for a tribe of the Finno-Ugric Khanty . A. Karger in 1934 published the first grammar ( Кетский язык Ketskij jazyk ), as well as a Ket primer ( Букварь на кетском языке Bukvar' na ketskom jazyke ), and a new treatment appeared in 1968, written by A. Kreinovich. Ket people were subjected to collectivization in the 1930s. In the 1950s and 1960s, according to the recollections of informants, they were sent to Russian-only boarding schools, which led to

384-533: The ceasing of language transmission between generations. Now, Ket is taught as a subject in some primary schools, but only older adults are fluent and few are raising their children with the language. Kellog , Russia, is the only place where Ket is still taught in schools. Special books are provided for grades second through fourth but after those grades there is only Russian literature to read that describes Ket culture. There are no known monolingual speakers as of 2006. A children's book, A Bit Lost by Chris Haughton,

408-591: The dialects are very similar to each other and Kets from different groups are able to understand each other. The most common southern dialect was used for the standardized written Ket. The three remaining Ket-majority localities natively speak different dialects. Southern Ket is spoken in Kellog , Central Ket in Surgutikha and Northern Ket in Maduika . Vajda analyses Ket as having only 12 consonant phonemes: It

432-530: The end of a monosyllabic word with a glottalized or descending tone (i.e. [m, n, ŋ] turn into [m̥, n̥, ŋ̥] ), likewise, [ɮ] becomes [ɬ] in the same situation. Alveolars are often pronounced laminal and possibly palatalized , though not in the vicinity of a uvular consonant. /q/ is normally pronounced with affrication, as [𐞥χ] . Descriptions of Ket vary widely in the number of contrastive tones they report: as many as eight and as few as zero have been counted. Given this wide disagreement, whether or not Ket

456-456: The mislabeling of these words. Pumpokol is notable among the Yeniseian languages in that the phoneme /s/ is often replaced by /t/ . This idiosyncrasy of Pumpokol seems to be shared with the language of the Jie , suggesting that Jie is more closely related to Pumpokol than other Yeniseian languages. For example the Jie word kot 'catch' seems to be a cognate with the Ket word qos , having

480-523: The phonemes in brackets are not really phonologically relevant. Sibilant phonemes are absent in words of native Yeniseian origin. Selected Pumpokol words are presented here, sourced from Werner 2005. Arin language Arin is an extinct Yeniseian language formerly spoken in Russia along the Yenisei River , predominantly on its left shore, between Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk , north of

504-546: The possibility that Jie is a Pumpokolic language. The reconstructed vowels of Pumpokol are as follows, based off of G. F. Müller 's materials: According to G. F. Müller's notes, the consonants of Pumpokol are as follows: The phonemes ⟨č⟩ , ⟨dʼ⟩ , and ⟨dž⟩ are allophones of ⟨č⟩ , ⟨k⟩ and ⟨g⟩ are allophones of ⟨k⟩ , and ⟨x⟩ , ⟨q⟩ and ⟨xʼ⟩ are allophones of ⟨χ⟩ . Thus,

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528-521: The same sound change. Moreover, this aforementioned characteristic of Pumpokol has been used by Vajda to demonstrate that Yeniseian-derived hydronyms in northern Mongolia (the southernmost known extent of Yeniseian influence), -tat , -dat , -tet , -det , -tom , -dɨt are exclusively Pumpokolic. Since the Jie, as a tribe of the Xiongnu, are likely to have come from the same area, rather than further north, this finding lends credence to

552-501: Was one of the last known to study the Kott language . Castrén lived beside the Kan river with five people of Kott, in which is believed were the last remaining people who spoke the language. In 1858, Castrén published the first grammar and dictionary ( Versuch einer jenissei-ostjakischen und Kottischen Sprachlehre ), which also included material on the Kott language. During the 19th century,

576-454: Was translated into the language in 2013. Alexander Kotusov was a Ket folk singer and poet who died in 2019. Only three localities, Kellog, Surgutikha and Maduika , retain a native Ket-speaking population in the present day. Other villages such as Serkovo and Pakulikha were destroyed in the second half of the 20th century, dispersing the local Ket population to nearby towns. Ket has three dialects: Southern, Central and Northern. All

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